TWEASUKr-  KtKJM 


COL.  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  FLOWERS 
MEMORIAL  COLLECTION 


DUKE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
DURHAM,  N.  C. 


PRESENTED  BY 

W.  W.  FLOWERS 


Ol    ^  - 


H 


.COMMMTAR.IES. 


GALLfC    WAR, 


iOT; 


m 


i  • 
Bi  STERLING,  CAM 

IS 


•  Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year 

By  WILLIAM  BINGHAM, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  .District  Court  of  the  Confederate  Sta; 
for'  the  District  of  Pamlico,  North  Carolina. 


m 


W  ROVERS  COUrXTfOlf 


P  R  EFACE. 

This  edition  of  Caesar  has  been   prepared   with  reference  to  the 
wants  of  pupils  a?  ed  in  the  recitation  room. 

The  not.  inpipally  grammatical,  the  intention  being   to 

1   •  student  such  assistance  mly  as  will  enable  him  to  find  out. 

1 11  thor's  meaning  f  f,  while  that  pernicious  help  which 

i    diligent  effort  unnecessary,  has  refully  withheld. 

to  rcuder  the  vocabulary  sufficient  for 

*  of  the  text,  and  to  remedy  the  defects 

win-.  een  found  to  exist  in  the  vocabularies  attached  to  the 

''je   classics   heretofore   most   generally   used   in   our 

schools.     Each  word  is  traced  hack  to  the  ultimate  radical  on  which 

formed  ;  the  original  signification  is  given,  as  far  as  practica- 

and  the  n^oro  diflicult  phr  '  ich  it  occurs  are  explained. 

jfcpw  far  the  editoi  it  is  left  with 

i  the  wor'  their   hands 

that  it  n  nan 

lly. 

Dec,  1863.  IL 


3a.'}- 


JUL  RIS 


|imentario.r:um 

DE  BELLO  GALLTCO 


LIB 


i.     ;:•'■:•  luarum  unam'  iueo- 

tani,  tertian),  qui-  rpsorum3  lingua  CeltJe, 

■;:  Ga  1 ' ;  Hi  omnes  1  ingua,4  ins^itutis,  legib.us  inter 


Belc 


I 


i  TenintaHBaii  sis  Garumnn  fiumen,  a  Belgis  Mat- 

iq '••.-.;  -uiii  omnium  fortissiini  sunt  Belgsc,- 

propferea  quod  a  eultu  atque  hi  i    provincial  longissime  ab- 

que  ad  eoa  mereafcores  szcpe6  commeant,  atque  ea,  qmo 
amnios   pert'1  important :    proximiqtfe   sunt 

qpiibliscuni  c  ntiuenter  bei- 
ge runt :  qna°'de  Causal  ;uoquo  reliqu 
pnccodu                  ere  quotidiani  GerAnis  contendunt, 
q'uunj  aut  suis  finibua11  ( os.prolubent,  aut  ipsi  in  corum  finibus  bel- 
lum                                                 ,  quam  0  ncre  dictum  est/"; 

ia'ruiuna    flunnne, 
isMetHelvi 
Belgre  ab  extremis  Gal- 


.  ■ 
iioo 

11 

•  '  ot  here   included 

ie  torhi  t>V. 
-■  Q"  .Viio  :  "'  \  129,  /T 

'.  "their  own  ;"  rntlic" 

than  sua. 
.        ■  I    . 

utary 
■ 
boundary  .-  hence  th 

■ 
■    I  • ■  •■ 


8.  Qern  anis,  J 14: 

9.  Qua.  I  129.  AVm  9. 

10.  Yirtute,  3  :■ 
I  88. 

nts  of 
lentiy 

Ml. 

I 


* 


30940 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


liaifinibus  oriuntur;  pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminisRheni: 

spectant  in  septemtriones  et  orientemsolem.     Aquitaniaa  Garumna 

Sumine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  earn  partem.  Oceani,  qua?  est  ad  His- 

pauiara,  pertinet ;  spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et  septemtriones. 

i 

II.  Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  et  ditissimus*fui.t  Orget- 

orix.  Is,  M.  Messala  et  M.  Pisone  Coss.,1  regni  cupiditate  induc- 
tus,2  conjurationem  nobilitatis"  fecit,  et  civitati3  persuasit,  ut  de  fin- 
ibus  suis  cum  omnibus  copiis  exirent  :4  perfacile  e&ieAa^ftS  virtute 
omnibus  prcestarent,6  totius  Galliee  imperio7  potiri.5*  pi  hot3  facilius 
eis  persunsit,  quod  undique  loci  natura  Helvetii  edntinentur :  una 
ex  parte10  flumine  Rheno,11  latissimo  atque  altissimo,  qui  agrum 
Helvetium  a  Germanis.dividit ;  altera  ex  parte  monte  Jura11  altis- 
sim'qy  qui  est  inter  Sequanos  efc  Helvetios;  tertia  lacu  Lemanno  et 
flumine  Rhodano,  qui  provinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetiis  dividit4  His 
rebus  fiebat,1?  ut  et  minus  late  ragarcntur,4  et  minus  facile  finitiiiii? 
bellum  inferre  pqssent  :4.  qua  ,de  causa  haraines  bellandi13  cupidi 
magno-dolore  afficiebantur.*  Pro14  muititudine  autefji  homiflum,  et 
pro  gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinis,15  angustos  se  fines  habere  arbitra- 
bantur,  qui  in  longitudinem  millia10  passuum  CCXL,  in  latitudinem 
CLXXX  patebant. 

III.  His  rebus  adduoti,1  et  auctoritate  Orgetorigis  permoti,1  conJ 
stituerunt  ea.  qujc  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent,?tcomparare;s  ju- 
mentorum  et  carrorum  quam4  maximum  numerum  cfcemere:!:  semen- 
tes  i  •  >•  faeorr."1  nt  in  itinere  copia  frumenti  supneter- 
et  ;5  cum  proxiruis  oivitatibus  pa»em  et  amicitiam  confirmare.     Ad 


II.     1.  Consirfibus^lSu,  Bern.  1. 

2.  Inductus,  |185,  2,  (?, .) 

3.  Civitati,-  $141. 

4.  Exirent,  §193. 

5.  Perfacile  esse,  "That  itjras'a  very 
easy  thing;" — an  impersonal  ex- 
pression, ace.  T?ftl>  infinitive  depeud- 

'  ing  on  the  verb  of  saying  implied  in 

uura— prtBstarent.  "i?ince  they  ex- 
celled,-"  §205,  a. 

tperio,  $15.9,  Rem.  6. 
8.  Potiri,  §173. 
?.  Hoc,  §159. 

'it.  Una  tx parte  limits  eontintutur un- 
derstood. 

'lumine  Rheno;  &e.     Observe  th« 
difference  of  idiom : 

English.      By   ttie  Shine,    a  very 
.    '        brond  and  deepfrivtr. 

Latin.     By  the  river  Rhine,  [which 
k)  very  broad  and  deep. 

,   '*It  came  to  pass,"    "  it 


peti»d."     Fit  is  frequent!; 
impersonally  in  the  sense  #f   ;. 
pens. 

13.  Bellandi,  $136,  Rule  IX.  ft. 

14.  Pro,   '-In  proportii 

15.  Gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinisj, 
"  Their  renowiBp  war  and  reputa- 
tion for  couragej*,'  The  ffittin  peni- 
tive  must  not  always   be 

'03'  of,  as  it  expresses  ot!; ■ 

than  those  expressed  in  English    bj 

that  preposition. 

16.  Millia,  §153. 

Ill    1.  Adducti,  §185,  2,  a. 

2.  Pertincrent,  §210,  Rule  XL7I,  e, 

3.  Comparare,  §171. 

i.  Quam  maximum,  "As  great  as  pos- 
sible;" §20o,  Bern.  1  ••  psssent  is  here 
omitted. 

5.  Suppeteret,   sc.    iis,  .  "  '! 
wight  have  a-  plenty  of  corn  ;"  ' 

6.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas,  §17  7. 


LIBER  PRIMUS. 


■as  res  conficie   das6  biennium  si);:7   satis  esse  diixerunt,  in  ter 
muumlprofecti  »nem  lege  cnnfirmant.     Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  Or- 
<>r'ix  deligitur.     Ls  sibi9legationem  ad  civitai.  it;   iB   go 

tine're  persuadet  Caaticq,9  Catamantaledisfilio,  Sequano,  cujus  paler 
•egnum  in  Seqaania  multos  annos  obtinue'rat,10  ct  a  senatu  Populi 
Ionian  i  amicus1!  appellatua  crat,  ut  fregnum  in  ciyitate  sua  occupa- 
et,11'  quod  pater  i  :  aerat :  itenique  Buninoriei'J  iEduo,  fratri 

Divitiaek^i  eo  tv\nv,nrc'  pv;  ;,!   in  oivitatc  dfctv: 

nax.ir  o  p^JBL'iccv'tus  cviit.  u' 

iliaiii  suannH^atrimonium  dat.^  Perfacile  faotu15  est  pTO. 

>at'cona  :.;ur. 

>btemu:  ion  rsso  dubium,  quin   tortus  Gallise  plurim- 

im50  I se  suis  copiis suoque  exercitu  illis  regnacon- 

•iliatuxu'  itione  udducti,1  inter  se  fidem  el    (us- 

urandui  ._£ 

^'J/Mm'  •'  -::'-i';:e*  s.eso  :aT!t. 

TV.  •  IjJa^H^H^rfelvctiis  per 
•ui*  Orgojp^ci^x  vinculiscr.'  IUJ:. 

dktiuni;   :  f*uau)'faaii)iiini  ad  i 

millia  dec 
quorum  n 

oavr?a;:i  <;■ 

M^rnis  jus  suum  r.^puni  (.•(  i 

ngris  ma 


or  against, 


The 

■  • 

;:p:ice  an  hi 
(he   depei 

ip    11,0. 


Regno  occn] 

tiri  \3  [he  ecpij 
IV.    I 

I  2.  m  i 

■)». 

nnatui 

agrees  with  tl.  ,-,.  tuni 

ood. 
j4    tk  igni  cremaretur,  barn- 

o<l  v  ith  firo  :"  n  (ii    .1  dou 
• 

I 


BLLO         ■.LICO 


.  r,  quin  ipse  sibi  mortem  eousciverit.9 

V  HeWetii  id,  quod  constitu- 

it,  facere  conantur^  ut  •.•  frnibuB  :<ais  epteant.2    Ubi  jam  se  ad  earn 

rati  sunt,'.oppida  sua  omnia  ciimcro  ad  duo- 

.-■-,  rcliqua  privata  aedificia   incendunt ; 

f  rumen  turn  omne,  pra  >i  sectliu  portatmri4  eraht,  comburunt, 

inn*  reditionis.  spe  sublata,*  paratibres  ad  omnia  pericula 

"*,■  molita   cibtu-ia^-r^M*.  quemque 

Ti|p  et  Lato- 

.  ■      ■■  ieisque  ex- 

iroficisoatitur :  Boiosque.,  qui  tran*  llhenum 

n  '•••rant,  Nofein  '-.quo  oppug- 

septos  »d-se  socios14  sibi  adscis&unt. 

Grant  oicr.ino  itinera   dao,  quib       :     leribiii       >\aol  exire 

..     -  is.  amrustum  i  monten; 

•r:i,   vix    qv  iucerentur  :; 

■ohibere  pos 
[ue  expe- 
,][*-  ram  inter  !  Ajloferogum,  qui 

,  '  .     .  lullia  locig5  vado6  tran 

proximumque    Helve- 


'.«.  Qnii  cods 

;io8. 

::' — :\   finn.l 

po  iilion    with 

rgion    of 
rntur 
but 
. 

'•  force; — 
eruselvea." 
)     '-tbat    the: 

: 

i    were    goin 
■   ■..         The 

definite  (§123,  Rem. 

■  omen  a  n»nnH  the,  [jfcj#ct   of 
mtntv 

•  I     •■  • 


ppido  pons  ;u''  SfelvetioH  pertirieffl 

os,e  quod  ].■.;■! ;»ju  be 

.  2   ». 

■■ 

13.  Ii.«,  "Them,"  (lie  ITetTcri^ns; 

ttUtil  '    I  LSI  ; 

person-:    sp 

pci-tom  -  bee   asej  t':« 

*    and  nol    s 

.   ' 

VI.    1. 

2.  iP«s</i ' :  "i 

iliL-ir  view  ; 
bis  ov 

3.  Qm<i — durerfn/er, 

<)t    tllC    I'll!'!' 

LVI,  a 

4.  Multo 
■  ' 
.     :..    .       :■■    . 

i.ibus,  3V* 

5.  411ol  'JMI 
9    Persua  •-         ■ 

Ld  o1  MM 

:t.;:  l£>e par- 
perfect-.   > 


:uey 


L1UER  PRIMUS. 


i!  vidcrentur,11  existimabant ;  vel  vi  -,  ut 

lines  eos13  ir<2  patercntur.     Oinnibus  nera 

oomparatiSj18  <lif.m  dicunt,  qtla  die  ;id  ripam  Rbodani   omm  B  con- 

veuiant:14  is  dies  er?t  a.  d.  V.  Ka!.  Apr.,15  L.  Pisone  et  A.  Gabi- 

nio,  Coss.  » 

YTL     Caesari  quum  id  nunciatum  ess        eos  j  inci&ia  noa- 

trani  iterjac^  iri,2  maturat  aburbe  prbficisci;*et:  max- 

imis  pritgflflfie:  '!en- 

■i  pwr^Ri :  prcvi  quam  m  aiilituni 

mer  'ore  logic   una)  ;  ] 

t»  rescindi.     Ubi  de  ejut   advent'u 
tk'a  facti  sunt,  legates  ad 

JSameius  et  Verudoctius  pri 
■  *'■'  :.  ineullo  in 

propterca  quod  aliud  iter  haberenl 
te  id  sibi  fac<  re3    lb  sar,  quod  nicru- 

um  consulern  occLum,1-  excrcruiuque  ejus  ab 
•et  sub  jugum  d  durii10  non  put- 

ininiico  aninio,1*  d.-ta  facnltatc15  per  provinci- 


,  qui  e 


am  fa 


10.  Bonoai  r.od  disposition," 

Rule. 
Helvetians.    St, 

vat  would 
staid 

•  ands, 


| 

y    al  1 

•  v  as- 

.  LVI,  a 

as    A- 

e  Ka- 

ih    «f 

■ 


.  LI II, 


b. 

•:ari  if    s,    noun    i  euteuce,    in 
■ 

"  By  »•  (toaI 

R  nltrii  to 


the  proTince,  (i.  r.  demands    cf  the 
pioTince)  as  gr  ber  of  sol- 

ued  Yith  a  :  in  ths 

141,)  and  d 

live  expressing  the  bu!  i  i  met  of 
v lie  0] 

l):il  th« 
■brk?, 

■ 
t:\ry 

.    I 
. 
itis,  §  134. 
7     Qui  (iicorem,  .'.   n. 

6.     Bll  i  eftse  iu  :>rii  mo,  "Th 

it  in  inind,"   "that  it  wah  tb(\> 
pose  143. 

9    Uaberent, 

1 1.  Mi-iunria  tenr.'ba;. 

^•ijuni    (fr'-o.)      "  T 

14.  In 


10 


DE  BELLO  GALLTCO 


am  itineris  facieudi,16  temperaturos  ab  injuria  et  inaleficio  exiathfflj 
abat :  tamen,  ut  spatium  intercedere  posset,  dum  milites,  quoa  im? 
peraverat,  convenirent,17  legatis  respondit  '  diem  se  ad  deliberandum 
sumpturum  ;13  si  quid  vellent,18  a.  d   Idus  Apr  reverterentur.'19 

VIII.  Interea  ea  legione,1  quam  secum  babebat,  militibusque, 
qui  ex  provincia  convenerant,  a  lacu  Lemanno,  qui  in  fiumen  Rhoe- 
anum  iufluit,  ad  montem  Juram,  qui  fines  Sequanorura  ab  Helvetiis 
dividdt,  millia*  passuum  decern  fovem  murum in  altitudinem  pedu;; 
.sedecim  fossamque  perducit.  Ed  opere  perfecto,3  praesidia  disponit, 
castella  communit,  quo4  faciliiis,  si  se  invito5  transire  conarentur," 
probibere  possit.     Ubi  ea  dies,  quam  constftuerat  cum  legatis,  venit, 

•  '  legati  ad  eum  revcrterunt,  negat  '  se  more  et  exempJo  populi  Ro 
posse  iter  ulli  per  provinciam  dare  ; '  et,  '  si.  vim  facere  con- 
entur,7  prohibiturum  '  ostendit.  Helvetii,  ea  spe8  dejecti,  navibn: 
junctis,9  ratibusque  compluribus  factis,  alii  vadis  Rbpdani,  qua  min 
ima  altitudo  fluminis  erat,  nonnunquam  interdiu,  saepius  noetu,.  -i 
perrumpere  possent,10  conati,  operis  munitione  et  militum  concur,  u 
et  telis  rcpulsi,  boc  conatu11  destiterunt. 

IX.  Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua,  Sequanis  iuvitis,1 
propter  angustias  ire  non  poterant.     His  quum  sua  sponte  persua 
dere  non  posseut,2  legatos  ad  DumUorigem  ^Eduum  mittunt,  ut,  .eo 
deprecatore,3  a  Sequanis  impetrarent.     Dumnotfra:  gratia  ct  larg't 
ione4  apud  Sequanos  plurimum5  potcrat,  et  Helvetiis  erat  amict    , 


•16.   Faciendi,  §177. 

17.  Duru — convenirent.  §207. 

18.  Voilent,  §197,  Rem.  4. 

19.  Reverterentur,  §217,jRe*i.  l."They 
might  return  on  tho  day  before  the 
[des  of  April. ':  i.e.,  ou  the  12th  of 
April.  For  the  expression  ante  deem 
Idus,  see  VI,  15;  §234. 

VIII.  1.  EalegU.no,  "With  that  le- 
gion.'' §159/ 

2.   Millia,  §158. 

.".  Perfecto,  "Having  finished  this 
work,"  §186. 

4.  Quo,  §193,  Ilem.Z. 

6.  Se  invito.  "  Without  his  consent." 
§186,  Rem.  1. 

fl.  Conarentur.'§197,  Rem.'l. 

7.  Conentur,  §197. 

8.  Spe,  §163. 

9.  Navibua,  &c,  -'Some,  by  means  of 
boats  joined  together  and  a  great 
number  of  rafts  (which  they  had) 
made;  others,  by  the  fords  of  the 
Rhone  where  the  depth  of  the  river 


was  least,  sometimes  by  day,ofter  r 
by  night,  trying  whether  they  cm 
break  through, having  been  repul 
&c."     Jllii  may  be  supplied    b?fi 
navibut  (though  not  necessary  to  I 
construction.)    and,    with     alii 
pressed,    is  in   partitive    appositi 
■with  Helvetii.     See  §127,  Rem.-  6. 

10.  Si — posxent   is  rather  interrogat 
than  conditional. 

11.  Conatu,  §163. 

IX.  1.  Sequanis  invitis,   "Withou! 
consent  of  the  Sequana."  §186. : 

1- 
2*  Quum — possent,    _"Since  they  were 
unable  by  their  own  influence,  &c.  r" 
§205. 

3.  Eo  deprecatore,    "  By  his  interces- 
sion," (he  being  intercessor.)    £ 
Rem.  1. 

4.  Gratia  et  largitione,  §159. 

5.  Plurimum  poterat,  "Was  very  pow- 
erful";" §150,  Rtm.  3. 


LIBER  PRIMUS. 


!• 


quod  ex  ea  civitate  Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimonium  duxerat,  et, 
cupiditate  regni  ftdducttis,  novis  rebus6  studebat,  et  quam?  plurimas 
civitates  suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas  volebat.  Itaque  rem  sus- 
cipit,  et  a  Sequ'anis  impetrat,  ut  per  fino^  suos  Helvetios  ire  patian- 
tur,  obside.sque  uti  inter  sese  dent,8  perficit :  Sequani,3  ne  itinere 
Helvetios  prohibeant;  Helvetii,  ut  sine  maleficio  et  injuria  transeant. 

X.  Ciesari  renunciatur1  Ilelvctiis  esse  in  animo2  per  .agrum  Se- 
quanorun^t  2Eduorum  iter  in  Sautouum  fines  facere,  qui  non  longe 
a  Toloyatiwm  finibus  absunt,  quae1  civitas  est  in  provincia.  Id  si  fie- 
ret,8  intelligebat  aaagno  cum  provincial  periculo  futurum,4  ut  hom- 
ines bellicosos,  populi  Romani  inimicos,  locis5  patentibus  maxime- 
que  frumentariis  fiuitimos6  haberet.  Ob  eas  causas  ei  munitioni,7 
quam  feccrat,  T.  Labienum  legatum  praefecit :  ipse  in  Italiam  mag- 
nis  itineribus  contendit,  duasquc  ibi  legiones  conscribit,  et  tres,  quae 
circum  Aquileiam  hieinabant,  ex  liibernis  educit,  et,  qua8  proximum 
iter  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  per  Alpes  erat,  cum  his  quinque  legion- 
ibus  ire  contendit.  Ibi  Centrones  et  Graioceli  et  Caturiges,  locis 
superioribus  occupatis,9  itinere10  exercitum  prohibere  conantur. 
Oompluribus  his  proelii.s11  pulsis,12  ab  Ocelo,  quod. est  citerioris  prov- 
incia; extremum,  in  fines  Vocontiorumulterioris  provincial1;'  die  sep- 
timo14  pervenit :  inde  in  Allobrogum  fines;  ab  Allobrogibus  in  Se- 
gusianos  exercitum  ducit.  Hi  stmt  extra  provinciam  trans  KUod- 
anum  primi.  / 

Xf.  Helvetii  jam  per  angustias  et  fines  Sequanorum  suns  cepias 
transduxerant,  et  in  iEduorum  fines  pervenerant,  eorumque  agros 
populabantur.  JEdui,  quum  se^suaque  ab  iis  defendere  non  pos- 
sent,1  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  rogatum*  auxilium  :  '  ita  se  omni  * 


6.  Novis  rebus,  "A  revolution."  §141. 

7.  Quam  plurimas,  $203,  Kim.  1. 

8.  jObsidesque  uti — dent,  '■  And  be 
causes  that  they  give  hostages  to  one 
another." 

9.  Sequani — JTrlvctii  are  in  partitive 
apposition  (§127,  Rem.  <i)  with  the 
subject  of  <icnl  ■  and  the  Onal  clau- 
ses, nr — profiibtant  and  ut — traniecMt, 
express  the  purpose  of  the  giving. 

X.  1.  Renunciatur,  "It  is  announced." 

Tito    pubject  is    the   noun-sentence, 

II  rive  nit  fnt,  .' 
2.  BelvttiM  I  i;14:J.)  et.u  in  anim;  "That 

the  Helvetians  intend,"  (that  it  is  in 

mind  to  the  Helvetians. ) 
8.  Id  si  fiVrct,  "If  this  should  happen," 

§107,  Rm,  1. 
4.  Futurum  (ette)   is  impersonal,  ut — 


haberet  beiu^  the  subject; — "That it 
would  be  with  great  danger  of  the 
province, (t.  e.  a  Tery  dangerous  tiling 
to  the  province,)  that  it  should  have 
&c." 

5.  Loch  limits  finitimtt.  §142,  Rem.  3. 

6    Finitimos,  (151,  XVIII,  b. 

7.  Munitioni  is  remote   object  of 
fecit. 

8.  Qua  (parte,)  "  Where,"  (usually 
called  an  adverb,  but  really  an  ab- 
lative of  place;  $166.) 

9.  Occupatis,  g  186. 

10.  Itinere,  §163. 

11.  Cnnij'luribus  nrosliis,  g ICG. 

12.  Hi*  puis!*,  ;-; 

13.  Ultcrioris  provincial   §132 . 

14.  Die  septimo,  §167. 

XI.    1.  Quum — non   poi6ent,    "  Since 


L* 


L>£  BELLO  GALLICO 


de  populo  Romano  meritos  esse,4  ut  pc-ene  in  conspectu  cx- 
ercitus  nostri  agri  vastari,6  liberi  eorum  in  servituteni  abduci,0  op- 
pidi  expngnari5  non  debuerini."'  Eodein  tempore  iEdui  Ambarri, 
necessarii  et  consanguinei   yliduorum,   Ctesarem  certiorem0  faciunt 

ile  ab  oppidis  vim  liottiuia   proLi- 
bere  : '  item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanuin  vieos  possessionesque 

hi  recipiunt,  et  demonstrant  'sibi8  prte- 
ilum  nil  U   esse  reliqui.'9    Quibus  rebus  adductus  Ctcsar 
ituit,  dum,  omnibu  ciorum 

consuniptis,11  iu  Santuues  ilelvetii  pcrvei 

XTT.     Flumcn  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  iEduorum  et  Sequauorum 

num  influit,  incredibili  lenitate,1  ita  ut  oculis,  in    utraci 

partem  fluat,*  judicatri  non  possit.3    Id  Helvetii  ratibus  acliatribus 

juncti  >Jbi  perexploratores  Cresar  certior  factum   est 

j  tin  eopiarum  partes  Helvetios  idflunien4  transduxisse,  quartani 

0  partem  eitra  tinmen  Antrim  reliquam  esse;  de  tertia  Vigilia5 

cum  tegion ibu  '  ris  profectus0,  ad  earn  partem  pervenit, 

impedi'tos  et  inopinantes  . 

artem  concidit :  reliqui  fugse  sese  manda- 

runt,  atque  in  proximo  silvas  abdiderunt.7    Is  pagus  appellabatur 

,  5  civitas  Helvetia  in  quatuor  pagos  divisa  est. 

Hie  ]  •  domo  exisset,  patrum  nostrorum  memoria8 

L.  C  '   m  iuterfecerat,  et  ejus  e,xercituin  sub  jugum  mis- 

•  .'-'  t-aiBU  hive  oonsilio  deorum  iinmortalium,  qutc  pafs10 

civit.  insigncui  calamitateii  populo  liomano  iutulerat, 

ua  pri.iceps11  poenas  persolvit.     Qua  in  re  Csesar  non  solum  publieVs, 


they  :205: 

Ltl,  a. 

4.  Meritos  esu  depends  ou  dictnte*  un- 
derstood.     The    ^Bduana   liad    for 

many  ycarsbeen  faithful  allies  of  the 
ltonir.n». 

■  start,  .ye.  limits  debuerint ;    §1 74. 

6.  Certiorem  faciunt.rf'Infprtn,"  (make 

re  certain,  §151,  XVIII,  b.)         1 

7.  1><  i  :_'ris,  §1 8G. 

,i— esse,  §148.   "That  they  had." 

:liqui,  "Nothing  left,"(noth- 

in.r  of  n  m  under,-)  §134,  Rem.  1. 

Ion  pxpectandum,  "That  he  ought 

ait" — £178.     Sibi,   §145. — 

Esse  ia  here  <ni  '.'I,  9. 

11.  Omnibus  furtunis  apcioruru  con- 
aimptis,  "A-fter  all  the  resoiirfces  of 
his  allies  had  been  consumed. "§186. 

12.  Dam—  pervenirent,  §207. 


.XII.  1.  Incredibiii  Imitate  limits  flu- 
men  ;  §164. 

2.  Fluat,  §2H. 

3.  Ppssit,  "So  that  it  cannot  be  deter- 
mined with  the  eye.".  The  .subject 
of  possit  is  the  poun-8entencc  prow- 
ding. 

4.  Flumen,  QlfaflUm.  2. 

5.  De  tertia  yigilia,  "After  midnight;" 
after  the  beginning  of'  the  third 
watch,  and  before  ita  expiration. 

C.  Profectus,  §185,  2,  a. 

7.  Abdiderunt,  "  Ran  to,  and  hid  iu. 
the  nearest  woods;"-^-an  instance  of 
the  pregnant  construction 

8.  Memoria,  §167. 

9    Sive — sive,  Eitiier,  or;  §128,£«»!.9. 

10.  Quae  pars,  "The  part  which," 
(what  part;  §129,  Rem.  1,  a.)  Tho 
relative  sentence  is  placed  first  for 
the  sake  of  emphasis. 


LIBER.  PRIMUS. 


id  i  ultus  est,  quod  "ejus   soeeri   L.  Pieonis 

avum,  L.  turn,  Tigurini  epdei  i  ;  rceli 

rfecerant. 

XIII.  Hop  prcciio  facto,  reliquaa  copiaa  Helvetiorum  ufe  conse- 
posset,  pontem  in,  Arari  faciendum1  curat,  atque  ita  exeroitum 
>ducit.  Helvetii  repentino  ejus  adventu  commoti,  qutim  id2 
1  ipsi  diebus  xx  aegerrime  confecerant,  ut  flu-men  trans irent,3 

uuo  illum^^^p^u^  i'ntelligerent,4  legates  r.d  cum  mittunt :  o 
V"gatio)ii^^BHBBB«c£ps  fuit,  qui  bello  Cassiarjo0  dux    Helvetic - 
WL^^PPi  Csesare' agit :  'Si  paccm  populus  Romanus 
eret,in  caan  partem  iturbs,8  atque   i^i    futures8- 
Ivetios,  ubi  eqs  Cse?ar  c  atque  esse  vo-luissct :,()  sin 

lello'per  rscvrerarefc,.11  reminiaoeretur13  ct  veteris  inoommo- 

populi  llomani,  ct  pristine  virtutis  Halvetiorum.     Quod   im- 
uui  adortus  esset,1-1  quu'm  ii,  qui  flninen   transis- 
uxilfum  ferro  non  possent,  ne  ob  earn  rem  aut  suae  mag- 
re  virtuti  tribuer  t,     aut  ipsos  despiceret :  se   ifa  a  patribuB 
j|j|HRdicisse,  ut  magis  virtute  quam  dolo   contendc- 
'.    '  lii>  niterentur.17    Quare  ne  cominittoret,,18  ut  is  locus, 
calamitate20  populi   Romahi  et  intcrnecionc 
i.eerei  en  caperet,  aut  menioriam  prodcrct.' 


-JfVincop' 


bject    cf  »'n 


III.  1  in  Arari  facie:. 

■  a.  bridge  built,    (at- 
iends  to  building  a  bridge?)  over  the 

is  the  object  of  fecisie,  and  is 
o  announce  the 
felai  bich    follows. — 

Thin  is  a  Tory  common  use 

flninen  transirent,  •♦To  cross  the 
river, '  or'-thc  crossing  of  the ri ■■ 


wonld  be  constituent  in  direct  dis- 
course, §210,  Rem.  3.  The  perfeel 
is  used  ber  appointing  must 

bo  completed  before  the  Helvetian? 
could  act  upon  it. 

10.  Voluistet  ia  in  the  same   construe- 

constiiuiiset.  \ 

11.  Sin    bello   persequi   persevei 
"But  if   he  should  persist  in  follow- 
ing them  with  war. 

12.  Reminisceretur,   "Let  him  remem- 
ber;" §217.  Hem.  1. 

13.  Incommodi,  |135,  b.i 

|uod  adortus  eesel 


(foal  noun-sentence,  in   apposition    16-  Qui  transissent,  §217 


with  !</. 

ira— iiftelligcrci 
is  legationis.  ."  l'_M.'.  Rt 
ello  Cassiano.  £167. 
Si— facerct,  $187,  Ktm.  4.     The  re 
maiuder  of  the  chapter  is  in  the  ora- 
tio    *khfU€,    depending   upon   agit, 
whioh,  though  present  in  form, is  an 
historical  tense. 
Ituros,  futuros,  (at*,)  {217. 
0.  Ubi   eos   Cesser   oonititniatet,  4x., 
"Wherever   Cesar   should  appoint 
and  wiBh  them*  to  be."    Oirutitvitttt 


It',.  Ne— trlbaeret,  §217,  Rem.  1. 
him  not,  for  that  reason,  either  give 
iOo  much  credit  to  Ids  own  valor,  or 
despise  them."    The  direct  object  of 
tributret,  being  indefinite, is  omitted. 

17.  Ut  magis,  Ac  — niterentnr,  "That 
they  contended  by  valor  more  than 
they  contended  by  strategem  or  re- 
lied upon  snares'." 

18.  Coamitteret,§2l7,  Rem.  1. 

19.  Constitissent,  §217. 

20.  Ex  cttUnitate  limits  both  etperet 
and  prodtrtt. 


B 


> 


DE  BELLO  OALL1CO 


XIV.     TTip  Caesar  ito  respopdit  :  v  Eo1  sibi  minus  dubitationis2 

petii  corai  .;  memor- 

uiimis,  nitrite8  popnli.  Ro- 

npcius  fuisset, 

elligeret,16, 

■  vellet, 

■ 

■ 
a  ■  vil  itione   rerum   dob 


The  less,'1 
'    sb;"  §168. 

'.   1. 
.   ■  ■  .    • 
menibered;"  i  e  because  he  ret! 

ent,  for  comr.emora-' 

■   j 

.   .  o  gravius  "  And 

was  the  nil  :  ant,  the 

.  ■  .)  ed  by  the  desert 

7y,aml 

.  de  ..■  r  in  which.  &o. ) 

:.  j;  .—Quo,  §n 

[erito  if  abl.  of  cause. 

:;'.  0,  C. 

10.  Qui  is  subj<  ct  of  fuisset,  and  refer- 
ring to  populi  Romani,  mart  be  trans- 

I  thm;   \Y ■ 

11.  Alkujutia  more  emphatic  than  the 

, | >ia  cujus,  which   w e  •  would  ex- 
r  si    §89. 

12.  i  135,  a.  Siit  aleo  limits 
conscius,  }\  4 2,  Rem.  8. 

.  &c,  "  That  it  would 
not  ■  difficult  to  avoid  (the 

calamity.")  Fuisst  in  the  direct'dis- 
courso  would  have  been/ueruf.$197, 
Rem.  3. 

14.  Sed  eo  deceptum  (esse,)  "But  that 
they  (populum  Romanum,)  had  been 
deceived  by  this  (circumstance.") 

16.  Commissum  a  se,  "Anything  com- 
mitted by  them,"  »'.  e.  any  crime  on 
their  part. 

16.  Intelligent,  §217,  §190.  The  sub- 
ject is   i'«  understood,  referring  to 


" 


ace 
ha  .  Roma!' 

Juarc    ■ 

would 


L 


1.     Fo 


pr.pulus  Romanus,  and  i 

\~.   Quare  timeret,     '-'  m 

■id  fear." 
cause  (qua 
the  aau 
a. 

am,  1  !78. 
19!  Quod  si,     If  howevefi 
19. 

tt'tumellae,  §133,  t>. 
21.  Vellet,  §197,  LsHfc, 
t22.   lo  Invito,  §186^ 
inste 

The  repetition  of  the 
jivr.e^ion  gives  i_; 
21.*W?ssc,  &c,     '•  '.'■■  .   1  ;. 

tn»*i:ecollection,  &c."  This  is  apriti- 
'cipal  sentence  in«the    oratio  obliqv*. 
17,  AV™.  5. 
25.   Victoria  -is  a  causal  abl. 
20    Eodem  pertinere,    "Tended  in.  the 
same  direction,"    "hr.J  the  same  ef- 
fect;" t.  c.    to  make  it  impossible  for 
him  to  forget  their  recent    injuries. 
The  subject  of  pertinere  is  the  uourt 
sentences    preceding    quod — glorie- 
renlur,  gc, — "that  their  boa^tin 
impudently    of    their    viotorj 
their  wondering  that  he-  had  so  long 
borne  their  injuries  without  revenge. 
tended  in  the  same  direction.'' 
27.   Quo,   §193,    Rem.  3.— Tne   reader 
will  observe  that  primary  tenses  are 
used  in  the  remainder  of  the  speech; 
(doleant,  velint,  tint,  $e.)    The  latter 
part  of  a  long  discourse  in  the  orati* 
obliqua,  is  usually  shifted  from   the 
past  to  the  present,  to  give   greater 
animation. 


LIBER  PRIX] US. 


16 


i 
;           .'(lore.     Qi  , 
tatnei                                               itur,30  uti  ea,  qi  ur,9  fac- 
tum-                                               injuriis,  quas  '  nm 

atisfaci  em 

LI  mi:.'      Di                         I  it  :   t  It  a  Hel\  ■  UM 
insti 

• 


■  .■  .,  •  at,  • 

I 

. 

.         ; 


. 


• 


c  or 


• 


Ifl 


I 


confer;  isse  dicere.::    Ubi  Be  diuiius  duci  intellexit, 

?{  diem  instare,  quo  die  fru  me  a  turn  militibug  metiri  oporteret,7  con- 
vocatis  eorum  principibus,  quorum  magnam  copiam  in  castri 
ba*,  in  bis$  Divitiaco   et   Lisco,   qui   summo  magistrate.9  prseeroj 
(quem10  Y<  am  appellant  JEdui,  qui  efireatur  annuus,  <  fc  vitro 

necisque  iu  sues  habet  potestatem)  graviter    '  -at,  quod.'quutn 

ne^ue  emi..  uequo  ex  iagris  sum!    posset,11  tam   Decessario   tempore, 
bam    propinquis    hostibus,13    ab    iis    non   sublevetu  Dsertim 

(juum  magna  ex  parte  eorum  precious  adiuctus  sperit ; 

multo  etiam  gravius,  quod  sit  destitufeiis,1*  queritur. 

XVII.     Tum:demum  Lisc'us,  ro ratio  aria  adduetus,  quod 

antea  tac'uerat,  proponit  :  '  Esse  nonnullos,  quorum  anctoritas  apud 
plebem  plurimum1  vi  qui  privatirri   plus  possiut,2  quaui   ip;i 

iosa  atque  improba  cratione  mu) 
dcterrere,  ne  frumentum  conferant,3  quod  prsestara  dtbeant. 
jam  principatum  Gallia;  obtinere  non  possint,  Gallorurn  quam  Ro- 
manorum  imperia  perferre  satius  esse,  neque  dubitare/ quin,si  [iel- 
•  superaverint5  Romani,  una  cum  rcjiqua6  Gallia  JffilduisT'liber- 
tatem  sint8  erepturi.  Ab  iisdem  nostra  concilia,  quEeque  iu  castri? 
gerantur,5  bosl  1'  ciari  :  Los  a   so   coerced   non    pjQssc :  quirt 

etiam,9 .quod  necessaiio  rem  coackis  Cassari  enuneiar 
sese,  quanto  id  cum  periculo  fecerit,"11  et  ob  cam  causam,  qua 
potuerit,  tacuisse.' 

s  ' 

[II.     Csesur  hac  ovationc  LiseUDumnorigem,  Dimt: 

>'>  f  ■  sed,   quoaT  pluribug  prmser.ticSfc  ea.s   res 

jactari  noleraMplariter  concilium  diifStttit,  Liscum  retinet :  qucerit 


■..orteret..  "On  which  it  wa.3 
> 
iers;"gBli 

r  received  bis   rations   in   grain, 
oh  he  was   require  I    I        :■     ■    ■ 

■  elf. 
his  (principibus,)  -A,ii. 

gistratu,  ^48,  Rem.  3,  §141. 
10.   Quern.     The  antecedent  ig  implied 
"i:c:Mrutu;  it  was  the  person.not 
1    Vergqbrc 

las. 

'osset,  supply  frumentum. 


3.  No   frumentum    conferant 
collecting  the  corn;"  §  1 93. 

ius  esse  depends  on    dicaJh 
f    plied  in  orali*ne  abi  . 

Bu'pcraveriu 

6.  IUliqua  Gallia,  •'! 

8,  Rem.  8. 

duis,  "From  the  -/.''luans;".' 
§163,  Rem.  3 

erepturi,  ^  193,  2185,  0,  a.  ' 


M  etiam,  ''Moreover. 
ocabulary. 
]nunciarit,  i\ 
averit;  §224,  5;    8217, 
cerit,  \2  4.  . 


I  tarn  diu  potuerit,   .".', 
ivetar,  deslitutussit;  jl*0.  Lble;:'— a  cooiparat'iTe  sent 

03,  Rem.  1.     For  the  Babjuucl 

'<  XV    1. 1.  PlupibuBpraesentibas/'Inthe 

presence  of  tor»  many;"  ll§S,Rem  1. 


LIBER  PRIMUS 


17 


t 


ex  s ■.>! o  •■•.   i  i :„• ;  carat.     Dicit liberius al  -ius. 

Eadein  secr^to  ab  aliis  \         •  Ipsuru  esse  Dum- 

Q^summa  audaQia,*  magna,  apud  plebem  propter  liberalita- 
..  cupidum  rcruin  novaruai  \  complures   annos4  poi 
reli  |  iraaia  ASduorum  vectigalia  parvo  prctio  redempta  hab- 

ore7,*  priip.tere.t  ..u^d,  illolioente,6  contra  liceri  audeat7  nemo.     His 

i  facultates  ad  largiendum 
wag  nunierum  equitatus  suo  snmptu  .sem- 

per al»  re  et  oircutu  .se  habere:  neque  solum  domi,3  sed  ctiam  apud 
liuuin:;.?  rivUaun  largiter  posse;9  atque  hujus  potentiae  causa  mat- 
re  m  imiui  illic1''  nofeilissimo  ac  potentissimo  collo- 
..  !   habere,  sororem  ex  matre18  et 
es  colloca&s  re  et  cu- 
m  nfSnitatem :  odisse  etiam  suo  nomine18 
dreorum  adventu  potentia  ejus  diminuta, 
<•:  Di                               intiquum  loouw  gratia;  a tqne  honoris  sit  re- 
i  accidat                         -iujiiiam  in  spetn  regni  per 
popnli  i.  on   modo 
,*°  gratia  desperarc*     Ilep- 
;uod  prOilium   euuestre  *dver- 
*a:n                    .                                      ■'  initium 


™x   facium 


Dai  [*.   Illic,  "There,"  i.  t.  in  thai 

'.   Uxorem.  i.e  thejfci  OrRtt- 


part  of 
■  understood, 
is  (a  man)  of  tl  • 


.  luans  at  a 
8.'1     It  w.is    tlie    custt 
it  the  n  . 
ir,  who  then 

ic  taxes  on  his  own    private 

I    br>in  ■ 

ient  fur  the   amount    i 


12.  Ex  niatre,  "On  his  mother's 
i.  e.  his  mother's  daug 
\ upturn,  §179. 
14.   Fnvere  et  ci;pere  Ilelvi 
he  ravore  . 
Helvetians  j"  ^  1 41!. 
:    '  :  uo  nomine,  "On his  owd account.'" 

he  Mad  ior  a  number  of  years     ;,-,.    sit  restkutus.  j  190     It  will  be  ob- 

.,m1  that  the  leading  verb,  r.ycnt. 
is  present. 

cidat,  311)7,  b. 
,-ni  obtinendi    §1 77. 
iDerio,    "Under  the  commi 

tO.   Ii 

tod  proelini  turn. 

"  In    what 

d    few 
days  before," — "  ai 

.  4c. 

Mve.  ace.  of  limitation,  \\- 

abj    see  J 190.      Tor  paucit 

an!c 


bid 


"Whoa  lie  bid."    Jlle  is 
■    bore,         cpreea 

thai  gnat  man 

in  his  own  state. 
i.   1. 

.  "That  he  Lad  great 

in  tin- 

b2 


IS 


DE  BELLO  GALL1C0 


Duninorige  atque  ejus  equitibus,  (nam  equitatu22  tjuem  aajdlia2' 
Cassari  iEdui  ruiseraut,  Duinnorix  praserat"}  eorumque  fuga  reli- 
quum  esse  equitatuui  perterrifcuta. 

XIX.  Quibus  rebus  eognitis,1  quurn  ad   has  suspicionqs- c< 
simse  res  accederent,2  quod  per  fines  Sequauorum  Helvetios  tradux- 
isset,3  quod  obsides  inter  eos  dandos  eurasset,  quod  ea  omnia  non 

do  injussu  suo  et  civitatis,4  sed  etiani  inscientibus.ipsis,5  fecissct, 
quod' a  magistratu6  ^duorum  accusaretur  :  satis  esse  causae7  arbit- 
rabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut  ipse  aniraadve'rteret,8  aut  civitatem  ani- 
madvertere  juberet.  His  omnibus  rebus  unum  repugnabat,  quod 
Divitiaci  fratris  summum  in  populum  Ttomanum9  studium,  suniinam 
in  se  voluntatem,  egregiam  fidem,  justitiauij  temperautiam  cogn> 
rat :  nam,  ne  ejus  supplicio  Divitiaci  amnnum  offenderet,10  ver 
tur.  Itaque  priusquam  qnidquam  conaretur,11  Divitiacum  ad  se  vo- 
carijubet;  et,  quotidianis  interpretibus  remotis,  per  C.  Valeri'um 
Procillum,12  prjncipem  Galliso  provincko,  familiarem  suum,  cui  huiii- 
mam  omnium  rerum13  fidem  babebat,  cum  eo  colloquitur:  &imul 
cotomonefacit,  q use,  ipso* p.raeaente,  in  concilio  Grallorum.de  Bam  no  - 
rige  Bint  dicta,14  et  ostendit,  qu«>  separating  quisque  de  ep-'apud  j-o 
dixerit:1*  petit  atque  hcrtatur,  ut  sine  ejus  offensione  aniini'1 "  vol 
ipse  deeo,  causa  cognita,  statuat,  re\  civitatem  statuere  jubcat.     ! 

XX.  Diviti&cus  multis  cum  lacrimis,  Cassarem  compfexus, 
crarc  coepit,  fBKuid  gravi'us   in    fratrem  statueret  :l  scire   se   ilia. 


212.   EcftiiUtH,  §48,  Rem.  3. 
23.  Auxilio,  §14-1. 

I.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis,  '-Whan 
■  things  were  ascertained." 
'2.   (juuin — accederent   is  a   caudal    sen- 
tence ;  £-05. 

3.  Quod — traduxisset,  "#b»t  ho  bad 
led.  Sue,"  or,  "  his  leading,  &e." — 
This  and  the  following  noun-senten- 
ce-; \,quod — eurasset,  quod — fecisset, 
quod — accusaretur,)  are  inappositiou 
with  certtssimce  res. 

4.  Injussu  buo  et  civitatis,  "  Without 
his  order  and  that  of  the  state."  Sv,o 
is  here  equivalent  to  a  subjective 
genitive. 

sit  agrees  with  civibus  implied  in 
oivitate; — "  Without  the  knowledge 
of  the  citizeus  themselves  ;"  §186, 
Bern  1. 

6.  Magistratu,  i.  c.  Liscus  the  Vergo- 
bretus. 

7.  Causae,  §134. 

8.  Quare — animadvevteret.   §214  ;    or 


'    perhaps  better,  §210,  a.  "He  thought^* 
the're  was  sufficient  reason 
which  he  should punv-h  him, — to  pun- 
ish -kirn  for  " 

9.  In  populum  R,ofQanum,3J 

10.  Ne— offenderet,  |193,  Rem.  t 

11.  Priusquam — conaretur,  $206, L1Y.  ' 
b. 

12.  Per  C.  Valerium  Procillum.  g  1 5 9 . 
Rem.   5. 

13.  Omnium  rerum  is  subjective  , — 
"faith  in 'all  respects,  pertaining  to 
all  things."  Cui  is  remote  object  or 
habebat  : — "In  whom,  ^c.'' 

14;   <^u» — shit  dicta,  §214. 

15.  Ejus  off«n*ione  auimi,    '■  Violehc* 

to  his  feelings."    Animi  is  objective. 

and  ejus  subjective,  limiting  it. 

XX  1,  Ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem 
statueret,  'Not  to  pass  too  severe  a 
sentence  (determine  anything  too  se- 
vere,) upon  his  brother  ;:'  §217,i£e»j. 
1. 


LlttftK   P..1MU&. 


esse  vera,  uco  qucnaquam  :  ex  eo  plus,  quam  se,  doli  r;sa  capere, 
j  ropterea  quod,  quura  ipse4  ;  ratia  plurimum  domi5  a-tque  in  reliq 
Gallia,  ille6  ltfinlmuni7  propter. adele^centiaro  posset,  per  so  erevis- 
h  t  ;s  quibus  ppibias9  ac  nervis  uon  solum  ad  minuendam  gratiatn, 
liep  paene  ad  pernicieni  suam  uteretur  :10  seae  tamen  et  amore  fra- 
tdrni  imatione'vulgi  coinmoveri ;'  quod,  si  quid  ei  a  Cae 

ius  rfceioMsset,'11  i|uura  ipse  cum1-1  locum  amicitrae  apud  <  u 
.   :  ne'miDen    oxistimaturuni,14  non  sua  voluntate  factuu  :  qua  ex 
re  futurum,  uti  totius  Gal Hee  aiumi  a  se  averterenttir  "     Bsec  quum 
bus  verbis  flena  a  Caosare  pete  ret,  Caesar  ejus  dextraai  prendit: 
olatus  rogat,  fin  em  ■•ran;::  faciat  :15  tanti16  ejus  apud  se  gratiatn 
<\sse  ostendit,  uti  et  reipublicso  injuriam  et  suum  dolorem  ejus  vol-; 
■  i  ac  precibu:  <\>n<ir--:   t.,:    Dunmorigiem  ad  se  v.ocat ;  fratrem 
■et  :  quae  in  eb  reprebendat,ls  ostendit;   quae  ipse   iati 
i v:!.t>  (|iieratur,1s  prnponit  :    uaouet,  ut    in    relinquum 
ram  •  i.  i.mes  vitet  ;    praetorita   se  Divitiuco   fratri    coudo  tare 

frigi  custodes  point,  ut,  quae  agitt,1?  quibuscum  loqua- 
-sit. 

b     :pl  ceftior  factus3  boste*    sub 

ssuuiu  ab  ipslus  castris   i   -.to,    [u:  li 
cuialis  in    circuitu 
rent;9  misit      Recunciatum  est,  •  '!'. 


!.    N«-  n  no  one." 

•;  ' '   •  • 

t     Ipse  i   t    Diviri&cas. 
.-, 
'    Dtunnoiix. 

II  .imilli.   til  -rm.:). 

grow 

K  Qij  The 

rel  ■■  -    with    opiOus    \ 

g    im 

17. 
ifd  -i  quid  graTiue,  ic.  accidis- 
■  thing  too  scTere 
uld  befall  him  ;':    J197,    Rt 


;;: 


_    Iiini  Ihctim,  ('That  , 

- 
I'.   JSum  r<-ter-<  to  Caesar 

n  eminent     r.n>tirtaturum     if 


I 
16     Tnnii.  •'• 

the  injury  done  ti 
bis  ■ 

tha(  ■  . • 

jnrv,  &0.,  lO  liia  gd 
ers.  Jk 

18.   Repreuenfcat,  inttr] 
&c  .  §214    So  ulsf  ozti  and  /c. 
below. 


I 


I    D 

tior  factua,    "  i  ■.. 

•  net,  „f<c  . 
character  of  the  rm 
y  to  esittv.ia-     .">.    !:,  cifcuitu,  '  i  _. 

-   the   ran*. 
fluenced  bj  public  tp 

ion.      For  tho  use    i  f    the    infinitive 
.  i  (if  the  subjunctive,  • 

'  rr  Juiurum  In-low.     s*c    (217.    7.    Fa  MB. 

Hem    ',).     An  epiallygood    itnsc    ia 


DE   BELL.0  GALLIC- 

,i,      ■•:  ro  p  rap-tore,*  cum  duabua  legionibus. etiis  dtlcL- 

iter  &»gnoverant,  suuiinuni  jmguin  montis  ascender?  jubet- 

|  sni  Consi  pee  de  quarta  vigilia  eodem  itiu- 

.     .-.        eos  contendit,  equitatumqtie  ornuem  aute 

•  it,     P.  Considius,  qui  rei  militaris11  peritissirr.ua  Jiabebatur, 

.  L.  Bullae  '  in  M.  Crassils  fuerat,  cum  explor- 

atoribua  praamittit 

.\[I.     Pmca  lv.«r,  qaaui  sunwnus1  mom?  a  T.  Labienb  taneretur, 
ab  hfistiurj  udn  longius  milie  et  quingeutis  passibus*  ab- 

i   ;tea  ex  captivia  cornperit,  aut  ipsius  adveut^s  aui 
Lrtbieni  cognitns  esset,  Considius,  cquo  adausso,  ad  eum  aceurrjt ; 
.  .|uem  a  Labieno  occupari  volnerit,1  ab  bostibus  terpen  • 
in  ;irmis  atque  insignibus*  cognovisse.     Caesar  suas  cb- 
ig  pToximuui  collem.  subducit,  aoiem  instruit.     Labienus,  utB 
■i  praeceptuni  a  Caesare,  lie  pr«lium  commit tcret,7  nisi  ipsiuj  *..•! 
ise  pro^e  hostium  castra  visas  essent,8  ut  undique  uno  tempore  in 
us  floret,  monte  occupato,  Dcstros  exspectabat,  proolio- 
;..    •  Mnlto  deuique1'' die  per  e^plorati  cog- 

et  Helvctios  c;  TJP^et  Con- 

. 

,  ..ik,  consuerat  intcrva  seqcitur,   et 

isuis  castra  ponit. 


XXIIL 


idie  •  erat, 


,♦.-  "iaHhe  place 

1  .      ..  i»t  is  his 

(214    We  w'ouUjLfxpcct*iiM7?» 

m-.-  pronooffis  a'tragted 

into  til      ftse  uf   consilii  for  the  sake 

hoiiy.   For  consilii  see  %\$l,Rem. 

!  1.    Rei,     L lift,  a. 

■  .,  sc.  exeiciiu 

us,  §128,  Rei 
■ 
i    tJi  -  Ex.  (e.)  The  auU- 

8ed|  in  what  foil 

LO,  c. 
').   In  if  theGaulg 

wei  us   or  heads  of  wild 

beasts,  &d;  those  ol  the  Romans 
were  plumes  or  crests.  These  were 
wciti  on  the  helmet. 


('.     f/f   is  '  t-i-a    causal, —  'f  s 

cause 
7.,  Ne  i  '-: te.ret,.    "  Not  to 

commence    the    fight."     This    noutt 

ser.'  ■        .  ,■        -a:. 

8    Nisi  -visre    essent,      "  Lriilrs -     hi* 

fCajsai-'?.Oforces  should  be  seen,&c£"  '«■ 

gl&7,  Arm.  1;  2198,  a. 

9.  JProeUo,  §16S\ 

10.  Multo  detiique  die,  sc.  coasumpto.  * 

11.  Et — et,  '-Both, — and." 

12.  Vidisset,  210.  c. 

13.  Quo  consuerat  intervallo,    "At  the 
usual  distance."     The  abjativfjltore 
expresses  the  measure  of  de$ct-$m^   , 
— lie  is  behind  then  by  the  iniirveii  by 
which,  <yc. 

14.  Millia,  g  1 5 ^ . 

XXIII.  1.  Dili  is  a  subjective  genitive 
limiting  •posiridje  (-poster)  d'u  .■)  — 
"On  the  successor  of  (tho  day  after,) 
that  day." 


m  si-mri    ■  ;;cte, 

i  mplius  milli- 

n5  exist- 

.  it ;  iter  ab  I!    '  adit.    -En 

tibus 
nunci;;;r,  ■.  perterritcii  Romano 

iuperioribus  locis 
uen- 

.  ..  . 

in- 
. 
Gallia  citeriore  proximo  oonsc 

,  totutu    ruontem    \  omiuibuy'   com- 

in  unum   locum  cotiferri,  i  b   hit, 

cie  co;  -    muniri    jr.-  .    cum 

nta  in  unu.  atulerutlt : 

: balange  facta,  sub 

. 

suo.1  dc:  • 

j*i(i»;  •, 


11.   R»  'ruaeni 
I    . 
timt    lie  V^f 

• 

lentai  .♦>  •picier.tluto,         Id  ta 

k  u.,t  K  I  (i«  oug 

i  ,  * 

\  uti    etprs    jo 
such  a  wa  »  »   » 

narjnt,  gl! 

•conimiiMS'iK    i*  i     ■ 


mM^B^R"  '.ami 

i 

.•  -  • » 

- 


i 


DE  13ELL0  GALL1 

d 

o  ictu  pi'l 

■ 

;vui    claudebant,    et 

i  receperu  _u., 

it.     Nam  hoc  toto  proelib,5 

:ura 


i 

■  . 

i 


! !  "7-4l 


11.    Pi 

ii  i 

i 

' 

1-3    Ut— 

\rao 

aw  .                             .: 

XXVI.  1.  Ancipitiproelia, 
be  Romans  b  • 

both  iii  front  aad  rear  ' 
2.    Pugnatum  ost,    '-ft  ».:■ 
tiy;ht  went  on." 

<'./.  tlw  II 

ii 

lam 


LIBER  PRIMUS.  v 

[  ta 

i 

; 

■ 
'■■''■ 


mi 


[.      Hoi  in  adducti,  legatos 

l!  quam  emu  in  i( 

: 

m    ex- 

- 

ten 


I  mujtam  noctcm,  "T  > a  late  hour 
of  the  night." 

|1  pugnatnm,  £205,  b. 

;uc,     1 159, 
Rtm 

14. 

Priduutn,  $ 

16.  Nc — juvarent.    "Not  to  k  lp,  Ac." 

17.  Qui  fi  juvie^ent.  "  If  thev  should 
help  them;"  J197,  Rem   4  .-"$198,  a. 

18.  Sc — habitnrum,  "That  he  would 
hold  them  in  the  same  place  in  which 
(he  held)  tbe  Helvetians;"  i  e.  would 
treat  them  as  enemies. 

XXVII.    1     Qui  refcrt  U>  Ugmtot,  and 


Vtnitttntx  -; 

ppliciterque  locuti  flei 
petisseht,     "  A| 

ly  had  hejrged  for  ] 
tears-" 

.  c. 

6.  Sive— sivc,  §128,  Rtm.  9. 

7.  Ne,  1108,  Rtm   2, 

8.  Armistraditis,  "If  their  arms  should 

be  delivered  up;"  §186. 

9.  OccuZfan.complcment  of  pone,  which 
h&afugam  for  its  subject 

10.  Existimarent,  {190,  Rem.  1. 

XXVIII.    1.   Quod.  §129.  £,m.<i. 

2.   Hit  is  placed  after  the  relative  sen- 


DE  BELLO 


1  t 

i 

i 
ris   traditi  mem    acpep.it     Helvetios, 

■  •' ; 

PrSeti.bm.ami33is,do»i7  nihil  ,erat,    quo 
bus  imperavit,  tit  his   frurneuti  copiara 
usque,  quoa  incenderant,  restlfuere  jussit. 
Id  ea  maxime  .  j jit,  quod  nolult  cum  locuxn,  uade6,Helvefcii 

disce93erant,  vacate ;  ne10  propter  boi  ag.rorum  #«*  raani,  qui 

s  Rhenum  it,  esuis-fiuibu  yetiorum.,  fines    trans!-: 

iviueiee11   Mlobrogibusque  csseut      Boi 
•  ].  •    ■   ,.     -     /Eduis,  quod  egregia  virtute1"  erant   coguiti,  ut    in 
Unibus  suls  :,  concessit;  quibus  ill l  agroa  dederuvst,  quos* 

>a  ia  paremu  juris  libsrtatisque  coudr^iouem,    atque'5 
t,  receperunt. 

XXIX.     In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabula)  reisertaa  sunt  Uteris  GraR 

a  relatae,  quibus    i  <    Lis    noaiinatira 

ratio  confecta  erat,1  qui  numerus   domo    exisset2.eorum    qui   uvma 
ferre  possent  :3   et  iieu*  separatim  pueri,  sene.s.  niulieresque.4    Qua- 


tencc  which  limit*  in.  for  the  sake  of 

emphasis.    '■  Mo   commanded   those 

b   whose   country   they    and 

(o  hum  them  up, 

Observe  i'u±i. imprro  l*  construed 

Hid  a  boti  ■  (equivalent 

■• ;)  while  ju  ffrer 

tonsil  object  in  the  accusaiiv  ■ 
u,  complementary  infinitive. 

i.    "In his  ooinion;"  o\  12    Rem. 
3. 

.  §197,  Rem.  -1. 
"i.  Re  lastiutn  nuiaer«habait, 

"When  they  had  been  br'ouj 

:i  a3  enemicj,(2«£< 
he  hold  tium.  when  brought  back.in 
□  ••"'.or  of  enemies ;" )   t 
her  killed  them  or  sold    them    as 

85,  2,  a. 
idi     '-From  which;"   §129,  Rem. 

7.  Uumi,  §!66k  Etc. 

8.  Quo  famem  tolerarent,  "  To  bear 
hunger  with,"  t.  t.  to  live  npou  ; 
§210,  a. 

9.  Ut  his  frumenti  oopiam  faoeren", 
"  To  furnish  them  with  com."  Lit- 
erally, "that  they  should  cause  abun- 
dance of  corn  to  them." 

10.  Ne—traruirent,    tfC,   depend*   on 


Veritas  a'  ■ : l.ji"? to dafe 

11.  ProvincisBj  §14-2",  Rem.  '■',. 

12.  B-tiot  is  object  of  eollq^arent  — 
Translate  in  the  following',  order i 
concessi  ."'  is  petcntibus  uttolltce^ 
rent  Boies  in  fmibus  tuit,  quod  • 

arent 
is  b  ■  l  I  the  thing 

granted;  il  is  9mitted  after  concetti/. 
having  .beeu  ouce  expressed. 

13.  Egregia  mrtute  i*  an  adjectival  e\- 
-  prcssion.  forming  part  of  the  pre.dT! 

cate  ;  §164,  Rem.  1  :  or  homines  may 
be  supplied. 

14.  Pa.-oni,  "The  saase." 

la.   A.tque,  'JAs,"  "in  which.''  §203. 

XXIX.    1     Nomi 

era;.  "A  been  made 

out  I  giving  the  name 

of  each  person. 

2.  Qui  Humerus  dome  eziszci  is  a  noun- 
sentence  (§214)  in  thd  accusative, — 
equivalent  accusative  after  the  com- 
pound verbal  expression  rqtio  con- 
fecta erat.  §150,  Rem.  4. 

i.  Posttnt,  £210,  c. 

4.  Pueri,  senes,  mulieresque,  &o.  Nom- 
inal* sunt  may  be  supplied  from  ra- 
ti* nosiinatim  eonfeeta  erat. 


LIBER.  PRIMUS. 


rum  omnium  rerum  summa  crat,  capitum  Helvetiorum5  millia 
CCLXTII,  Tulingorum  millia  XXXVI,  Latobrigorum  XIV,  Raura- 
corum  XXIII,  Boiorum  XXXII:  ex  bis,  (jui  anna  ferre  possent,  ad 
millia  XCII.fi  Summa  omnium  fuerunt7  ad  millia  CCCLXVIII. 
Eorum,8  qui  doraum  redierunt,  censu  habito,  ut9  Csesarimperaverat, 
repertus  est  numerus  millium10  C  et  X. 

XXX.  Rello  Helvetiorum  confecto,  totius  fere  Gallia;  legati, 
principes1  civitatum,  ad  Caesarem  gratulatum2  convencrunt :  '  Intcl- 
ligcre  sese,'  tametsi  pro  veteribus  Helvetiorum  injtiriis  populi  Ro- 
mani4  ab  iis  poenas  bello  repetisset,5  tamen  earn  rem  non  minus  ex 
usu  terrra  Galliae,  quam  populi  Romani"  aecidisse  :  propterea  quod 
eo  consilio,  florentissimia  rebus,7  domos  suas  Helvetii  reliquissent/' 
uti  toti  Galliae  bellum  inferrent,  imperioque8  potirentur,9  locumque" 
domicilio10  ex  magna  copia  deligerent,  quern  ex  omni  Gallia  oppor- 
tunissimum  ac  fructuosissinium11  judicassent,12  rcliquasque  civitates 
stipendiarias13  habereut.'  Petierunt,  'uti  sibi  concilium  totius 
Gallisc  in  diem  certam  indicere,14  idque  Cscsaris  voluntate  facere, 
licerct  :  sese  habere  quasdani  res,  quas  ex  cgmmuni  consensu  ab  eo 
petcre  vcl^fjtffe-.  Ea  re  permissa,  diem  concilio  constituerunt,  et  ju- 
rejurandqMj  ^BTjnunciaret,  nisi  quibus  communi  consilio  manda- 
tum  essety.'guBe  sanxerunt.15 


-".  Ifelvetionnn  is  a  subjective  genitive 
limiting  capitum,  which  latter  is  a 
partitive  genitive  limiting  millia. 

">.  Kx  h:~.  those  (just  men- 

tioned) those  who  conld   bear    arms 
■were  about  ninety  two  thousand." 

7.   Fuerunt  agrees  bj*  sj/netis   with    the 
plural  expression  ad  millia   trecenta, 
,\c.   See  §130.  Rem.  1. 
lift  limits  Ctntu. 

».  Ut.  ««As;"  §211,  Ex    (e.) 

10.  Millium  limits  numerut.  &n<\  tolls  of 
what  the  nurnbtr  con.-istcd. 


XXX.     i.   Principet    i»    in    apposition 
with  legati. 

2.  (U  itu  latum,  §179,  a. 

3.  Intcltir/err  *e.«r    depends    on    diceniex 

understood.  ,■  <j217 

1.    Helvetiorum  injuriis  populi  Roma- 
ni,  "Injuries  which  the  Helvetians 
ha.l    dune   to  the   Roman    people 
§131,  Rem.  2. 

o.   Repetiseet,  £224,  5;  §217. 

%.   I' >puh  Ro/nani  limits  ex  utu  under- 
stood. 

C 


7.  Florentissimis  rebus, "Though  theix 
circumstauees  were  Yery  flourish- 
ing;" g  186,   Rem.  1.     . 

8.  lmperio,  §159,  Rem.  G. 

9.  Potirentur,  deligerent,  haierent,  arp 
coordinate  with  inferrent. 

TO.   Domicilio.  §144. 

11.  Opportunissimum  ac  fructuosissi- 
mum  (locum,)  §151,  b. 

12.  Judicatsent  w»uld  bo  subj.  in  direct 
discourse;  (§210,  b.)  "  And  might 
clioose  a  place  for  their  residence 
which  they  should  deem  most  suita- 
ble, &c."  A  perfect  tenco  is  used 
because  the  completion  of  the  actios 
is  referred  to. 

18.  Stipendiarias,  §151,  b. 

14.  Indicere  idque  facere  is  subject  of 
licerct. 

16.  Et  jurejurando — tanzeruni,  " 
they  bound  each  other  by  an  oith 
{literally,  confirmed  among  thern- 
>elves,  &c. )  that  no  ene,  except 
(those)  to  whom  it  had  been  entrust- 
ed by  common  consent,  Bhould  tell 
(what  had  been  done.)"  The  sen- 
tence nui  mandatum  o*«t  is  thus  re- 
solved :    mti  ii,  quiburt,fc  .mandatum 


'.';; 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


XXXI.  Eo  concilio  dimisso,  iidem  principes  civitatuni,  qui  ante 
fuerant  ad  Coesarem,  reverterunt,  petieruntque,  uti  sibi1  secreto  in 
occulto2  de  sua  ouiniumque3  salute  cum  eo  agere  liceret.  Ea  re  im- 
■  petrata,  sese  omnes  flentes  Caesari4  ad  pedes  projecerunt :  'Nod 
minus <ee  id  contendere  et  laborare,5  ne  ea,,  quae  dixissent,6  enuncia- 
rentur,7  qnam  uti  ea,  quae  vellent,6  impetrarent  ;s  propterea  quod, 
•i  euunciatum  esset,9  summum  in  cruciatum  se  venturos  viderent.'1" 
Locutus  est  pro  his  Divitiacus  JEdtfus  :  '  Galliae  totius  factiones  esse 
duas :  harum  alterius11  priucipaturu  tenere  .iEduos,  alterius  Arver- 
nos.1-  Hi  quuni  tantopere  de  potentatu  iriter  se  multos  annos13  con- 
tenderent,  factum  esse,  uti  ab  Arvernis  Sequanisque  Sermani  mer- 
eede  arcesserentur.14  Horum  primo  circiter  millia  XV  Rhenum 
transisse:  posteaquam  agros  et  cultum  et  copias  Gallorum  homines 
feri  ac  barbari  adamassent,15  transductos  plures  :  nunc  esse  in  Gai- 
Ma  ad  C  et  XX  millium  numerum  :16  cum  his  iEduos  eorumque  cli- 
cntes  semcl  atque  iterum17  armis  contendisse  ;  magnum  calaruilatcai 
pulsos  accepisse,  omnem  nobilitatcm,  omnem  senatafim,  omhem  equi- 
tatum  amisisse.  Quibus18  pVoeliis  calamitatibusque  fractos,  qui  et 
eua  virtute  et  populi  Romaui  hospitio  -atque  amicitia  plurimum  ante 
in  Gallia  potuissent,6  coactos  esse19  Sequanis  obsides  dure,  ncbilissi- 
saos  ^ivitatis,  et  jurejurando  civitatem  obstringerc,  sese  neque    ob- 


tsset  enunciarent;  "Thatuoont  should 
tell  unless  they,  to  whom  it  had  been 
entrusted,  &c, should  tell." 

XXXI.  I.*  Sibi  is  remote  object  of  lice- 
ret. 

'1.  Secreto,  "Without  any  other  being 
present;"  in  occ«lto,  "secretly," 
"without  any  out  finding  it  out." 

3.  Sua  omniumqut.  Both  sua  and  om- 
nium are  subjective  limitations  of 
talutt,  and  hence  coupled  by  que  ; 
5131,  Rem.  A. 

i.  Ccciari  may  either  be  the  remote  ob- 
ject of  projecerunt,  ("  they  threw 
themselves  before CiBaar  at  his  feet;') 
or  it  may  limit  pedes  like  a  genitive, 
{147. 

4.  Se  id  contendere  et  laborare  is  oblique 
discourse,  depending  on  dicent.es  un 
derstood.    "That  they  were  no  less 
anxious  that   what    they    had   said 
should  not  be  told,  than,  &e." 

6.  Dixissent,  §217. 

7.  Ne  ea — enunciarentur  is  a  noun-sen- 
tence, in  apposition  with  id. 

8.  Quam  uti — impetraretot,  "  Than  to 
obtain  what  they  wished."  The  final 
sentence  limits  contendere  understood 


9.  Si  enunciatum  esset,  \\%1,  Rem.  4: 
g  198,  a. 

10.  Viderent,  §190, 

11.  Horum,  (pare,  gen.^.limits  alterius, 
which  is  objective  and  limits  princi- 
pa'um. 

12.  JEduos,  Arvernos,  $79,4. 

13.  Annos,  §153. 

14-  Arcesserentur  is  limited  by  ab  Arver- 
nis Sequanisque,  tho  agent ;  and  mer- 
cede.  the  means. 

15.  Ptsteaquam — adan'assent  it  a  temp- 
oral sentence.  ,  For  subj.  see  §J17. 

16.  Nunc  ssse — numerum,  "That  there 
were'now  in  Gaul  about  the  number 
of  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand. " 
Tho  plural  expression  ad  centum  tt 
viginti  millium  nuvierum,  is  the  sub- 
ject of  esse. 

17»  Semel  atque  iteruin,  "Again  and 
again  " 

18.  Quibus,  gl2'J,  Rem  9. 

19.  Coactos  esse,  has  eos  understood  for 
its  subject,  or  the  adjective  sentence 
qui — potuissent;  observe  that  the 
ace.  with  inf.  is  used  here,  because 
quibus,  though  a  relative  in  form,  is 
in  fact  a  demonstrative  here;  |2l7. 
Rem.  3. 


LIMiR  P1UMUS. 


sides  repetituros,20  ncque  auxilium  a  n^pulo  Romano  implofatufwsj 
neque  recusatum-.  quo  minus  perpetuo  sub  illorum  ditioue  atque 
imperio  essent.21  Uimni  se  esse  ex  oinui  civitate  jfiduorum,  Qui 
adduci  'non  potuerit,22  ut  jura  ret,  aut  suo«  li'beros  obsidea  daret. 
Ob  earn  rem  se  ex  civitate  profugisse,  et  Roruam33  ad  eenatum  von 
isse,  auxilium  postulatum,24  quod  solus  neque  jurejuraudo  neque 
obsidibus  teneretur  10  Sed  pejus  victoribua  Sequania,  quam  iEdui* 
victia  accidisse,  propterea  quod  Ariovistus,  rex  Gernianorum,  ir.* 
eorum  finibus  conaediseet,10  tertiamque  partem  agri  Sequ/ni,  qui 
egset6  optimos  toiius  Galliae",*8  oeoupavisset,26  etnune  de  altera  parti 
•ertia  Sequanos  deeoderc  juberet,  propterea  quod  paucis  nienaibua2" 
ante  Hamdurn*8  millia  hominum  XXIY  ad  eum  veuissent,  quibu* 
locus  ac  sedea  pararcntur/1  Futurum  ease  paucis  annis,  uti  omneaex 
(jrallisefinibus  pclierentur,  atque  omnes  G-crmani  Rhenum  tranairent: 
ueque  enim  coiifcrenduia  esae29  Gallicum  cum  Gernianorum  ugrov, 
neque  suetttttinem  victus  cum  ilia  com  par  and  am.     Ario- 

vistu  '   ;emel  Gallorum  copias  procli<:  vicerit,31  quod  prce- 

liun  :  Magetobriarn,  supcrbe  et  crudeliter  imperare, 

obsides32  noj^lj^imi  cujusque  liberoa  poscere,  et  in  eos  omnia  ex- 
«mpla  cgfl  HP*33  edere,  si  qua  re  non  ad  nutum  aut  ad  volun- 
tatem  ejS^HJjtsit  :;u  hominem  esse  barbafum,  iracundum,  temorav 


?0.  Sae — repettluroe  depends  on  the 
compound  verbal  expression  jurtju- 
rando  obtfringeri. 

21.  Neque  re.-usaturcs, quo  minus — es- 
sent. "Nor  flgfuse  to  be  (that  they 
should  the  less  be)  forever  under 
their  OOOtroi  .'.'1  authority;  g  193, 
Mem.  5. 

22.  Qui  adduci  Don  potuerit,  &c.,'lWhp 
conid  not  be  indm    d  to  swear.'' 

Romam,  ."•!•"> 5 

lit.  Postulatum,  217.*.  a. 

25    (iillire,   §134. 

26.  Teruutnque  pai  em — oceupavisset 
et  nine — juberet.  Those  sentences 
are  co-ordinate  with  propterea  qu,d 
AriovulUS  con  re. 

17.  Pftudg  ante  mensibus,  "A  few 
months  before  ;M  \  158   Sou. 

urudurn,  §184        "Twenty-four 
ih'   Harudians."' 

~~i.   N 

•v»k-  the  Gallic  icoun 
try)  to  be  compared   with  the  conn 
try  of  the  Germwns,'  I  •  far  superior  j 
wax  the  (ialiic  country;     The  Latin 
idiom  here  is  the  referee  of  our  ^n : 
we  woul  l  say,  'The  German 
try  in  not  to  de  Compared    with    the  ! 
Qaliio,  on  accoant  i  ''!/  "  ! 


Observe  that    Q-allicum  >v:  Germanor 
um  limit  the  noun  in  ° percisely  the 
same  maimer,  both  being  subjective: 
§131,  Rem.  ■-.. 
30.   Hanc,  '■  The  former,"  if   the  Gae- 
lic.     The  demonstrative  of  the   hrst 
person  is  used  here  to  refer  to  Gal- 
licum  above,    because   the   speaker 
was  a  Gaul. 
3i.   Ut  senu'l—  vicert't,  "When  he  had 
once  conquered."     For  the  change 
form  past  to  present  ri  e  ('hap.  XIV, 
Mote  27  ;  a  simitar  changoy  however, 
is  not  allowable   in    English    u 
the    time   of    the    leading   verb     is 
changed  ;  —  "he  says."     , 
32.   Obsides  is    second    accusative    ex- 
pressing the   character ;  I 
fr.im   whom  he   demanded 
omitted,  being  implied  in  noltil 
(ttjusqui.  "e»ery  nobleman." 
83    Omnia exempla cruciatu>quo<  ■   \ll 
kinds   of  torture,"— 1  iti rally,    "all 
examples  and  torture-".*'      I'ui  -i     » 
case  tit  hendiariy*,  (one  by  two  )     n» 
idea  being  expressed    bj 
two  word  ■ 
oonjuncl  inn. 
?>A    Si  qua  rVs,  &c.  —  i  j 

thing  was  not  done  acoor  i  ;i£ 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


rium  :  non  posse  ejus  impe^ia  diutius  sustineri.  Nisi  si  quid35  in 
Caesare  populoque  Romano  sit  auxilii,36  omnibus  Gallis37  idem  esse 
faciendum,  quod  Helvetii  feceriht,6  ut  domo  cmigrent  ;38  aliud  domi- 
cilium,  alias  sedes,"  remotas  a  Germanis,  petant  ;39 fortunainque, 
quaicumque  accidat,  experiantur.  Usee  si  enunciata  Arioristo 
sint,40  non  dubitare,  quin  de  omnibus  obsidibus,  qui  apud  eum 
sint,6  gravissimuiu  supplicium  sumat.41  Caesarem  vel  auctoritate  sua 
atque  exercitus,3  vel  reoenti  victoria,  vel  nomiae  populi  Romani  de- 
terrere^posse,  ne  major  multitudo  Germanorum  Rhenum  transduca- 
tur,42  Galliamque  omnem  ab  Ariovisti  injuria  posse  defendere.' 

XXXII.  Hac  oratione  ab  Divitiaco  babita,  ontnes,  qui  aderant, 
magno  fletu  auxilium  a  Caesare1  petere  coeperunt.  Anirnadvertit 
Caesar  unos2  ex  omnibus3  Sequanos  nihil  earum  rerum4  facere,  qua? 
ceteri  facerent  ;5  sed  tristes,'5  capite  demisso,  terram  intueri."  Ejus 
rei  quae  causa  esset,8  miratus,  ex  ipsis9  qusesiit.  Nihil  Sequani  rc- 
spondere,10  sed  in  eadem  tristitia  taciti6  permanere.10  Quum  ab 
iis°  stepius  qu3ereret,  neque  ullam  omnino  vocem  exprimere  posset, 
idem  Divitiacus  JEduus  r<espondit :  '  Hoc11  esse  miseriorem  gravio- 
remque  fortunam  Sequanorum  prae  reliquoruni,12  quod  soli  ne  in 
occulto  quidem  queri,  »ec  auxilium  implorare  auderent,"13  absentis- 
que  Ariovisti14  crudelitatem,  velut  si  coram  adesset,15  horrerent  :ln 


will  or  -whim."    For  the  perfect,  see 
§19S,  a. 

35.  Nisi  si  quid,  &c,  "Unless  there- is 
some  help  in  Ca'sar  and  the  Roman 
people."  Observe  tiiat  si  is  repeated 

■  after  nisi  for  emphasis. 

36.  Auxilii.  §134,  Rem.  1. 

37.  Gallis,  §145. 

38.  Ut  domo  emigrent  is  in  apposition 
with  idem.    "To  go  out  from  home." 

'i  taut,  "And  peek."  This  sentence 
is  co  ordinate  with  ut — emigrent,  et 
being  omitted  to  give  animation  to 
the  narrative. 

lo.    Enunciata  sint,  §198,  a. 

li.  Non  dubitare  quin — sumat,  "That 
he  (Divitiacus)  does  not  doubt  that 
be  will  inflict  the  severest  punisli- 
mc  t  on  all  the  hostages  who  are  in 
his  hinds.'' 

42.  Ne  major  inuliitudo  Germanorum 
Rhenum  trausducatur.  "  That  Cav 
8ar,  &c  ,  can  prevent  a  greater  mul- 
titude of  Germans  from  being  led 
over  the  Rhino;"  literally,  "can 
frighten- off  (Ariovistus)  that  a  great- 
er multitude  may  not  be  led  over  " 
Rhenum  is  the  object  of  trans  in  com- 


position ;    §162,  Rem   2. 

XXXII.  1.  ACsesare,  {151,  Rem.  1. 

2.  Unos,  "Alone;'' '$64,  Rem.  2,  latter 
part. 

3.  Ex  omnibus  limits  unos ;  $134,  Rem. 

4.  Rerilra,   J 134.     , 

5.  Facerent,  §210,  c. 

6.  Tristei  agrees  with  the  .subject,  (se- 
quanos understood,)  but  limits  intue- 
ri;  §138,  Rem    ». 

7.  Intueri  is  coordinate  with  facer" 
above. 

3.   Esset,  §214. 

9.  Ex  ipsis,  §151,  Rem.  1. 

10.  Respondere,  permanere,  §175. 

11.  Hoc  limits  miseriorem  gravioremque, 
JltiS.  "That  the  lot  of  the  Sequans 
was  tho  more  wretched  and  severe, 
&c." 

12.  Pi»  reliquorum  sr.  fortuna. 

13.  Auderent,  §217,  §19u. 

14.  Absentis  Ariovisti,  "Of  Ariovistus., 
though  absent." 

15.  Adesset,  §203. 

16.  Horrerent  is  coordinate  with  aude- 
rent. 


LIBE-ll  I'll  I  \IUS. 


propterea  f|u  i.d  «-,.]i(j,)is  tnmew17  tugSQ  facoUns  daretu<  ;13  Sequain>M 
vero,  qui  intra  fi  bh  mios  Aiiovi>tuuj  reoepiweut,6  quotum  tq.fiida 
Oumiu  in  li'is  potesta'e  e«i^«ut  ■"'  minio  ouci.itus  c-.-fiii    f  iii.* 

XXXIII.  His  rebut?  unguil  is.  Cajsai"  Gallorurti  :iui  i;i.«-  usi  i-  r.nti- 
firiii.-ivn,  |H,Hifiiu.-(jii(.'  est  '  tdbi1  <■■< m  rem  ouiae2  futu>ani :  najfitaai 
ge  li:i In- '•.•'  .-pi'in    et  bem  tir.i"  sun  et  uuctoritaie  adductuiii4   A   i«»vis« 

turn  Gneni  uujutiis  tact  urn  m  '      [I«c  or&ttoue   liabita,  euuci i    •  i- 

mUtity-et  sejhudum  ea'1  tiiul'ae  re?  euin  Lortabantur,  qua're1  ■  run 
rein  .-nil  iihl  r,i;  i't  sif^cii'ii-iKl.'ini  |Utai  et  ,s  in  prima-,  <|ii  d  iEdung,. 
fratren  ruii-an  jniiicii»(|ur".>;c|'i'"  uii  *ut  «!i  sci'atH  appi'llntm.  -t'l*- 

vitutn  a  que  in  ditijuie  vide  bat  (ieituanoruni   teiieri,   eiiriiin<nic   nb* 

:    \  •  i  i .  i-:Mi,n  at-  >  <j  nun-  iutelllgebut:   quod ''  i  i  laim) 

in  ■■  •:  :      |»<i|.iiil   ll'iiuani  tin  |ii--i[iMim  siln  et  reipublit  M' '  »•-.--<:    arbit- 

rabdtur       I'alilaiim  autetu  < •  * •  i  -maims  ctuisuesoere1J  Klumum    n  ms- 

i.v,::i  <-r  in  <  i  ;i  1 1  i,-i  in    iiMwini:      ■.■ruin     mult  itudititMU    vein  e,    |>U|.ulo 

Ri-uiaiHi  pcriculoMnii  vjdebai      nequ<    aibi14  linnjines    lem.-    ,u-    li.tr- 

tempeiaturos  existiihabat,  quin,1"  quuin  ouineiu    G  >lliaiu    ms* 

cupa-M'iit    ui  '^i.iito  «Cnnbri    Teutunique    iVci.vmit,17  in    \>o\  inciaul 

i^iii'i.t,  ;ii^flBftin  [r;t  list  in  coiiieudereiit ;   piac-ei  tim    quant    >e- 

i|M;r.'MiH       HPfin.-tra     Kbndaims    dividerel.1*     Qinbu.-,    ndm.-'* 

|u.iin  iHWTn^Hr0  (ici-ui  rei  (linii-'iMitatiat.      I  \>*c    aiiu-in     Aii.m.-tui 

11     7  .  n'ecfbjn     HmiM     ii     s  bi  *-t  reipubJum    # 

\1     ','  r/ifin  'S  COmuestyie  \  •    i  n    it  i  -i-ii- 

eu<  ••     ii   iea  1>  Uep  i.U     I  it,    it    ;<«- 

ricul'ixixtimutn  t  i    w        » 

ver\   ill  i  tit  r  ui-   llimg    r't.r    ii       ii   r. 

in  .in s  t..  bee 'ine  a  •in  I    in      ,  &     .  ') 

lnii  gr  : nim.'i.  ira  Ij    t^    n'j  ••  i    ^      u  k; 

'    for  ih*  Germans   to    '>.•  mcua- 

Mimed,  Sec.,  waa   *    >p  )    •  «  ■   g  .ui* 

'!«  Qg  ") 

13    Trui.itre  is  tiie  complem    i|  .      t»»- 

i  i    .SY/i  i«  remote  i  bjeei  ol  tempt r.itu* 


m  i  t  '  .-  l  -.//A  -  -y  -   i  'm/ 

dir-idi  ■  I        tn  r!u'    r«.  - 1      ...     u, 

;    i  «',ti  given." 


e  Mian 


I     t     Sib?    J143 
H 

.v  I   i. •■•!.!      n      i V-    »cib    (i1 

licntif  ft> 
*.   A  [nttu  in-t  <i  l>  ■  ii  '  y  ■<  * 

kindiiea 

2         V  I  one'tn  Ario 

t  in-   i>t-  a  ■  p  XXXV. 

5.   "en    ilu  :i      .        \:  ,       '■  ■ '.- 'hin    :-."     i...    Q  lii-in  pov  'r   iiiio  «xt»«   r,  utquv 
if      1)  c      ^  out    ..I  •   |  ii-va.  i   lv    i.i  i  i    .:       iQle  inliil.-tin    o:i     nil     e  .!•  ■    im 


t'1  ' xt  <i".  i  ce    I  iii'-»-  Ihi    g  "' 

It    h  mI  j  i  -i  iexi  it  >l 
fi.    (,'  /  in-       i-.    v  icnhu     i 
I.    Si   i  I  mil- ill     g  run  I  vu-  fbll-.w  n^ 

i    !. 
8    .  nar-  ;.  ^jH»  «:  m  gil  1 
W.    /'    hrx  c  i   ■>  'i .  a -a  a  <i  <r  >ire   pr  .1  - 
c    ••  it  i-.i    it     «•    ui  ci     h  •  |.  .met     •■ 

tlu/n  ti'l   n- 

10    .<-/  ../  .  .-I.  ra  to  i  he  c»i  dtrtnn  »f  1 1  »• 

■  *ii     i   e   i.iiin  h  -ii- 

i     e  a  |  r  ce  i  g.  .nil    m  tu'iji-ci    oi 

• 

02 


g'lin*  mrer    mt  •    Uie   pr  v.t.  e    a.. J 

pro  e"ij  ns  t  .■!•  to  ii     i 

16     U  if  t  relit'v.'  .   y j .  i.  Bx.  (  -.j 

.      Ken  cin.  §J  0   e 
18.      Ml  idnnus     itivi'lnr  1imp 

i  i.'iefne.  km  »erj  ue«r   <h     t.,.v- 

a  a 

i'.i     (Jmlnix  Tcl/u.i  is    riHiiiin    uUj   0<     .f 

(/(.'«•  If  ml  u  in. 

■_'t>    Q  ih  ii    ti.iil'irrnno,     »"    V-    H    •       i  j 
i-  ^Jiil    /i'm    I. 

.'i    <>c  u  re  din     "I'ii  i   .  lydiima 

ou^ut  (.j  oo  uind  ■        jl  «b 


30 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


tantorsibi  Bpiritus,  tantam  arrogantiani23  sumpierat,   ut   ferendus 
uon  Tideretur.13 

XXXIV.  Gjuamobrem  placuit  ei,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mit- 
teret,  qui  ab  eo  postularent,1  uti  aliquem  locum  medium  utrius- 
que2  colloquio3  diceret :  velle  sese4  de  republica  et  summis  utrius- 
que  rebus  cum  eo  agere.  Ei  legationi  Ariovistus  respondit :  '  Si 
quid  ipsi5  a  Caesare  opus6  esset,  sese  ad  eum  venturum  fuisse ;  si 
quid  ille"  a  se  velit,8  ilium9  ad  se  venire  oportere.  Praeterea  se  ne- 
que  sine  exercitu  in  eas  partes  Galliae  venire  audere,  quas  Caesar 
possideret,10  neque  exercitum  sine  magno  commeatu  atque  emoli- 
nsento  in  unum  locum  contrahere  posse  :  sibi  autem  mirutn  videri,11 
quid  in  sua  Gallia,  quam  'bello  vicisset,10  aut  Caesari12  aut  omnino 
populo  Romano  negotii13  esset.'14 

XXXV.  His  responsis  ad  Caesarem  relatis,  iterum  ad  eum  Caesar 
iegatos  cum  bis  mandatis  mittit :  '  Quoniam,  tanto  suo  populique 
llomani  beneficio  affectus,1  quum  in  consulatu  suo  rex  atque  ami- 
cus2 a  Senatu  appellatus  esset,3  banc  sibi  populoque  Romano  gratiam 
referret,4  ut  in  colloquium  venire  invitatus5  gravaretur,6  neque  de 
communi  re  dicendum7  sibi  et  cognoscendum  putaret  ;8  baec  esse, 
quae  ab  eo  postularet  :9   primuni,10  ne  quam  bominum,multitudinem 


V2.  Arrogantiam,  §123,  Rem.  6. 
23.  Ut — videretur,    "  That  he  seemed 
unendurable." 

XXXIV.   1.  Postularent,  §210,  a. 

I.  Utriusque  is  partitive  genitive; — 
"midway  between  them  both." 

:$.  Colloquio,  §144. 

4.  Vtlle  sete  depends  on  the  verb  of 
saying  implied  in  postularent. 

5.  Ipsi,  §142. 

•i.  Opus  esset,  §160,  Rem.  1.  "If  any- 
thing were  needful  to  him  from  Cse- 
sar," — if  he  wished  anything  from 
Crosar. 

7.  Ille,  Caesar. 

8.  Velit.  The  change  from  past  to  pres- 
ent gives  greater  animation. 

B.  Ilium  is  subject  of  venire,  and  ilium 
venire  is  grammatically  subject  of 
oportere,  though  logically  dependent 
on  it. 

10.  Possideret,  $217,  §210,  c. 

II.  Videri,  "  That  it  seemed."  The 
subject  is  quid — esset. 

12.  Csesari,  §143 

13.  Negotii  limits  quid;  §134.  Rem.  1. 

14.  Esset,  §214. 

XXXV.  1.  Tanto  suo  populique  Ro- 
mani  beneficio  affectus,   "After  hay- 


ing been  treated  with  so  great  kind- 
ness by*himself  and  the  Roman  peo- 
ple;" literally,  "being  affected  with 
his  own  and  the  Roman  people's  so 
great  kindnessJf  Suo-hi  subjective, 
(§131,  Rem.  4,)  and  hence  populi  is 
coupled  to  it  by  que. 

2.  Rex  atque  amicus,  §130,  2. 

3  Quum — appellatus  esset,  "  In  as 
much  as  he  had  been  called."  §205, 
a. 

4.  Referret  is  predicate  of  the  sentence 
introduced  by  quoniam;  §190.  "He 
made  this  requital." 

5.  nvitatus,  '•  When  invited ;"  §185 
2,  a.   - 

6.  Ut  gravaretur,  £c.  is  in  apposition 
with  hanc  gratiam. 

7.  Diceudum  sibi  et  cognoscendum, 
"That  he  ought  to  speak  and  learn;" 
§178,  Rule,  .md  Rem.  2. 

8.  Neque— putaret,  (  "  and  did  not 
think,")  is  coordinate  with  ut — grav- 
aretur.        . 

9.  Haec  esse  quae  ab  eo  postula'ret. 
"That  these  were  hisdemands."  The 
antecedent  of  quae  is  omitted,  (§129, 
Rem.  2,)  and  the  relative  sentence 
then  becomes  a  noun, predicate  nom-. 
inative  after  esse. 


L1BEK  PRIMUH. 


31 


ampliu?  trans  Rhenum  in  Galliam  transduceret :  deinde11  obatdes, 
e^uos  baberet12  aB  JEduis,  redderet,13  Sequanisque  perniitteret,14  ut, 
quos  illi  haberent,13  voluntate  ejus  reddere15  il-lis  liceret ;  neve 
iEduos  injuria  lacesseret,  neve  his  soeiisve  eorum  belluni  inferret.1* 
Si  id  ita  fecisset,17  sibi13  populoque  Romano  perpetuam  gratiam  at- 
que  atnicitiam  cum  eo  futuram  :  si  non  inipetraret,19  sese,  quoniam, 
M.  Messala,  M  Pisone'Coss.,20  senatus  censuisset,4  uti,  quicumque 
Q-al liana  proxinciam  obtineret,31  quod  coiumodo  reipublicse  facere 
posset,22  vEduos  ceterosque  ariiicos  populi  Romani  defenderet,  sese36 
^Eduoruui  injurias  non  neglecturum.' 

XXXVI.  Ad  hfec  Ariovistus  respondit :  'Jus  esse  belli,  ut,  qui 
vicissent,1  iis,3  quos  vicisseut,  queniadmodum  vellent,3  imperarent: 
item  populum  Romanuoj^Victis4  non  ad  alterius  praescriptum,  sed  ad 
tuuin  arbitrium  imperare  consues?e.  Si  ipse  populo  Romano  non 
prsescri beret,6  (luemadmodum  suo  jure6  uteretur,7  non  oportere8  sese 
a  populo  Romano  in  suo  jure  impediri.  iEduos  sibi,'J  quoniam  belli 
fortunam  tentassent,10  et  arniis  congressi  ac  superati  essent,  stipend- 
iaries11 esse  factos.  Magnam  Cacsarein  injuriam  facere,13  qui  suo 
tdventu  veaoKiia  sibiu  deteriora14  faceret.1'     -flSduid  so  obsides 


\e  poaiulare   under- 


And 


ii>.   I'rimum 
stood. 

11.  De-inde,  "Secondly." 

12.  Quos  haberet,  §210,  c. 

13.  lledderet  sc   ut.    .^ 

14.  SeqnanisqMA,  permVteret, 
grant  to  tlie^&uans!*^ 

15.  Reiidere  is  subject  of  liceret,  J173. 
Its  object  is  obsides  understood. 

'.  If  eve — lacesseret,  neve — inferrei  are 
coordinate  with  (ut)  redderet  above. 
Observe  that  a  result  may  be  contin- 
ued negatively  !>y  usque  (see  netjue — 
putarr.i  above,-)  but  if  a  purpose  is  ex- 
pressed, neve  mu^t  be  used. 

17.  Fecissit,  <* LU7,  Rem.  4.  gl98,  a. 

18.  Sibi,  gl4b\ 

19.  Inipetraret  tc.  qua  postularet.  "If 
•  he  did  not  obtain"  his  demands. 

JQ.  M.-Mcs^ala,  M.  Piso*^  consulibus, 
§l8b',  Rem    I. 

21.  Obtineret,  {2 10,  V.  Quicumque  ob- 
tineret is  subject  of  defenderet. 

22.  Quod  is  the  object  of  facere,  and  the 
t>entinie  quod—potstt,  or  the  omitted 
antecedent,  Is  accusative  of  limita 
tion  ;  §155.  "  As  to  that  which  be 
ooulddo  with  advantage  to  the  state,  ' 
»'.  e.  M  tar  as  he  could  consistently 
witli  the  advantage  of  the  State. 

It.  Sese  is  repeated  on  account  of  the 


long  parenthetical  sentence  which 
separates  tese  above  from  neglectn- 
rum 

XXXVI.  1.  Qui  vicissent,  '-Those  whs 
hud  conquered,"   "tho' conquerors,*" 
■  §217. 

2.  lis  is  remote  object  of  imperarent. 

3.  Veltent  would  be  veiint  iu  wratio  rec- 
ta; ^10,  b,  or  §211. 

A  Victi-s  '  The  conquered,"  "  thoss 
who  had  been  couquered  ," — 1  mits 
imperare. 

5.  Praescri beret.  §197,  Rem.  4. 

6.  Jure,  §109,  Rem    6. 

7.  Uteretur  agrees  with  populus  Ro- 
manus  understood  ;   J21  1 

t.  Non  opoi t"ro,  "That  i  was  not 
ripht."  The  subject  of  op  rtere  is  tht 
fol  owinp;  noun  sentence,  se-iiii/icdiri. 

9.  Sibi  limits  stipendiaries  ;   §14U. 

10.  T.-ntas'.-ent,  §190. 

11.  Stipendiary*  is  part  of  the  predi- 
cate ; — 'had  b<'en  ma  'e  tributary." 

12.  Injuriam  facere,  'That  (sesarwas 
doing  him  a  great  injury." 

Iff.  Sibi,  $14U 

14.  Deteriora,  §151,  b. 

15.  Qui — faceret,  "  Docause  he  was 
making ;"  {'210,  a. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


reddHurum  non  es*e,  rieque  ii*.  neque  eorum  s6cnsJ0Juria1fl  Vellum 
ilia' mum  si  in  eo  manereutj5  quod  convenLsFefc,  sti peiidi uiikj ue  <|dot- 
anni."  neiideretit ;  si  id  ikmi  leci.s-ent,17  long*  iis18  fratenium  tinmen 
p  .jiuli  Romani  abt'uturum.  Quod™  sibi  C$e.«ar  denunciiiret20  se 
/E'l  ■ i"i  inn  injurias  noii  neglectuiuni  ;  nemineni  secum  sine  sua  |>et- 
ni'-ic  C'intendtsse  Qnuni  veller,  congrederetur  ;ai  intellect  mum, 
quid-'2  i'nvicti  Germani,  exerciiatHsimi  in  armis,  qui  inter  aunos™ 
XI  V  tectum  non  subissent,  virtute  potent.2* 


XXX.VIE.  itaee  eodem  tempore1  Cassari  mandata  tfefarehantiUN 
et  Itegati  ab  iEduia  et  a  JTreviris  veniebarifr:  ./Edui  quesiuui,-'  'quod 
Il.inides,  qui  nju'per  in  Galliam  traiiftuortati  eesent,3 -fine's  eorum* 
pbpularoutur ;5  sese  ne  ob.sidilms  qui'iein  datis  pacem  Ario.vian  re- 
dini-ie  (»tiuis>e:'  Treviri0  autuui£  '  pagus  centuili  •  Suevoi  um  ad 
ri,i:i-:  Khetii  consedisse-,  qui  liiicmun  traii.sire  conarentur  ;:i  lis'  |>rse- 
esse  X.isuain  et  Cimberiuui  f:  atre-  '  Quibus  rebus  Caesar  vebemeiiter 
ouuimotus,  maturandum  si bi'J  exi-tituavit,  ne,10  si  nova  maims  Sue- 
Vortim  cum  veteribus  eopii*  A  i  iv.i.-ui  --ese  eonjunxisset,11  minus  t'a- 
ci;>  le-is'i  ii.>sset  '-  Itaque  re  i*ru mental ia,  qiiam  celeirime  j/oluit,18 
coii.p  ■  i -;!>a.  lu.iiiiiis  itiueribus  ad  Aiiovistuui  ooutendit. 

XXX\'l!l.      QuuiB   tridui   viaiu1-  processisset,,  nunci'afum    est  ei, 
A    i  iumiiih  cum  suis  <iiuiiibu-  cophs  ad  oceupandum-  Ve.-o:?!  i mem,- 


ili     ,    ;      i    .      •  \Vr   i:;t\iity  .-"     abl.     of 

in  i   ue 
17     H     '  i! -i  *  tec  s-  en',  '  If  they  i 

n<<    -i  i  iii.s,"   \\  '..7.  &em>   >,  {|198,  a 
■  -     I       ::>;:. 
Ill     il  A?  I    •  !  i  wli  r  nsi>e  •t.",-in  Hi    t;" 

$1  >  i       '   v.»  iu  CsBfcai'a   threatening 

!    g210,c, 

21  •  ii.:  d  r«ur,  "L't  h;tn  meet 
him  :     ?-.7.  Rem    1. 

22  «..  |ii  -  -1  'lit  cc.  Hunting 
p  .1.1, ,(     <!•  jii.e  e  ni.i_\  b-  undei  .-tool] 

2o\  in  »'t"  n  i.  .|  i  in  ode. -.in  "Wifin  n 
lull  em  years ,"  ihe  preposition  is 
h    e   'a.,.1  .-    d 

2»     V  s  ent.  J2I  I 

XXXVII     1     E'l'iem  tempore  limits  ho  h 

■fijfiih  ih  ur  .inil  ue.'n<-l»iiit. 
2.    .Kdu     1  giii  v>inib.ut;    qu  stum, 

Z.     I  ran-p  i  tin  e--i'iit,  §i!0.  c 
4     K  run    i    e    n.e  i&  la  in     Tjie  au- 
tn. irii.  i  sine    .A'l.i.ins    singly    a 
t  .  ■  p  i  -on-  •  p"ki  ii   of,    an  I    noi    a 
>jic  kiiiy    a  "iu  •lem  i-vo-;  h<  no 
:    c    <*:ti  of  turuiH    iu-tv.ai    of  s«u> 


;      wl  icli  here  would  bs    rather  anibig- 

P.h.'; 
\&    Pojjulweni^  §  1 90"  | 

Ii     Tr.'v.ri  sc   li'giiti  nuiic'avei'u  it. 

7  Ad  f  p  is,  &c,  "Hi!  cj  H  to  the 
baiiijs  of  the  Rhine  mil  ■■  .c  i  iifWd 
thtjre."  An  ex.nuple  of  laj  iiu-m,  ructio 
preyn  nu. 

H.    -i',  JI4V. 

.).  Mniirun  lum  aibi,  "  That,  he  nd^ht 
to  mike  lia-te."  ^I7ii,  ftoe,  aud 
Rent    2 

IU    Nc     'For  fear  that  ''  sc 

11  Uoiijuusisset,  §197,  tt-m  4.  g  »8,' 
a. 

12.  Minus  facife re»isti  po-wet,  ■•  Re- 
&i  time  I'oud  I  ss  easi  y  be  m  de.': 
Resign  f'jx.set  \-  an  imp  r  a  I  ex- 
pre-sniu  rt*itt.-  Mum  -o  u  lu  .,'  m.  of 
po»»e' ;  — '  it  could  be  lis>  ei  i...  v»- 
-i    ud  " 

18  (J.i  mi  cel'Triaie  p  to  t.  •  \s  quick- 
ly a-  he  ooulfl  ;"  §2<J<i,.  Rr„t    i 

XXXVIII    -h   Vi.m,  §150,  Rr<,  i 

L.   ()•  'up  tndum  ;   a  rar«  ins    uce  op   a 

tr  iii-it  v.- ^e  u  nl  in  tie    aouu  -aiLTt 
'with  aa  oojeo  ;  soe  ^  1 7 7 ,  /ie-/*.  1. 


LIBER  PKIMUS. 


quod3  est  oppidura  maximum  Sequanorum,  contendere,  triduique 
yiam  a  suis  finibus  profecisse.  Id  ne  accideret,  mngno  operc  prge- 
eavendum  sibi4  Cresar  existimabat :  namque  omnium  reruni,  qure  ad 
belluin  usui5  erant,  sum  ma  erat  in  eo  oppido  facultas;  idque  natura 
loci  sic  muniebatur,  ut  magnam  ad  ducendum  bellum  daret  facul- 
tatem,  proptcrta  quod  flumen  Do-bis,  ut  eirciuo  circumductum,' 
'psene  totum  oppidum  clngit-:  reliquum  ■patium,  quod  est  non  atu- 
plius  pedum  DC,7  qua  flunien  iutcrmittit,  mona  continet  magna  alti- 
hudine,  ita  ut  radices'  montis  ex  utraque  parte  ripce  fluminis  contin- 
uant. Hune9  munis  circumdvtus  arcefrf  efficit,  efc  cum  oppido  con- 
]ungit.  Hue  Caesar  magtffS  nocttirnis  diurnisque  itineribus  con- 
tendit,  oceupatoque  op]  ido  ibi  prasidium  collocat. 

XXXIX.  Dum  puucojT  dies1  ad  Vesontionem  rti  frumentaria 
commeatusque  cauaa  moratuf,  ex  percunctatione2  nostrorum  voei- 
busque  Gallorum  ac  meTCa'torum,  qui  ingenti  magnitudine3  corpo- 
rum  Germanos,  incredibili  virtute3  atque  exercitatione  in  armifi  esse 
praedicabant,  Kvpenumer.>  scse  (.•urn  eis  congressos*  ne  vultum  qui- 


dem  atque 
nem  exer 
mosque  p 
prafectis 
magnum  peri 


rum  ferre  potwisse,  tantus  subito  timor  om- 
it, ut  non  mediocriter8  omnium  mentes  ani- 
Hic7  primum  ortus  est  a  tribunis  militum, 
sque,  qui  ex  urbe  amicitiaj  causa  Casarem  secuti,* 
um  miserabautur,  quod  non  magnum  in  re  militari 


usum9  babebant  :  quorum  alius,  alia  causa  illata,  quam  sibi  ad  pro- 
rlcisceudum  nee«ssariani   esse  .  diceret,    petebat,10  ut   cju$  voluntatc 


t.   Quod  agrees  ■with  the  predicate  noun 
•ppidum  ;  ?1U''.  Rem    b. 

4.  Magno  op-re  proecaveodum  sibi. 
'That  he  ought  to  u*c  the  greate  t 
caution:"  literally,  "that  it-ought- 
to  be  guarded  against  by  him  wilh 
great  labor."  §178,  Hule,  and 
2, 

.     Usui,  §1-14  ;  "valuable." 

9.    Ut    circino    circumductmn,    ■'  As  if 
drawn  around  it  with  a  pair  of  eom- 
■  t.  "running  around  it  in  a 
circle." 

d  ampliua   pedam    aexOMfe  run.. 
»c.  spatium  or    aps)tio  ;    "  ne<   m 
tbim  ihc  -  .  handi ed  Poet." 

I'tdum  I)  C  is  genitive  of  quality. 

J.  Radicei  is  the  object,  and  ripa 

subject,  of  continuant 
i      I/t/ur    limits    cirCurtliatUi  ; 
turn   '1  :  or  it  may  lie  object  of  e/ficit, 
nrcrm  being  gew  ad  acouaatire. 

XXXI X.   l.  Paueoi  dies,  815J 


2.    Ex   jifrcunctatione  limits    oecttj'u*'' 

'•  In  consequence  of  the  enquiri   - 

our  men, ' 
■I.   Ingenti jnagnitudiht    forms   part    of 

tlic  predicate  with  esse.  $1'>1.  Rem  1. 

•'That  the  Germa/us  >rere  (man)  of 

huge  .-ize  of  body." 
1    CongresHos,   "  Havrng   met   them,' 

»'.  t.  in  battle. 

5.  Non' mediocriter,    "Not    ulightly." 
1. 1.  '•  tovji  Tory  gnat  degree." 

6.  Perturbaret  &c.,    "It    (the   panic) 

urbed  the  minds  and  courage  of 
nil  "• 

7.  Ilic.  ••  This"  panic. 

.ii.  f. is.-.,  2,  ». 
•  no,  '  experience.*' 
10.    Quorum  alius  &e,  —  petebat,  "On« 
of  whom  alleging  one  oau  e,    (and 
another,  another)  which  1%  said  wa§ 
an  argent  one  to  bim  lor  Betting  out, 
was  aaking,&0."  Observe  thai  1         > 
wi-  Miy  "oue— one;  anoth 
'  r,"  the  Latins  ust;  ;  :  '  al 


$4 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


discedere  liceret  :n  nonnulli,  pudore  adducti,8  ut  tirnoris  suspicionem 
▼itarent,  remanebant.  Hi  neque  vultam  fingere12  neque  interdum 
.lacrinias  tenere  poterant :  abditi8  in  tabernaoulis  aut  s'uum  fatum 
querebantur,  aut  cuvn  faniiliaribas  suis  commune  periculum  misera- 
bantur.  Vulgo  totis  'castris13  testamenta  obsignabantur.  Horura 
rocibus  ac  tiuiore,  paulatiiu  etiam  ii,  -qui  magnum  in  castris  usum 
habebant  milites  ceuturionesque,14  quique15  equitatu16  prreerant, 
perturbabantur.17  Qui1*  se  ex.  his  minus  timidos  existimari  vole- 
bant,  non  sc  bostem  vereri,  sed  angustias  itineris  et  magnitudinena 
silvarum,  quce  intercederentls  inter  ipsfes  atque  Ariovistum,  aut  rem 
frumentariam,19  ut*°  satis  commode  supp'ortari  posset,  timere21  dice- 
bant.  Nonnulli  etiam  Ctesari  renunciabant,  quum  castra  moveri  a 
signa  ferri  jussisset,22  non  fore  dicto  audientes28  milites,  nee  proptei 
timorem  signa  laturcs.24 

XL      Hsec  quum  aimadvertisset,  convocato  concilio,  omuiumque 
ordinuui1  ad  id  concilium  adhibitis  centurionibus,  vehementer   eos 


incusavit :  '  primum,  quod  aut  quam  in  partem,  aut  quo  consilio 
ducercntur,2  sibi  quajreudum  aut  cogitandum3  putarent.4  Ariovis- 
tum, se  consule,5  cupidissime  populi  Romania  amicitiarn  appetiase  ; 
our  bunc  tarn  temere  quisquam  ab  officio  discessurum  judicaret  ?6 
Sibi  quideni  persuaderi,7  cog::itis  suis  postulatis,8 ;-jtfque  sequitate 
eonditionum  perspecta,  eum  neque  suam  neque  populi  Romaui  gra- 


3 


ius — alius."  Sibi  above  is  dative  of 
reference,  limiting  necessariam.  For 
diceiet  bee  ^  I  90,   Rem.  1. 

11.  Ut  liceret,  '-That  it  might  be  per- 
mitted.(to  him)."  Sibi  is  understood. 

12.'Vulturn  tiugere,  "to  control  the 
countenance,-"  literally,  "to  feign 
the  countenance/' 

13.  Tons  castris,  "  Throughout  the 
whole  camp."   §166. 

1 4.  Militet  centurionesqite,  quique  'equi 
tatu  prceerarX  forms  an  apposition  tov 
ii,  being    an    enumeration   of   those 
who  had  great  experience  in  camp. 

13.  Quique,    "And  those  who  ;"  § i29, 

Rem.  2 
10.  Equitatu,  §48,  Rim.  3. 

17.  Pertorbabantur,  "  Begin  to  be 
alarmed;"  §'J5,  Rem.  4,  c. 

18.  Intercederent  §210,  ,c. 

19.  Rem  frumrntariam,  which  accord- 
ing to  the  English  idiom  would  be 
sul jfet  ot  the  dependent  sentence, is 
made  the  ohject  of  tkt  verb  in  the 
principal  sentence. 

JO.   Ut,  §U3,  Rem.  2. 
21.    Timere   is  coordinate    with    vereri, 
and  connected  by  set!. 


22.  Quum  castra,  $c  ,  jussisset  limits 
fore,  and  not  renunciabant.  "When 
he  should'  order,  &c.;"  the  comple- 
tion of  the  action  is  here  referred  to. 

23  Dieto  audientes,  "Obedient  to  his 
order  " 

24.  Nee  propter  timorem  eignalaturos, 
"And  would  not  advance,  &c." 

XL.  I.  Omnium  or&nwn  limits  centu- 
rionibus ;  §132. 

2.  Ducerentur,  §214. 

3    Sibi   quaerendum  aut   eogitandum, 

§17S,  Rule,  and  Rem   2.     Ir    was   a 

breach  of   discipline  for  a  centurion 

to  ask,  or  even  think  about,  the  Gen 

■  I      i  lat- 

eral's plans. 

4.  Putarent,  §190. 

5.  Se  consule,  §181,  Rem. 

6.  Judicaret,  §214,  Rem.  5. 
asking  muse  be  supplied, 
why  any  one,  &c" 

7.  Sibi  quideni  persuaderi. 
indeed  was  persuaded  ;"  §172,  Rem. 
2. 

8.  Cognitis  suis  postutatis,  "When  hii 
demands  should  be  known;"  §186. 


A  verb  of 
He  asked 

'  That  h* 


LIBER  PRIMUS. 


n 


am  repudiaturvun...  Quod  si9  furore  at  que  amentia  impulsus  bel- 
im  intulisset,10  quid  tandem  vererentur  ?6  aut  cur  de  sua  virtute 
ut  de  ipsius11  diligentia  desperarent  ?c  Factum  ejus  hostis  pericii- 
mi12  patr.um  nostrorum  memoria,18  quum,  Cimbriu  et  Teutonis  a 
.  Mario  pulsis,  non  niinorem  laudeni  exercitus,  quam  ipse  impera- 
>r,  merit.us14  videbatur  :  factum15  etiam  nuper  in  Italia  serVili  tu 
ultu,10  quos17  tarnen  aliquidls  usus'ac  disciplina,  quam  a  nobis  ac- 
•pissent,  sublervarent.10  Ex  quo  jiidicari  posset,19  quantum  habe- 
■t-°  in  se  bon  ;  propterea  quod,  quos  aliquamdiu   iner- 

oa82  sine  car  tf*10**1  pnstea  armatos  ac  victores  super- 

sent.24  Dcnique^M[  |Teosdem,  quibuseum  ssepenume»o  Hel- 
tii  cougressi25  non  sonrm  in  suis  sed  etiam  in  illorum  finibus,  ple- 
imque  &uperarint,2r'  qui  tamcn  pares  esse  nostro  exercitu-7  no  po- 
icririt.  Si  quos  adversutn  prcelium  et  fuga  Gallorum  commove- 
t,3s  hos,  si  quwrerent,  reperire  posse,  diuturnitate  belli  defatiga- 
rallis,20  Ariovistum,  quum  multos  menses  castris  se  ac  paludibu? 
nuisset,30  neque  sui  potestatcm  fecisset,31  desperantes  jam  de  pug- 
i  et  disperses  subiio  adorlum,3'-2   magis   rationc    et    consilio    quam 


Quod  *i,  "fijjHfocr,"  §123,  Rem. 

'.    lutu!i«set 3RR>  Jinn.  4;   JI98,  a. 

.    Tpiiua  rrffiflrofrC'i'iir     wbiie    tua 

refers  to  the  centurions ;  the    latter 

does  not  always  refer  to  the  leading 

■abject 

:.    Fv  mm.  ic,  periculum.    "  1 

trial  had  becu  ,ihide." 

;.   Memoria,  ?6\€t.  This  was  B.C. 100, 

or  about  forty  years  before. 
1     Meyitut  is  complement  of  videbatur, 

and  has  laudem  for  its  direct  object. 

'•The  army  seemed  having  do-erred 

(to  have    descried)    no    less  praise. 

&c  "  There  is'Wransition  here  from 

oblique  to  direct    discourse  ;    hence 

the  iodic,  videbatur. 
S    Factum  (ess*)  sc.  periculum. 
'..  Servili  tumultu,  'In  the  insurrec- 

tion  of  the  slaves;"  §167.     Many  of 
SUSpartacus's  men  were  Germans.  He 

■w.i-  defeated  B.C.  71. 
1 7.   Quo*  refers  to  ttrvorum  implied  in 

timvilif   {129,  Rem.  7. 

Iqool,    '  Somewhat,"  limits  tub- 

Itvartrit ;    J 1 55. 
■  '    AcoepiK   :■;,    subleTarent, 

J/210,  c. 
0,    Haberet;  $214. 
1      Boni  limit-  quantum,  §1*01,  Rem.  1; 

and  quantum  is  direct  object,  of  hab- 

ertt. 


22.  Inerroos,  "When  unarmed." 

23.  Has,  i  e.  the  slave. 

24.  Armatos  ac  victores  KUpera*sent. 
"  They  had  afterwards  cono.uered 
when  armed  and  victorious." 

25.  Quibuttvm  Hclvttii  cohgressi,  $c 
Observe  the  difference  id  idiom  : 

Latin.   "  With   whom  the    Uolvetii 

having  frequeutly  nict.geuerally 

!   ('hern.'') 

a,  ••Whom  the  ifclvetii  hid 

frequently  met,  and  had  usually 

conquered." 

2G.   Sujierarinl,    (for  superaverint,)  and 

potuetint  are  aorist  perfects. 
27    1'xercitu,  §48,  Rem.  3,  is  dative  of 

reference 
28.  Commoveret,  \  197,  Rem.  4.    Gallo- 
rum limits  both  prwlium  and  fugm. 
219     Uefatigatis    Uallis,       "  Atter    tht 

Hauls  had  been  wearied  out,  Jto." 
30.  Quum — tennisset,    "  When  he  had 
kept   himself,   &c."     This  sentence 
may  express  the  time  of  adortum,  or 
the  CHUse  of  desperantet 
31    Nequesui  potestatem  fecisset.'And 
had  not  given    (them)    a    chance  at 
liiin,"  i.e.  in  opportunity  of  fighting 
him.   Sui  is  objective. 
')2.  Adortum  agrees    with  Ariovistum, 
(§185,  2,  a.)  and  has  cos   undo 
as  its  object,  with  whieh  daperanttt 
and  disperto$  agree. 


38 


DE  BELLO  GALL1CO 


virtute  vicisse.  Cui  rationi  contra  homines  barbaros  atque  imperi* 
tos  locus  fuisset,33  hac  ne  ipsum  quidem  sperare  nostros  exercitus 
capi  posse.3*  Qui35  suuin  tiiiiorem  in  rei  frumentarige  siniulationem 
angustiasque  itineris  conferrent,  facere  arroganter,  quum86  aut  de 
officio  impejatoris  despe.rare  aut  prtescribere  viderentur.  Haec  sifci 
esse  curae  ;37  frunientum  Sequanos,  Leucos,  Lingonas  subrninistrare ; 
jamque  esse  in  agris  frumenta  matura  :  de  itinere  ipsoa  brevi  tem- 
©oye38  judicaturos.  Quod39  non  fore  dicto  audientes  milites,  neque 
sign*  laturi  dicantur,40  nihil  se  ea  re  commoveri :  scire  enim,  qui- 
buscumque  exercitus  dicto  audiens  non  fuerit,41  aut,  male  regesta,43 
jbrtunam  defuisse,  aut,  aiiqub  facinore  comperto,  avaritiam  esse  con- 
victam.43  Suam  innocentiam  perpetua  vita,44  felicitatem  Helveti- 
orum  bcllo45  esse  penspeetam.  Itaque  se,  quod46  in  longiorem  diem 
eollaturus47  esset,  repraesentaturum,  ex  proxhna  nocte  de  q"uarta 
rigilia  castra  moturum,  ut  quam  primum48  intelligere  posset,  utrum 
apud  cos  pudor  atque  officium,  an  timor  *valeret,40  Quod  si  prae- 
terea  nemo  sequatur,60  tamen  se  cum  sola  decima  legione  iturum, 
de  qua  non  dubitaret;51  sibique  earn  pfeetoriarn  cohortem  fu- 
turam.'r'2  Huic  legioni53  Caesar  et  indulserat  praecipue,  et  propter 
virtutem  confidebat  maxime. 


%3.  Fuis.-sc;,  §"217.  :  For  which  general- 
ship there  had  been  room,  &c." 

$4.  Hac  ni'  ipsum  quidetn,  &c,  '-That 
not  even  (Ariovis.ns)  hiuiBelf  hoped 
that  our  armies  could  be  taken  by  it." 

13.  Qui, &o.,  "That  (those)  who  charged 
their  tear  upou  n  pretense  (of  the 
want)  of  provisions,  &c.''  This  rela- 
tive sentence,  or  its  omitted  antece- 
dent, is  subject  of  facere. 

86.  Quum,  ''Since." 

il.  Usee  sibi  esse  cur»,  "Thatthiswas 
his  business."  Sibi.  §143;  curve,  §14i. 

18.   Brevi  tempore,  §15S,  Note. 

30    Quod,  see  XXXVI,  19. 

40.  Dicantur.  The  personal  construc- 
tion is  used  here,  milites  being  sub- 
ject of  dicantur,  and  fort  its  comple- 

^  inent.  Ease  must  be  supplied  (from 
Jcrt,)  with  laturi*  "In  what  resptct 
the  soldiers  are  said  not  to  be  about 

,  to  be  obedient,  and  not  to  be  going 
to  advance,  &c  ;"  "  as  to  its  being 
said  that  the  soldiers  will  not  be 
obedient,  and  will  not  advance,  that 
he  is  in  no  wise  alarmed  by  that 
thing."  Nihil  is  ace.  of  limitation, 
§155. 

41.  Qui1  uscumque  exercitus,  &c,  fue- 
rit, "  To  whomsoever  an  army  has 
not  been   obedient."     Quibuscumque 


limits  audiens  dido,    §142  :  and    th« 
relative  sentence,  fyr  its  omitted  an 
tecedent,  is  the  remote  object  of  de- 
fuisse and  convictam. 

42.  Male  re  gesta,  "lti  consequence  of 
bad  managements-"  J186. 

43.  Avaritiam  esse  convictam,  ,vAv*- 
rlee  has  been  proved  Upon  (them.") 
The  pronoun  must  be  supplied  in 
English.  Csesar  attributes  insubor- 
dination among  the  men  to  incompe- 
tency or  peculation  on  the  part  of 
officers. 

44.  Perpetua  vita,  '  Throughout  his 
whole  life,'*  {153. 

45.  Bello,  §167. 

46.  Quod,  §129,  Rem.-l: 

47.  Collaturus   $185,  8,  a. 

48.  Quam  primum,  "As  soon  as  possi- 
ble;" §203,  Rem.  1. 

49.  Valeret,  "Prevailed  :"  §214. 

50.  Quod  si,  &c., — sequatur,  '-And  if 
nobody  else  followed  him/'  Th« 
present  is  here  used  to  give  greater 
animation. 

51.  Dubitaret,  §217. 

52.  Sibique  earn  prsetoriam  cohortem 
futuram,  "And  that  he  would  have 
it  for  a  body  guard ;"  §144,  Rem.  2. 
Sibi,  §143.    • 

53.  Legioni,  §142. 


■    LIBEK   L'FJMUS.    .  -.  : n 

XLI.  Elac  oration©  habits,  mirum  ia  modum1  converse  sunt 
grnnium  aserites,  summaque  a.lacritas  et  cupiditas  belli  gerendi2  in- 
nata  est,  pi  incepsqu©?. decima  legio  per  tribunos  rnilitum  ei  gratias 
egit,  quod  de  so  optimum  judicium  fecisset,4  seque  esse  ad  bellum 
gerendum2  paratissimam  coufirmavit.  Beinde  rcliquoc  legiones  per 
tribuu'os  rnilitum  et  primorum  ordinum5  centuriones  egerunt,6  uti 
Caesari  satisfaeerent :  '  se  neque  unquam  dubitasse,  ncque  timuisse, 
ncque  de  gumma  belli  suum  judicium,  sed  imperatoris  esse  existi- 
mayisse.'7  IjJoruin  satisfaotione  accepta,  et  itinere  exquisito  per 
Bivitiacum,*  quod  ex'aliis  ei  maximam  fidem  habebat,  ut  millium 
amplius  quinquagiata'  circuitu  locis  apertis10  exercitum  duceret,  de 
quarta  vigilia,  ut  dixerat,11  profectus  est.  Septimo  die,  quum  iter 
uon  intermittent,  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus  est  Ariovisti 
copias  a  nostris  millibus12  passuum  quatuor  et  vigiuti  abesse. 

XLII.  Cognito  C»saris.  adventu,  Ariovistus  legatos  ad  eum  mit- 
tit :  'quod  antea  de  colloquic  postulasset,  id  per  ,se  fieri  licere,1 
quoniam  propius  aeceasisset  ;a  seque  id  sine  periculo  facere  posse 
'existimart-.'3  Nor,  re.»puit  conJitionem  Crcsar  :  jamqne  eum  ad 
stinitatcra  rererti  arbitrabatur,  quum  id,  quod  antea  petenti  dene- 
gasset,4  u  icsretur  ;s   magnamque  in»spem  veniebat,  pro6  suis 

tautis  pop\u§u  iii  in  eum  beneficiis,  cognitis  suis  postulatis, 

fore,7  uti  PwHE^i"  desisteret.  Bies  colloquio9  dictus  est  ex  eo  die 
<]uintus.  IatCTfni,  quum  esepe  ultro  citroque  legati  inter  eos  mit- 
terentur,  Ariovistus  postularit,  '  ne  quern  peditem  ad  colloquium 
ur  nd4uceret**vereri  se,  ne10  per  insidias  ab  eo  circumveniretur  : 
utcrque  cum  equitatu  veniret:11  alia  ratione  ee  uon  esse  yenturum.' 


XLI.  1  Mirum  in  modum,  "Toawon- 
derful  exteat ;"  liter*!)/,  "to  a  won- 
derful limit." 

-.   Belli  gersndi,  {177. 

3.  Pfiocepa,  {128,  Rem.  ». 

4.  Fecisset,  {1?0. 

i.  Primorum  eniinum,  §181. 

B.   Egerunt,  "They  took  measures.'' 

7.  Neque  de  eumma  belli, fee, — existi- 
iBATisse.^Nor  hsd  they  supposed  that 

_»t  was  ilitir  business,  but  the  gener- 
WWlV.  to  determine  about  the  manage- 
ment of  the  war;"  literally,  "that  a 
judgement  concerning  tiie  Manage- 
ment of  the  war  was  not  theirs,  but 
the  general's."  For  imptratorit  see 
{133  ;  fur  ivum,  {113,  Kern.  1. 

8.  Per  Divitiacum,  {169,  Rem.  0. 

0.      MHlium    amplius     quinquaginta, 
(182,  §105  Rem.  4. 
0.   I  ■  c:h  apertis,  {1G6. 
11.   01,  ~.\»  ;"  {211.  Ex.  (c.) 


12.  Millibus,  glGS. 

XLII.  1.  Id  per  se  fieri  licere,  "That 
that  might  be  done  "by  him."  Id  if 
subject  of  fieri;  and  id  fieri  is  gram- 
matically subject  of  licere,  though 
logically  dependant  upon  it. 

2.   Accessisset,  §190. 

:;  iStque  &e. — oxittimare.  St  is  sub 
jset  otpfite,  and  is  understood  with 
exutimare.  Its  repetition  would  be 
inelegant. 

4.  Quod  antea  petenti  denegassot, 
"Which  he  had  before  denied  to  him 
when  he  (Caesar)  asked  it." 

f>.    Polliceretur,   {-'Oj,  a. 

*>.   Pro,  "In  consideration  of." 

7.   Fore,  "That  it  would  come  to  pass.'' 
ninacia,  {163. 

9.  Colloquio,  §144. 

10.  Ne  alter  persrt,  {l'.*3,  Rem.  2. 
11     Veniret,  {193,  Rem.  C. 


•-S8 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar,  quod  neque  colloquium  interposita  causa  tolli  volebat,  neque 
saluteni  suam  Gallorum  equitatu12  committere  audebat,  commodis- 
simum  esse13  statuit,  omnibus  equis  Gallis  equitibiis  detractis,14  eo16 
•legionarios  nrilites  legionis  decimae,  cui  quam  maxime  confidebat, 
imponere,  ut  prsesidium  quam  amicissimum,16  si'  quid  opus  facto 
esset,17  baberet.  Quod  quum  fieret,  non  ifridicule  quidam  ex  mil- 
itibus  decimae  legionis  dixit,  'plus,  quam  pollicitus  esset,18  Caesarem 
ei  facere  :  pollicitum  se  in  cobortis  praetoriae  loco  decimam  legionem 
babiturum,  nunc  ad  equum  rescribere.'19 

XLIII.  Planities  erat  magna,  et  in  ea  tumulus  terrenus  satis 
grandis.  Hie  locus  aequo  fere  spatio1  ab  castris  utriusque  aberat. 
Eo,  ut  erat  dictum,2  ad  colloquium  venerunt.  Legionem  Caesar, 
quam  equis  devexerat,  passibus  ducentis3  ab  eo  tunaulo  constituit. 
Item  equitos  Ariovisti  pari  interyallo  constiterunt.  Ariovistus,  ex 
equis4  ut  colloquerentur,  et  praeter  se5  deno$  ut  ad  colloquium  addu- 
cerent,  postulavit.  ,  Ubi  «o  ventum  est,  Caesar  initio6  orationis  sua 
senatusque7  in  eum  beneficia  commemoravit ;  '  quod8  rex  appellatus 
esset9  a  senatu,  quod  amicus,10  quod  munera  amplissima  missa  : 
quam  rem  et  paucis  contigisse,11  et  pro  magnis  hominum  officiis  con- 
suesse  tribui '  docebat :  'ilium,  quum  neque  aditum12  neque  cauaam 
postulandi13  justam  baberet,  beneficio  ac  liberalitate  sua  ac  senatus14 
ea  praemia  consecutum.'  Docebat  etiam,  'quam  veteres,  quamque 
justao  causae  necessitudinis  ipsi»15  cum  iEduis  intercederent;16  quae 


12.  Equitatu,  $48,  Rem.  3. 

13.  Comrnodissimuru  esse,  "That  it 
was  beet,  most  expedient "  The 
iubject  of  esse  it  imponere. 

14.  OmnibuB  equis  &c. —  detractiB, 
"All  the  horses  hiving  been  taken 
away  fronuthe  Gallic  horsemen." 

16.  Eo,  "Upon  them,"  i.  t.  the  horses. 

16.  Quam  amicissimum,  "As  friendly 
as  possible  ;"  $203,  Rem.  1. 

17.  Si  quid  opus  facto  esset,  "  If  in 
any  respect  there  should  be  need  of 
action."  Quid,  {165  Facto  is  here 
used  as  a  noun;  §160.  Rem.  1. 

18.  Pollicitus  esset,  §217. 

19.  Ad  equum  rescribere.  The  knight, 
(equet,)  was  of  a  higher  social  rank 
than  the  common  soldiar  w ho  fought 
on  foot ;  and  though  the  strength  of 
the  Roman  armies  lay  in  the  infant- 
ry, and  not  in  the  cavalry,  which 
were  usually  famished  by  the  allies, 
the  rank  of  the  Roman  eques  remain- 
ed the  same. 

XLIII.    1.  Spatio,  §153,  or  §168. 


2.  Ut  erat  dictum,  §211,  Ex.  (e.) 

3.  Passibus  ducent  b,  5153. 

4.  Ex  equis,  "On  horseback." 

5.  Praster  se,  "Besides  themselves.'" 

6.  Initio,  §167. 

7.  Sua  senatusque;  both  subjective  lim- 
itations, while  in  eum  is  objective  ; 
§1 31,  Rems.  3  and  4, 

8    Quod,  "In  that." 

9.  Appellatus  esset,  $210,  c  ;  or  {190. 

10.  Amicus  tc  appellatus  esset;  $L3U, 
2.  The  repetition  of  quod  is  for  the 
sake  of  emphasis. 

11.  Contigisse,  $217,  Rem.  3. 

12.  Aditum  tc  ad  senatum. 

13.  Postulandi  tc.  ea  praemia. 

14.  Sua  ac  senatus,  "  Of  himself  and 
the  senate." 

16.  Ipsis,  Himself  and  the  Benate. 

16.  Intercederent.  $214.  "  What  an- 
cient,and  what  just  causesof  friend- 
ship existed  between  themselves  and 
the  .<Eduans;"  literally,  "lay-be- 
tween to  themselves  with  the  i£du- 
ans." 


LIIJER  PRIMUS. 


39 


senatus  consulta,  quoties,17  quamque  honorifica  in  eos  facta  essent  :ls 
ut19  omni  tempore  totius  Galline  principatujii  iEdui  tenuissent,  prius 
etiarn#quam  nnstram  amicitiam  appetissent  :20  populi  Romani  banc 
esse  consuctudinem,  ut  socios  atque  amicos  non  modo  sui21  nihil  de- 
perdere,  sed  gratia,  dignitate,  houore22  auctions  velit  esse:23  quod 
vero  ad  amicitiam  populi  Romani  attulissent,24  id  iia25  eripi  quis 
pati  posset  ?,J6  Postulavit  deinde  eadem,  quas-legatis  in  mandatis 
dederat  ;  '  no  aut  ^Ivluis  aut  eorum  sociis  bellum  inferjet;  obsides 
redderet  :27  si  niitiiam  partem  Germanorum  domum  remittere  pos- 
pet,28  at  »e  quos  amplius  Rhenum  transire  pateretur.'29 

A  LIV.  Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Cscsaris  pauca  respondit ;  de  suis 
virtutibus  multa  prjedicavit :  '  Transisse  Rhenum  sese  non  sua 
sponte,  sed  rogatum  et  arcessitum1  a  Gallis  ;  non  sine  magna  spe 
uiagnisqae  pncmiis  domum  propinquosque  reliquisse  ;  sede's  habere 
in  Gallia  ab  ipsis2  cofljeessas  ;  obsides  ipsorum  voluntate  datos  ;  sti- 
pendiuiii  eapere  jure  belli,  quod  victores  yictis8  imponere  consue- 
rint  ;4  non  sesc  Gallis,  sed  Gallos  sibi  bellum  intulisse;  omnes  Gal- 
lia? civitates  ad  se  oppugnahdum5  venisse,  ac  contra  se  castra  habu- 
isse  :  easjumties  enpias  a  ^e  uno  proelio9  lusas  ac  superatas  esse  ;  si 
iter  iri  velint,7  iterum  paratum  sese  decertare  ;8   si  pace  uti 

velinty  iniquum  esse  de  stipendio  recusare,9  quod  sua  voluntate  ad 
id  tempus  depeuderint.10  Amicitiam'11  populi  Romani  sibi12  orna- 
mento  fit  prajsidio,13  non  detrimento  esse  oportere,  idque  se  ea  spe 
petisse.  Si  per  populum  Romanum14  stipendium  remittatur,  et 
dedititii  subtrahantur,  non  minus  libenter  sese  recusaturum    populi 


17.  Quotiei.  We  would  naturally  ex~ 
pect  qutt.  With  quotiei.  senatus  con- 
sul/a facia  r*$*nt  mu«t  ho  repeated. 

18.  Fscta  essent,  \'1\  \ 

19.  Ut  is  liere  equivalent  to  quo  mod*. 
"how." 

-0    Appetissent. {'217.  Etiam,  ••Even." 
21.   Sui   is    genitive    singular    neuter, 

limiting  nihil,    §134  .     "  nothing    of 
*•    th.  ir  own  " — Socios  dtperdere  limits 

velit;   |18«. 
■22.  Gratia 4ignitato,  honor*,  §!G1. 
28.    Srd-(sorias}  esse,  ia  coordinate  with 

socios  dsptrdere. 
24.  Attuliasent.  {217. 
2f>.  Iia,  J 103,  Rem.  8. 

26.  Po.oaot,  |214,  |2l7,  Rem.  5. 

27.  Redderet    J198,  Rem.  0. 

28.  Posset,  §197.  Rem    4. 

29.  At  —  patorettir,  (§1'J3.  Rsm  6,) 
•'  1  h»t  lie  should  at  least  ,-ufTer  no 
more  to  cross  the  Rhine" 


XLIV.  1.  Rogatum  etarce«situm,§185 
2,  a. 

2.  Ipsis,  i.e.  Gallis. 

3.  Victis,  "The  conquered." 

4.  Consuerint,  §217. 

6.    Ad  se  oppugnandum,  §177. 

6.  Uno  prirlio.  §158. 

7.  Velint.  §197.  Observe  the  transition 
to  the>present 

8.  Decertare  is  complement  of  paratum, 
which  is  predicate  accusative  after 
esse  understood. 

9     Recusare.  §173. 

10.  Deponderint,  §217. 

11.  Amicitiam  \>  subject  of  esse,  and 
amicitiam — esse  is  subject  of  oportere. 
though  logically  dependent  upon  it. 

12.  Sibi,  §112 

15.   Omamanto  ©t  prae«idio.  §144. 
14.    Per    populum   -Romanum,      |l69, 
Rem   5. 


40 


DE  BE  LLC)  GALLIC') 


Romahi  amicitiarn,  quam  appetierit.15  Quod16  multitudinem  G-er- 
manorum  in  Galliam  transducaty  id  ae  sui  muniendi,17  non  Galfigb 
iinpugnandaj  causa  facere  ;  ejus  rei.  testimonium  esse,  quod,  nisi 
rogatus,  non  venerit,is  et  quod  bellum  non  intulerlt,  eed  defender  It 
Se  prius  in  Galliam  venisse,  quam  populum  Romanum.?5  Nunquam 
ante  hoc  tempus  exercitum  populi  Romani  Galliao  proYinciso  fiues 
egressum.  Quid  sibi  vellet?20  Cur  in  suas  possessionem  veniret  1- 
Provincial  suam  esse  banc  Galliam^  sicut  iliamj31  nostram".  Ut  ipsi 
concedi  non  oporteret,22  si  in  uostros  fines  impetum  facf  res.  sic  item 
nos  esse  iniquos,  <jui  in  suo  jura  se  interpeliaremus.23  Quod16  i'ra- 
tres  a  senatu  JEdubs  appellatos  diceret,  non  sc  tarn  barbaruni  nequo 
tarn  im  peri  turn  esse  rerum,-1  ut  non  sciret,  ncque  bello20  Allobro- 
gum  proximo  JEduos  Romania  auxilium  tulisse,  neque  ipsos  in  bis 
contcntionibus,  quas  iEdui  secum  et  cum  Sequanis  habui;jaerit,  aux- 
ilio26  populi  Romani  usos'esse.  Debere  se  suspicari,  oimulata  Cse- 
sarem  amicjtia,27  quod  exercitum  in  Gallia  habeat,  sui  opprimendi*7 
causa  habere.23  Qui  nisi  decedat,29  atque  exercitum  deducat  ex  his 
regionibus,  sese  ilium  non  pro  amico,  sed  pro  hoste  habiturum  : 
quod  si  eum  interfecerit,30  multis  sese  nobilibus  principibusque  pop- 
uli Romani  gratum  esse  facturum  :  id  se  ab  ipsis  per  ear  urn  nuncios 
compertum  habere,31  quorum  omnium  gratiarn  atque  amicitiam  ejus 
morte  redimere  posset.  Quod  si  decessi*$set,32  ac  liberam  nossessio- 
ncm  Galliro  sibi  tradidisset,  magno  se  iilum  prcemio  remutieraturum, 

15.  Quam  ap^etierct,  §217,  §i 

1G.  Quod,  XXXVI,  19.  "As  to  his 
lending  over,  &c." 

17.  Sui  muniendi,  §177. 

IS.  Quod,  nisi  rogatus,  non  venerit, 
"Than  he  has  not  come  except  when 
asked.-' 

i  '•'.  (Jiiam  populum  Romauum ;  obseTve 
that  (ho  complement  of  the  compar- 
ative prius  is  here  connected  by 
quart  in  the  same  construction  as  se 
venisse. 

.').  Quid  sibi  vellet  sc.  C»sar,  "What 
hi  1  ho  want  with  (reference  to)  him." 

21.  Sicut  jllaril  nostram,  "Just  as  that 
(p:irt  of  Gaul)  was  ours."  Ariovisius 
DSea  hit'm  speaking  of  his  own  pos- 
•ious,  Mam  ia  speaking  of  those 
of  the  Romans.  In  the  comparative 
sonteuce  sicut  Mam  nostram,  the  verb 
is  omitted, and  illam  is  connected  im- 
mediately with  suam  esse  kanc  Gal- 
lium, as  in  the  case  of  quam  populum 
Iiomanum  above  Had  tho  verb  been 
expressed  the  nominative  wou'd  have 
been  used  ;  sicul  Ma  essei  nostra. 


22  Ut  ipsi  ccicedi  non  oporteret.  ••A* 
it  ought  not  to  be  yielded  to  him." 
Ut  is  here  a  relative,  sic  below  bei&dj 
its  antecedent.  Ipsi  is  used  instead 
of  sibi  to  prevent,  ambiguity,  and  for 
emphasis. 

23.  Qui — interpellaronius,  "  Ucoause 
we,  &c."  §210,  a 

24    Rerum,  §1*J5.  a. 

25.  Bello,  §167- 

26*.   Auxilio,  §159,  Rem.  6. 

27.  Simulata  amicitia  limits  habere— 
"Under  tho  pretence  of  friend - 

28.  Habere  sr.  exercitum. 

29.  Qui  nisi  decedat,  §197;  "Unless 
he  shall  depart."  Observe  the  trans- 
ition to  the  present. 

30.  Quod  si  eum  interfecerit,  "And  it' 
he  shall  kill  him;"  §198,  a. 

SI.   Compertum  habere,  a    stronger    ex-' 

pression  than  comperisse. 
32.  Quod  si  decessisset,     "But   if   bre* 

should  depart."  §197,  R>>m.  4,  §198, 

a.  ,  Here  there  ia  a  return    to   past 

rime. 


LIBER  P HIM  US. 


41 


ot,  qurccamque  bella  geri  vellet,33,sine  ullo  ejus  labore  et  periculo 
ooufecturum.' 

XLV.  Malta  ab  Csesare  in  cam1  sententiam  dicta  sunt,  quare 
negotio2  desis'ere  non  posset,3  et  'neque  suam  ueque  populi  Romani 
oonsuetudinem  pati,  uti  uptime  meritos  socios  desereret;  neque  se 
judieare  Gallium  potius  esse  Ariovisti,4  quam  populi  Romani.  Bello 
touperatos  ess  R.utenos5  ab  Q.  Fabio  Maximo,   quibus 

populus  LUnnanjis  que  in#provinciam  redegisset,6  neque 

stipeudium  imposuisset  Quod  si  antiquissimum'  quodque  tempus 
spectari  oporteret,7  populi  Romani  justissimum  esse  in  Gallia  impe- 
riutt) :  si  judicium  seuattta  obacrvari  oporteret,  liberam  debere  esse 
Galliam,  quam  bello  vietam  suia  legibus  uti  voluisset.'s 

XLVI.  Dum  hvea  in  culloquio  geruntur,  Csesari  nunciatum  est 
equites  Ariovisti  propius  tumulum1  aocederc  et  ad  nostros  adequi- 
tare,  lapides  telaque  in- nostros  conjicere.  Caesar  loqueudi  finem 
fecit,  seque  ad  silos  recepit,  suisque  imperavit,  ne  quod  omnino  telum 
in  bostes  rcjjicr-c n t . 'J  Nam  etsi  sine  ullo  periculo  legionis3  delects 
•  •unit  Bajlium  fore  videbat,  tamen  committendum4  non  puta- 

bat,  ut,s'jjfl    Hfcstibus,  dici  [xisset'1  cos  ab  se  per  (idem7  in    collo- 
quiv»  eireUT^KmOs.     Posteaquam   in   vulgus  militum    datum    est,' 
qua  arrogantia'1  in  -\    i         tus  usus  omni  Gallia    Romanis 

interdixiss<jt.!2  impctuciquc  in  acetros  ejus  equites  -fecissent,  eaque 


'.:;      Pellet  in  direct  discourse  would  be  I      ceding.    "And  had  not  reduced." 
veiis,  i/Jlf(,»h,      Qucerumque   bella    is  ,  7.    Oporteret    is  impersonal,  tbe  prece- 
Itibject  of   girt,    forming   with   it  a  j      ding    infinitive    sentence    being    it? 
dOUD  Mntenoe  which  is  the    equiva-         subject. 

lent  accusative  (§100,  Rem.  2,)  lim-  8  Quam — voluisset,  "Which,  though 
\i'w<z  velUt.;  while  the  relative  sen-  conquered  in  war,  it  (the  senate) 
•  i  bella  geri  veltet,  or;  had  decreed  should  enjoy  its  own 
tbe  omitted  antecedent,  (bella,)  is  the  I  laws''  Swim  is  reflexive-  to  quam, 
direct  object  of  eon/ecturum  which  refers  to  Galliam. 


i  'tun  refers  to  the  noun-gen 
I  lowing. 
g  1  c>:$ 
8    Posset,  §214. 
-I.   Ariovisti.  8133. 

Arvernoset  Ru- 
tenos.  (m.  The  conquest  of  these 
nation*  more  than  sixty  years  be- 
fore, had  given  the  Komau  a  pre- 
■oriptive  right  to  QaaL  In  the  arro- 
gant langu  ige  of  these  haughty  con- 
C)Qerors  a  d<  feated  people  was  said 
to  he  "pardoned"  if  permitted  to  use 
it--  own  laws  and  government,  and 
not  oompelled  to  pay  tribute. 
I}.   Uei'  jissel  »c.  quoi  from  quibus  pre- 

d2 


XLVI.   1.  Tumulum,  §142,  Rem.  i. 
12.   Ne-rejicerent,  "Not  to  throw  back.' 
3.    Legionit  is  an  objective  limitation  of 

Jfriculo 

omittendum  sc.  proelium. 
5.  Ut,  'So  that." 
G.   Diei posset    is   impersonal.      Ut  Jin 

posset  expresses  the  result  of  comrnit- 

tmdum. 

7.  Per  fidem.  'In  consequence  of  (<"rp- 
sar'g)  word  which  had  been  pledg- 
ee 1.'' 

8.  BUtium  est  is  impersonal: 

1    Qoa  arrogant ia  umis,    "  With    what 

arroeance ;"   Jl69,  Re 
10.  Omni  Gallia  Romania  interdixUsel, 


42 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


res  colloquium  ut1*  direniisset,  multo  major  alacritas  studiumque 
pugnandi  majus  exercitu12  iDJectum  est. 

XLVII.  Biduo1  post  Ariovistus  ad  Caesareni  legatos  mittit,  '  vel- 
le  so2  de  his  rebus,  quae  inter  eos  agi  cceptae,3  neque  perfectae  essent, 
agere  cum  eo  :  uti  aut  iterum  colloquio4  diem  constitueret ;  aut,  si 
id  miiius  vellet,5  ex  suis  legatis6  aliquem  ad  se  mitteret.'1  Collo- 
quendi  Caesari  causa  visa  non  est,  et  eo  magis,8  quod  pridie  ejus 
diei9  Ger^ani  retineri  nou  ppterant,  quin  in  nostros  tela  conjice- 
rent.10  Legatum  ex  suis  sese  magno  cum  periculo  ad  eum  missu- 
rum  et  hominibus  feris  objecturum  existimabat.  Commodissimum 
visum  est  C.  Valerium  Procillum  C  Valerii  Caburi  filium,  summa 
virtute11  et  humanitate  adolescentem  (cUJU3  pater  a  C  Valerio  Flac- 
co  civitate13  donafus  erat)  et  propter  fidem,et  propter  linguaa  Gal- 
licae  scientiam,  qua  inulta1'  jam  Ariovistus  longinqua  consuetudine 
utebatur,  et  quod  in  eo  peccandi  Grermanis14  causa  son  esset,  ad 
eum  mittere,15  et  M.  Mettiuni,  qui  bospitio  Ariovisti  usus  erat.  His 
mandavit,  ut,  quaa  diceret16  Ariovistus,  cognoscerent,  et  ad  se  refer- 
rent.  Quos  quum  apud  $e  in  castris  Ariovistus  conspexisset,  exer 
citu  suo  prassente,  conclamavit :  'Quid  ad  se  venirent  V  An  specu- 
landi  causa?'     Con-antes  dicere  prohibuit,  et  in  catenas  conjecit. 

XLVIII.     Eodem  die  castra  promovit,  et  millibus1  passuum  sex 
a  Caasaris  castris  sub  monte  consedit.     Postridie   ejus  diei2  praater 


"Had  excluded  the  Romans  from  all 
Gaul."  Gallia, §163  ;  Romania,  §  142; 
interdizisset,  §214. 

11.  Ut,  "How." 

12.  12.  Exarcitu,  £48,  Rem.  3. 

XLVII.  1.  Biduo,  $153. 

2.    Velle  se  depends  upon  the  verbumdi- 

cendi,  and  uti — constitueret   upon  the 

verbum  postulandi,  implied  in  legatos 

mittit. 
'■',.    Ca-ptce. .    The  passive  form  is  pre~ 

ferred  with  a  passive  infinitive. 

4.  Colloquio,  §144. 

5.  Vellet,  §197,  Rem.  4. 

6.  Ex  suis  legatis,  "  Of  his  lieuten- 
ants;" §134,  Rem.  2. 

7.  Aut — mitteret  is  coordinate  with  uti 
— constitueret. 

8.  Et  eo  magis,  li  And  the  more  ;" 
§168. 

9.  Ejus  diei  is  a  subjective  genitive, 
limiting  pridie,  which  is  compounded 
of  the  obsolete  prus,  (whence  pro, 
prce,  prior, primus,  fyc.,)  and  dies. — 
"On  the  before-day  ot  that  day,"  i.e. 


"  on  the  predecessor  of  that  day," 
"  on  the  day  before."  So  postridie 
ejus  diei  means  "on  the  after-dai/  of 
that  day,"  ie  on  its  successor,"  "on 
the  day  after." 

10.  Quin — conjicereut,  "From  throw- 
ing." 

11.  Summa  virtute,  §164. 

12.  Civitate  dooatus,  "Presented  With 
citizenship ;"  §160. 

13.  Mulra,  though  agreeing  with  qua, 
limits  utebatur. 

14.  Germnuis,  §143.  In  eo,  "In  his 
case." 

15.  Mittere  is  subject  of  visum  est,  and 
has  Caium  Valerium  Procillum  et 
Marcum  Metlium  as  its  object. 

16.  Quae  diceret,  §214. 

17  Quidvemrent,§214.  Quid?  "Why?" 
The  accusative  here,  like  the  accu- 
satives quo,  eo,  $c.,(quon,  eon.  <$"c  ,) 
expresses  the  object  towards  which 
the  action  is  directed. 

XLVIII.  l.  Millibus,  §153. 
2.  Diei,  XLVII,  8. 


1.1  Pr  K   PRIMUS. 


48 


castra  CfEsaris  suas  copias  iransduxrit,  et  millibus1  passuum  duobtta 
ultra  euin  castra  fecit,  eo  consilio,  uti  fruniento  commeatuque,3 
qui4  ex  Sequauis  et  -/Eduis  supportaretur,6  Casarem  iutercluderet. 
Ex  eo  die  dies  continuos*  quinque  Cassar  pro  castris  «uaa  copias  pro- 
.duxit,  et  aciem  inatructam  habuit,  ut,  si  veilet7  Ariovistus  proelio 
contendere,  ci  potestas  non  dee?-.-'.  Ariovistus  his  orrlnibus  die- 
bus*  exercitum  castris9  coatinuit  ;  equeatri  proelio  quotidie  conten- 
dit.  Genus  hoc  arat  puunaj,*  quo  se  Gennani  exercucraut.  Equi- 
luni  millia  erant  sex  ;  tot  idem  numero10  pedites  velocissimi  ac  for- 
tissimi  ;  quos  ex  omhi  copia  singuli  singulos11  suae  salutis  causa  del- 
ogerant.  Cum  his  hi  prcelii ;  versabantur,  ad  hoi  se  equites  recip- 
iebaut :  hi,  si  quid  erat  durius,  eoncurrcbant :  si  qui,12  graviore 
vulnere  accepto,  equo13  decidcrar^  circumsistebaut :  si  quo  erat  Ion- 
Ljjus  prudcundum,  aut  celcrius  recipiendum,14  taut  a  cr.it  horutn  exer- 
citatione  eeleritas,  ut,  jubis  equorumsublevati,  cursuni  adrcquarent. 

XLIX.  Ubi  eum  castris1  se  tenere  Caesar  intellexit,  no  diutius 
commeatu2  prohibcretur,  ultra  eum  locum,*  quo  in  loco3  Germani 
eonsederant,  circiter  pass  us  sexcentos*  ah  eis,  castris5  idoneum  lo- 
cum delegHHBftque  triplioi  instructa,  ad  eum  Locum  venit.  Primam 
ct  secundarxvaaiem  in  arniis  esse,  tertiam  castra  inunire  juss.it.  Hie 
locus  ab  hoste  circiter  passus  sexcentos,  uti  dictum  est,6  hberat.  Eo 
circiter  hominum  uumero  XVI  millia  expedita"  cum  omni  equitaty 
Ajiovistus  misitfl  quae  copioe  uostros  perterrerents  et  munitioue  pro- 
hibereut.  Xihilo  secius9  Cresar,  ut  ante  constituerat,6  duas  acies 
hostem  propulsare,  tertiam  opus  perficere  jussit.      Muuitis    castris, 


■  '•.   Frunient.)  commeatuque,  $1  t>o. 

4.  Qui  agrees  with  the  nearest  noun. 

•">.  BopportarctW,  §210,  c.  Though 
Ariovistus  is  Dot  represented  as  ma- 
king any  assertion,  the  bringing  of 
supplies  is  v;ewed  from  his  stand- 
point, ami  not  Irom  the  author's 

i.   Dies  cotitinuos,  §153. 

7.   Si  Tellet,  {197,  Kern.  4. 
Diebus,  J 158. 

9.  Castris,  §ltj<> 

10.  Numero.  §161. 

11.  SinguUi  limits  dehgtrat,  though  ii 
agrees  with  quos  '"Whom  each  had 
chosen  individually  for  the  sake  of 
bli  own  safety;"  literally,  "  whom 
(the  horseman)  one-at-a  time  had 
elitism,  tint'  at  a  i line .  for  the  sake, 
&c  " 

12.  Si  qui,  "If  any  tine."  The  indefin- 
ite qui,  though  generally  an  adjec- 
tiTe,  is  here  a  substantive. 

13.  Equo,  §103. 


i  14.  Si  quo  erat  lou^ius,  Ac  ,  ••  If  it, 
was  necessary  to  adraooe  farther 
(than  usual)  in any-din-cti  on,  or  to 
retreat  more  Bwiftly  (than  usual./' 
2178. 

;XLIX.   1.  Castris,  1166 
_    Comtaeatn,  ] 

.'i.  Qiin  in  loco,  §1 29,  I,  ti 

4.   Circiter  passus  sexcentos,    $163. — 

Cirriter    is     generally     nn     adverb  ; 

here  it  limits  ttxeentos. 
:>.   t'astris,  £l4'2. 

6.  Uti  dictum  est.  $2]  1.  Et.  (e.) 

7.  ll'ininum  numero  setiecim'  milliii 
etpedita,  literally,  •'  Of  nien  aboot 
s-ixuen  light  armed  thousands  in 
number;''  i  r.  'about  sixteen  tlinu<<- 
and  light  armed  troops."  Circiter 
limit**  Sfirri-'i  :   for  numero  see 

*.  tjute  cipiso   uostros    perterrersot, 

'   I'liat  thess  t, trees,  kc  "    {210,    I 
'.).   Mhilo secius,  "Nevertheless;"  JltiS. 


4[ 


.-.LLO  QALLICO 


'duiS  ibi10  legiones  reliquit,  et  partem  auxiliorum;  quatuor  reliquas 
in  castra  rnajora  reduxit. 

L.     Proximo  die  instituto1  suo  Czesar   e    castris    utrisque    oopias 

eduxit;  paulumque- a  inajoribus3  progressus,  acieru  instruxit, 

ibusque  puguandi  potestateni  fecit.     Ubi   ne    turn    quidein    eos 

•  lire  intelloxit,  cjrciter  meridiem  exercitum    in    castra    reduxit. 

Turn  demuui  Arioviatus  partem  suarum  copiarum,   quse   castra  mi- 

uora  opp&gnaret,4  misit :  acriter  utrimque  usque  ad  vesperum  pug- 

natum  est.     Solis  occasu5  suas  copias  Ariovistus,  multis  et  illatis  et 

acceptis  rulneribus,  in  castra  reduxit.     Quum^ex  captivis  ijucereret 

Caosar,  quam  ob  rem  Ariovistus  proeiio  nou  decertaret,6  hauc    repe- 

riebat  causam,  quod  apud  Germauos  ea  con-suetudo  esset,7  ut  matres 

tamilias  eurum  sortibu.s  et  .vaticination ibus  declararent,  utrum  proe- 

lium  comruitti  ex  usu  esset,  uec  De  :8   eas  ita  dicere:  <Non  esse.fa.s-' 

Grermanos  superare,  si  ante  novam  lunam  proelip  contendissent.'lw 

LT.  Postridie  ejus  diei1  Gicsar,  prsesidio  utrisque  castris,2  quod 
satis  esse  visum  est,  relicto,  omnes  alarios  in  conspectu  hostium  pro 
castris  miuoribus  constituit,  quod  minus  multitudine  militum  legi- 
onariorum  pro  hostium  numero  valebaty3  ut  ad  speciem  alariis4  ute- 
retur.  Ipse,  triplici  iustructa  aeie,  usque  ad  castra  bjtetium  accessit. 
Turn  demutn  necessario  Germani  sua:  copias  castris5  eduxeruDt, 
generatimque  ^onstituerunt  paribusque  intervallis,6  Harudes,  Mar- 
(.■.omannos,  Triboccos,  Vangiones.  Nemetes,  Sedusios,  Suevos,  omnem- 
que  aciem  suam  rbedis  et  carris  circumdederunt,  ne  qua  spesin  fuga 
relinqueretur.  Eo7  muliercs  imposueruut,  qua?  in  prcelium  proficis- 
centes8  milites  passi3  manibus  flentes  implorabant,  ne  ae  in  servitu- 
te;n  Romania  traderent.'-' 


10.  Ibi,  i.e.  castris  minoribus. 

I..  1  Instituto,  "That  which  has  been 
established;"  hence,  "custom."  In- 
stituto suo  is  a  modal  ablative, —  "ac- 
cording to  his  custom." 

3.  l'aulum,  §160,  Rem.  3. 
•J.   Majoribus  sc    castris, 

4.  Oppugnaret,  $210,  a. 
"i.   Occasu,  \  167. 

tj.   Decertaret,  £214. 

7.  Es«e%  ^190. 

8.  Utrum  proeliutn  committi,  &c, — 
"  Whether  it  was  of  advantage  that 
battle  be  joined  or  not."  Prcelium 
committi  is  subject  of  the  impersonal 
erpressiou  ex  usu  esset;  for  the  sub- 
junctive see  §214  Necne  is  a  dis- 
junctive interrogative  expression, 
with  which  the   preceding  predicate 


must  be  supplied. 

9.  Fas,  '-The  will  of  the  Gods." 

10.  Couteudissent,  §107,  Rem.  4;  2198, 


LI.  Postridie  ejus  dioi,    see  XLVII,  8. 

2.  Utrisque  castris,  §166. 

3.  Quod  minus — valebat,  "Because  he 
was  less  strong  (than  he  could  wish) 
in  the  namber  of  his  legionary  sol- 
diers, in  comparison  with  the  num- 
ber of  the  snemy;"  i.e.  because  the 
enemy  outnumbered  him. 

4.  AUriis,  §159,  Rem.  6. 

5.  Castris,  gl63, 

6.-  Intervallis,  abl.  of  mauner. 

7.  Eo,  i.e.  rhedis  et  carris. 

8.  Proficiscentes  limits  milites;  "the 
soldiers,  as  they  went,  &c." 

9.  Ne— traderent,  "Not  to  deliver." 


LIBER  PRIMCri. 


LII.     Caesar  sriogi^Sj  ibu^  singulos    legates   et   quaestorem 

p-rsefecit,  uti  eos  t<  re  quisque  TJrtutis  haberet.     Ipse  a  dex- 

tr»  cornu,  quod  earn  partem  miniine  firmam  hostium  esse  aniruum 
adverterat,2  prcelium  commisit.  Ita  uostri  acriter  in  hostes,  signo 
dato,  irapetum  fecerunt,  itaque:;  hostes  repente  celeriterque  procur- 
rerunt,  ut  spatiuru  pila  in  hostes  conjioiendi  non  daretuY.  Reject  is 
pilis,  eominus  tfladii.s  pngnat.um  est:  at  Germaui,  oeleriter  ex  ;;on- 
auetudinf;  Mia*  phalange  fact:),  impetus  gladioruD)  excepcrnnt.  R.e- 
perti  sunt  cotnplure8«nostri  milite«,*  nui  in  pi  insilirent,'1  et 

seats  maii.bu  Quuni    no: 

a^i^-s  a  sinistro  covnu  pu>:  it,  a    i  i 

nu  vehcuienter   m  i  "am  acieai  premebant 

Ed  quum  animad'  adoJeseuns,  qui   equitatu7  prae- 

.  quod  expeditior  a  .  qui  inter  aciem  veraabautur,* 

-;rtiaui  aciem  laborantlDus  tiostris9  subsidio10  misit. 

LTlL  Ita  p  radium  restitutum  est,atque  omncs  hostes  ierga  ver- 
teruut,  neque  prius  fugere  destitcrunt,  quam  ad  flumen  Rhenuui 
niillia1  passuuin  r  circiter  quinquaginta  pervenerunt  2    '  Ibi 

perpauci  aut,  confisi,  transnatare  contenderunt,  aut,  lintri- 

bus  iuveutisjKSibi  saluteru  reperoruut.  L|  his  fuit  Ariovistus,  qui, 
naviculam  dggH&tam  'Jd  ripam  naetu.*,  ea  profugit ;  reliquos  omncs 
i  eqwtes  laostri  interfecerunt*  Dure  fuerunt  Ariovisti  uxo- 
ros,  uua  Sueva  natione,4  quam  an  doino5  secuin  eduxerat ;  altera 
Noriea,  rcgi.-  Voqsiouis  serpr,  quam  in  Gallia  duxerat,6  a  fratre  mis- 
iam  :   utraoqu*  in  i  Buae  filire  haruni,  altera  occisa, 

altera7  capfa  eat.  C.  Val'or.iw  Procillttfr,  quum  a  custodibus.in  fup« 
trims^  cateni*  vinctus       .  :,  in  ipsuiu   Cresarem,  Hostes  equ  - 

i-'  persequeutem,  it:  n.r  quideui  res  Oresaii  non  i  . 

LIU.    1.   Millia,  §lfi 

'.!.    Pervenerunt,  (in  many  edition*  per- 

venefinl.)  §206,  a.      The  subjunctive 

Would  imply  a  purpose  on    the   part 

of  the  Germans. 
2.    Various.      A  dative  of  advantage  or* 

x  causal  ablative  nar  limit  cbnflJo 
\     N.uiono,  Jl  6J. 
0     Ab  i.'otuo       The    use  of  the   ; 

si(iu:i  wiih  tlomo   is  rare. 

.-rat  fc.   in  matrimoniuu),  "  Ha<l 

7.  A  Iter:!,—  altera,  J127,  R"n.  t;. 

■  with  .i  triple  chain.' 
.    i,  "With  th«  cavalry  ; 
of  maimer. 


i .   "Fetes,  "As  frit:i*a?e*,"£151.b. 
■  trttrat,    often    irruteii 
tiTiiman'vrrterat,   c  institutes  a  verLurt 
ttntiemlt,  ou  which  ram  partem  —  et*e 
depends. 
i    lta que  [el  I'm],  limit     reptnft  celeri- 
Jfterqut 
T.   Sua  limits  conuieta 

l'<;.rrti  Hunt  complurea  DOPtri  mil i 
tea,  "There  wen:  1.  m.d  a  number  of 
mir  men. 
8,   Insifirent,  (210.  b. 

. 1 1 i 1 14 1 u .  {48,  Hen    :;. 
••'    Qui  inter  aaiem  vereabantar,  ''Who 
w     •  ■-     in  the  thick««l  i.f  tl  l- 

fight;'     literally,  "ii    the  midst  of 
■  1, 
'  141. 
10.   Sub.idiu,  $141. 


46 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


quam  ipsa  victoria,10  voluptatem  attulit,  quod  hominem  honestis 
inum  provincicc  Gralliae,  suum  familiarem  et  hospitem,  ereptum  e 
manibus  hostiuin,  sibi  restitutum11  videbat;  neque  ejus  calamitate1 
de  tanta  voluptate  et  gratulatione  quidquam  fortuna  deminuera  . 
Is,  se  praesente,  de  se  ter  sortibus  consultum13  dicebat,  utrum  ign; 
statim  nccaretur,11  an  in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur,  sortium  benefu;iu 
se  esse  incoluuiein.    Item  M.  Mettius  repertuset  ad  eum  reductus  e 

LIV.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  nunciato,  Suevi,  qui  ad  ri]  a* 
Rheni  venerant,  domuni1  reverti  coeperunt:  quos  Ubii,  qui  proxi 
Rhenum2  ineolunt,  perterritos  insecuti,  magnum  ex  his  numermn 
occiderunt.  Caesar,  una  sestate  duobus  maximis  bellis  confecl  is, 
matuvius  paulo,3  quani  tempus  anni  postulabat',  in  hib.erna  in  Se- 
quanoe  excrcitum  deduxit:  hihernis  Labienum  praeposuit:  ipse  in 
citeriorem  Galliam  ad  conventus  agendos  profectus  est. 


10.  Ipsa  victoria,  se.  attulit. 

11.  Ereptum  and  restitutum  agree  with 
liuminem ;  $185,  2,  a. 

12.  Ejus  calamitate,  "By  a  calamity 
befalling  him,"  »'.  e.  by  his  being 
murdered  by  the  Germans. 

13.  Ter    sortibus    consultum    (essa), 


"That  it  had  been  thrice  decided 
lot." 
14.  Necaretar, — reserraretur,  §214. 


LIV.  1.  Domum,  §154.      - 

2.  Rhenum,  §142,  Rem.  4. 

3.  Paulo,  2168. 


LIBER  3BCUNDUS. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


LIBER    II. 

I.  Quum  csset  Cscsar  in  citeriore  Gallia  in  hibernis,1  ita  uti  su- 
ira  demonstravimu?,2  crebri  ad  eura  rumores  afferebantur,  literis- 
(iie  item  Labierii  ccrtior  fiebat  omnes  Belgas,  quam"  tertiam  esse 
jallioe  partem  dixeramus,  contra  populnm  Romanum  conjurare, 
ibsidesque  inter  se  dare.  Conjurandi  bas  esse  causas :  primum, 
juod  vercrentur,4  ne,8  omni  pacata  Gallia,  ad  eos  exercitus  noster 
■  dduceretur  :  deinde,  quod  ab  nonnullis  Gallis  sollicitarentur,4  par- 
im°  qui,  nt"  Germanos  diutius  in  Gallia  versari  noluerant,  ita  pop- 
,'.  i  Roman i  exereitum  hiemare  atque  iuveterascerc  in  Gallia  moleste 

rebaut ;  partim0  qui  mobilitate  ct  levitate8  animi  novis  imperii^'-' 
jdebant :  ab  nonnullis  itiam.quod  in  Gallia  a  potentioribus  atque 

lis,  qui  ad  conducendos10  homines  facilitates  habebant,  Tulgo  regna 
cupabantur,11  qui  minus  facile  earn  rem  in  imperio  nostrp  conse- 

yii  poterant.  ...       _ 

II.  lis  nunciis  literisque  commotus  Caesar  duas  legiones  in  cite- 
ore  Gallia  novas  conscripsit;  et  inita  restate,  in  interiorem  Galli- 
n  qui  deduceret,1  Q.  Pedium  legatum  misit.     Ipse,  quum  primum7 

,iabuli  copia  esse  ineiperet,  ad  exereitum  venit;    dat  negotium  Se- 

o.nibus:i  reliquisque  Gallis,  qui  fiuitimi  Belgis  erant,  uti  ea,  qua^ 

'pud  eoi  gerantur,*  cognoseant,  seque  de  his  rebus  certiorem5  faciant. 

. rr-^-- 

NOTES. 


.  1.  In  bibernis.  '  During  the  winter 
quarter?,"  it  while  the  army  was  in 
winter  quarters    See  Book  1.  L1V. 

'1.  Its  uti  supra  de-monstraYimus,  "As 
wc  fiave  edown  abore."  The  antece- 
dent of  mi  is  Ua;  {211,  Ex.  (•  ) 

:{.  Qufttn,  {129,  Ret*.  6. 

4     Quod  Ttrerentur,  §19<> 

».    Ne,  §198,  Rem.  2. 

'S.  Partim  qui,  "  gome  of  whom;"  or 
mpplying  ob  •'»>,  "  1'artlj  by  those 
who."  Partim  is  an  <.ld  accusative  of 
pars,  usually  called  an  adverb;  it  is 
in  fact  an  ace.  of  limitation  :  "  Who 
in  respect  to  a  pari.1'  This  enumera 
tion  is  made  by  the  Author,  and  do< 
l>y  his  informers :  hence   the    indica- 


tive! ferrbant.  ttudtbunt.  Sfc 

7.  Ut,  "Ah."     Its  antecedent  is  ita  be- 
low. 

8.  Mobilitate  ef    levitate:    ablative    of 
cnu.-e. 

9.  Imperiis,  §141. 

10.  Conducendos,  §1  I'- 
ll.  Vulgo  re^ua  ocrupabantur,    "  The 

royal    power    (in  the  several  states) 
was  generally  possessed. " 

11.  1.   Qui  deduceret,  $210,  a. 

2.   Quum  primum.  "As  soon  as."  • 

8.  Dat  negotium  Senonibu,   "llechav- 

gea  the  Senones  to  find  out,  &c." 
4J,Oerantur,  {'J  11. 
5.  Certiorem,  {161,  b. 


4*  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

Hi  constant?!'  omnes  itu:iciavcrui.t  manua  cogii  excreitum  in  uuum 
locum  conduci.  Turn  veA  uVibi' nudum1'1  not:  cxistimavit,  quiu  ad 
eos  [duodecimo  die]  proficiseaweiur.7  Re  frutner, taria  provisa,  castr», 
movet,  diebusque  circiter  quindceini  ad  'fines  Belgarum  perveait. 

III.  Eo  quum  de  improviso  celeriusque  omni  opinione1  veriisswt, 
Retn»,  qui  proximi  Gallire  ex  Be!gis'J  sunt,  ad  earn  legatos  Iccium  et 

'  Antebrogium,  primos  civitatis,  miscrunt,  qui  dice.rent3  '  se  auaque 
omnia  in  fidem  atque  in  potestatem  populi  Roruani  pormittere  ;  nc- 
que  se  cum  Belgis  reliquis  consensisse,  neque  contra  populum  Rw- 
manum  omnino  conjurasse  :  paratosque4  esae  et  obsides  dare,  et 
perata  facere,  et  oppidit.6  recipere,  et  frumento  ceterisque  rebua  ju- 
vare  :  reliquos  omnes  Belgas  in  armis  esse  :  Germanosque,  qui  ci.8 
Rhenura  incolunt,r'  sese  cum  his  ooD}uas.i?se  ;  tantumque  esse  eorum 
omnium  furorem,  ut  n£  Suessiones.quidem,  fratres  consauguineosque 
suos,  qui  eodem  jure  et  eisdem  legibus  utantnr,7  uuum  im'perium 
unumque  magistratum  cum  ipsie  habeant,7  deterrere  potuerint,  quin 
cum  his  oonsentirent." 

IV.  Quum  ab  his  qusereret,  quae  eivitates  qua.ntseque  in  armix 
essent,1  et  quid*  in  hello, pos.*cni>,  sic  repericbat :  plerosque  Belga*  . 
esse  ortos  ab  Gerrrnmis  ;  Rhenumque3  aatiquitus  Iransductos,  prop- 
ter loci  ferfeilitatem  ibi  coneedisse,  Gallosqne,  qui  ea,  loea.  iucole- 
rcnt,*  cxpulisse  ;  f-;olosque  esse,  qui  patrum  bostroruna  meisoria,  omni 
Gallia  vexata,Teutonos  Cinibrosqv.".  intra  fine?  suos  ingredi  prohibue-'' 
rint.*  Qua  ex  re  fieri,*  uti  earum  rerum  memoria  magnam  siba  aue- 
toritateus,  maghosque  spiritus  in  re  militari  sutnerent.  De  nuaaero 
eorum  omnia  se  habere  explorata6  Remidicebant,proptereaquod  pro- 
pinquitatibus  afiinitatibtfsque  conjuncti,  quantam  quisque  multitudi- 
neui  ih  communi  Belgarum  concilio  ad  id  helium  pollicitus  sit,7  cog- 
noverint  *     Plurimum2  inter  eos  Bellovacos  ct  virtu^e  et  auetoritaU 


•  .  DubitRtidutn,     "  Tkat  he    ought    t»j8.  Quin — ceasetuirent,    "From  conspi- 

heeitate  .-"    {178.  ring  " 

7.   Qoin  proficiberotnr.  "To  go;''  liter - 

%\\j,    'but  t bat  ho  ibou'd  §•!''  iY.   1.  E»»ent,  §2U. 

«  \'i.   Quid  limits  posterity  §150,  Rem.  i. — 

III.     1.  Opinion*,  {165,  "Then  »nj  on«|     Some  supply  farert. 

expected.'1  jj.   RKenum   limit*    iramtii-ueium,    %152- 

•i.  Ex  Belgis,  $134.  Rtm.  '1.  ;     Rem.  -4. 

S.   Qu:  dicerent,  g-210,  a.  [4.    Incolerent.  §210,  e. 

4.  Phratosque  eeee,    "And    that    thejjO.   Fieri.    "  Tbat  it    happtaod,"    §217, 
had  prepared  them^e-irea.' and  hence, I     Rem.  3. 

"that  they  were  roady."  16.  Omnia  se  hn.\»er«  « xplorata,    "That 

5.  (Jppidie,  $16$  thvy  bad    fount!    out  everything."— 

6.  Incolunt.     Tbi6  is  the  Author's  own       Thisperiphrastieexprossiunisbtrong- 
ptatemetit.  er  than  the  simple  perfeet. 

7.  Utantur,  J210  c.  |7.  PolHcitus  sit,   §214.     Observe    here 

ifee  transition  to  prskent  time. 


L1BBH  SICUNDUS.  49 

et  Loininum  i;a:i.  re:  bos  posse  conficere  armata  ruillia  cen- 

tum:9 pollicitos  ex  eo  numero  electa  LX,  totiusquc  belli  irnperium 
sibi10- postulate.  Suessioues  suos  esse  finitiraos;  latiesiraos  feraci?- 
si  mosque  ngros  possidtro.  Apud  eus  f'uisse  regeni  nostra  etiam 
metnoria  Diutiacuin,  totius  GralKae11  potentissitnuin,  qui  quuin12 
mr.gine  partis  harum  regionum,  turn  etiam  Britannia;  irnperium  ob- 
tinuerit  :  nunc  esse  regom  Galbara  :  ad  lmnc  propter  justitiam  pru- 
dentiamque  suinmam  totius  belli  omnium  voluntate  deferri  :  oppida 
babcre  numero8  XII ;  polliceri  millia  armata  quinquaginta :  toti- 
,dem13  Ncrvios  qui  maxime  feri  inter  ipsofl  babeantur,4  longissimeque 
absint :  XV  millia  Atrebates:  Ani'bianos  X  taillia  :  Morinos  XXV 
millia  :  Mcnapios  IX  millia  :  Caletos  X  millia  :  Velocasses  et  Ve- 
romauduos  totidem  :  Aduatucos  XIX  millia  :  Condrusos,  Eburones, 
Caergssos,  Paemanoik  qui  uuo  nomirfe  Germani  appellautur,  arbitrari 
ad  XL  millia.14 

V.     Cstar,  Remos  cebortatus,  liberaliterque  oratione  prosecutus, 

on.p.eiu  senatutu  ad  so  con  venire,  principumque  liberos  obsides  ad 

•    se  adduci  jussit.     Qurc  omnia  ab  his  diligenter  ad  diem  focta  sunt. 

Ipse  Pivitiacum  .Eduum  magno    opere1  cobortatus,    docet,   quanto 

ire  reipubl     i  ■ Falutis  intersit3  manus  bostium|dis- 

tineri,4  ne  cr.i  ue  uno  tempore  confligendum   sit.6 

Id  fieri  posse,  si'suas  copias  ^Edui  in^ines  Bellovacorum  introduxe- 

riiit/'  et  corum  agros  populari  cocporint.     His  mandatis,  eum  ab  sc 

diniittit.  *  iVtqufcm  oumes'Belgarum  copias  in  unum  locum   coac 

tas7  ad  sc  venire  vidit,  neque  jam  longe  abesse,8  ab  bis,9  quos   mise- 

rat,  explpratbviDue  et  ab  Remis  cognovit,   flumen    Axonam,10  quod 

it  in  extremis  Remorum  finibus,  exercitum  transducere  maturavit, 

itquc  ibj  rr-.8tra  posuit.     Qure  res  et  latus   unum   castroruni    ripis 

j.   Virtote,  auotpritate,  numero,    £1GI  j     tiopere,    is   an   ablative   of  manner; 

.*.  Armata  millia  centuni,    "A  hundred  j     "Earnestly."  In  the  same  manner  is 
armed    thousands,"    i   e.    a  hundred!     construed  quanto  opcre  below ;  "How 
thousand  amx-d  mcii.     So  also  electa}     greatly." 
{millia)  icx&ginta,  below.  2.   Reipublicae,  $135,  e. 

10.  Sibi  postulare,  "Claimed  for  them-|3.   Intersir,  §214. 

Belvi  \4.  Manus  hostium  distineri  is  subject  of 

11.  Totius  Gallia,  by  metoin.my  for  om  :     the  impersonal  intersit,  though  logic- 
nium  Gullorum,  $184.  all}'  dependent  on  it. 

12.  tjnuin,-  turn,    "No*  only, — but  >  al  -  •">.  Ne— confligendum  sit,  'That  it  may 

not  be  necessary  to  engage;"  §178." 


so. 
18.    Totidem  is  the  object  of  polliceriun 

derstond, which  must  also  be  supplied 

with  Atrebates,  Ambranos,  §c. 
14.   Arbitrari   a<l    quadrnginta   millia, 

"  Were  assessed   to   the   amount  of 

forty  thousand." 


0.  Introduxerint.  §198,  a 

7.  Coactas,  §185,  2,  a. 

8.  Neque  jam  longe  abesse,"And  found 
out,  &c,  that  they  were  now  not  far 
off." 

9    Ab  his — exploratoribus  limits   cogno- 
vit. 
V '.    1.   Magno  opere,  often  written  mag-AO.   Flumen  Axonam,  §ir>2,  Rem.  2. 


B 


60 


DB  IJELLO  6ALLICO 


fluminis  rauniebat,  et,  pest  eum !  quae  essent,11  tuta12ab  hostibus. red- 
debat,  et  comnieatus13  ab  Remis  reliquisque  civitatibus  ut  sine  peri- 
culc  ad  eura  portari  posset,  efficiebat.  .  In  eo  flumine  pons  erat.  Ibi 
praesidium  ponit,  et  in  altera  parte  fluminis14  Q.  Titurium  Sabinum 
legatum  cum  sex  cohortibus  relinquit :  oastra  in  altitudinem  pedum 
dnodecim16  vallo  fossaque  duodeviginti  pedum  munire  jubet. 

VI.  Ab  his  castris  oppidum  Remorum  nomine  Bibrax  aberat 
millia1  passuum  VIII.  Id  ex  itinere  niagno  impetu  Belgae  oppug- 
nare  cceperunt.  iEgre  eo  die  sustentatum  est?  Gallorum  eadem 
atque  Belgarum  oppugnatio  est  hasc.3  Ubi,  circumjecta  multitu- 
dine  hominum  totis  mcenibus,4  undique  lapides  in  murum  jaci  ccepti 
sunt,  murusque  defensoribus5  nudatus  est,  testudine  facta,  portas 
suceedunt,  murumque  subruunt.;  Quod  turn  facile  fiebat.  Nam, 
quuni  tanta  multitudo  lapides  ac  tela  conjicerent,  in  muro  consis- 
tendi  potestas  erat  nulli.6  Quum  fine-in  oppugnandi  nox  fecisset, 
Iccius  Remus  summa  nobilitate  et  gratia7  inter  suos,  qui  turn  oppido 
praeerat,  unus  ex  his,  qui  legati8  de  pace  d'd  Caesarein  venerant,  nun- 
cios ad  eum  mittit,  'nisi  subsidium  sibi  submittatur,0  sese  diutius 
sustinere  non  posse.' 

VII.'  Eo  de  media  nocte  Caesar,  iisdem  ducibus  usus,1  qui  nun- 
cii2  ab  Iccio  venerant,  Numid^s  et  Cretas  sagittarios  et  funditores 
Baleares  subsidio3  oppidanis  mittit :  quorum  adventu  et  Remis4  cum 
spe  defensionis  studium  propugnandi  accessif,  et  hostibus  eadem  de 
causa  spes  potiundi  oppidi5  discessit.  Itaque,  paulisper  apud  oppi- 
dum morati,  agr^sque  Reniorum  depopulati,  omnibus  vicis  asdificiis- 
que,  quos6  adire  poterant.  iDcensis,  ad  castra  Coesaris  omnibus  copiis  . 


11.  Post  eum  quae  essent,  "What  was 
behind  him,"  i.e.  "  his  rear."  This 
sentence,  or  its  omitted  antecedent, is 
objec*  of  reddebat.  The  assertion  is 
referred  to  Csesar,  and  not  to  the 
author,  who  always  writes  as  if  he 
were  a  different  person. 

12.  Tuta,  ^  151,  b. 

13.  Commeatut  is  subject  of  posset. 

14.  In  altera  parte  fluminis,  i.e.  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  river,  away  from 
the  enemy. 

15.  Pedum  duodecim,  §182,  limits  vallo, 
while  duodeviginti  pedum  limits  fossa. 

VI.  1.  Millia,  §153. 

2.  Sustentatum  est  is  impersonal. 

3.  Gallorum  eadem,  &c,  "The  follow- 
ing is  the  (manner  of)  beseiging.both 
of  the  Gauls  and  Germans;"  literally, 
v  The  same  beseiging   of  the  Gauls 


ni:d  Germans  is  as  follows."     These 
genitives  are  subjective. 

4.  Moznibus  is  remote  object  of  circum- 
jecta, §172. 

5.  Defensoribus,  §160. 
Nulli,  §14*. 

Summa  nobilitate  et  gratia  se.  vir. 
Legati,  §130,  2. 

9.  Nisi — submittatur,  f  197.  ■ 

VII.  1.  Iisdem  ducibus  usus,  "Using 
the  same  persons  as  guides."  Duci- 
bus is  in  apposition  with  iisdem. 

2.  Nitncii  is  predicate  nominative,  lim» 
itiog  venerant. 

3.  Subsidio,  §141. 

4.  Remis,  §141  ;  hostibus,  §163. 

5.  Potiundi  oppidi,  §177,  Rem,.  4. 

6.  Quos  takes  the  gender  of  vicos. 

7.  Ab  millibus  passuum  minus  duobus, 
"  Less  than  two  miles  off."     Duobus 


LfBKR  SECUNDU8.  61 

contencrerunt,  et  ab'ruillibus  passuum  minus  duobus7  castra  posue- 
runt,  quze  castra,  ut8  funio  atque  ignibus  signiflcabatur,  amplius 
millibus9  passuum  VE[[  in  latitudinenv  patebant. 

VIII.  Onpwar  priuio  et  propter  niultitudineru  hostium  et  propter 
exiraiam  opinionem  virtuti.v  proelio2  supersedere  statuit;  q.uotidir 
tainen  equestribus  proeliis,  quid'-5  bostis  virtute  posset,4  et  quid  nostri 
audorent,*  periclitabatur.  Ubi  nost'ros  non  esse  inferioree  intellexit. 
loco  pro  cast ris  ad  aciem  instruendani?  natura  opportuno  atque 
idoneo,0  (quod  isVttlis,  ubi"  castra  posita  erant,  paululum  ex  plani- 
tie  editus,  tantum'j&veraus  in  latitudinem  patebat,8  quantum  loci0 
ftoies  instructs  ooeupare  poterat,  atque  ex  utraque  parte  lateris1"  de- 
lectus babebat,  et  in  frontetn  leniter  fastigatus  paulatim  ad  planitiem 
redibat),  ab  utroque  latere11  collis  transversam  fossam  obduxit 

circiter  passuum  CD,1-'  r  ad  extremas13  fossas  castella  constituit, 
ibique  torihenta  collocavit,  ne,  quum  aciom  instruxisset,  bostee,  quod 
tantuni  multitudine  potcrant,1'  ab  lateribus  pugnantes  suos  circum- 
venire  possent.15  Hoc  facto,  duabus  legion  ibus,  quas  proximo  con- 
scripserat,  in  casUis  relictis,  ut,  si  qua  opus  esset,  subsidio  duci  pos- 
sent,1'"'reliquas  sex  legioncs  pro  castris  in  acie  constituit.  Hostes 
item  suas  oJBfe  ex  eastrb?  eductas  instruxerant. 


IX.  •  PaJu-  erat  non  magna  inter  nostrum  atque  bostium  exerci- 
tum.     Hanc  si  nostri  transirent,  hostes  exspectabant  ■}  nostri  autem, 


may  agree  wmi  Vnillibus,  §165,  Rem 

4  ;  or  it  m>*y  be  the    complement    of 

rniriux. 
S.   Ut,  "As;"  §Jl!,Ex.  (e.) 
'J.   Millibus,  8165. 

• 
VIII.     1.   Eximi  .m  opinionem  virtutis, 

•■Their  extraordinary  reputation  for 

valor." 
•2.   Proelio,  §lfi*. 
:;.  Quid.  516tV«#m.  3. 


iiiom  requires  that  loci  be  translated 
if  it  limited  tanlum. 

10.  Ex  utraque  parte  lateris=ex  utro- 
que latere. 

11.  Ab  utroque latero,  "On  both  sides. :' 
1-.  Cireiterpas-uum  quadringentorum. 

§132.    Circiter  is  an  adverb. 

13.  Extremas  fossas.  "The  ends  of  the 
ditches."  §12S,  Rem.  8. 

14.  Quod  tantura  multitudine  poterant, 
"  Because  they  were  so  powerful   iu 

.   Posset,  §214:  numbers."     Tantum,  $160,  Rem.   _'.— 

.  IustriHiidain,  §177.  Multitudine,  §161. 

.   Loeo-opportuno  atque  idoneo,  "The  15.  Ne    hostes    possent,'    "That   the 
ground  in  front    of   the    camp  being      enemy  might  not  be  able." 
naturally  favorable  And  fit  for  draw-  16     Ut — possent,  "That,  if  it  should  he 
ing  up  tht  line  of  battle;"  M$MltRern        necessary  anywhere,  they  might    be 
1-  brought  up  for  a  reinforcement, kc  " 

,   Ulii,  "On  which  ;"  ?12(J.  Rem.  10.  Qua  is  the  abl.  of  the  indefinite  quit, 

T.otiiin  r.dvcr-us  in  latitudinem  pa-      parte  being  understood. 
tebat,  fa.,   "  Extended  in  breadth  as 

mm -li  (space)  forward  as  an  army  IX.  1.  IIanc,&c, — exspcctabanf.'-The 
when  drawn  up  could  occupy."  7Vm-  enemy  wore  waiting  (to  see)  whether 
turn  is  an  elliptical  accusative  ?I50.|  our  men  would  cross  this  (mar.-h)." 
Rc»>    3.  ,'     St  is  here  interrogative;  for   transi- 

Loci,    £131,    Rem.  1.      The    English       rent  see  §214. 


52 


DE  BELLO  GALLIC* > 


si  ab  illis  initium  trarrgeiijiM^aeret,3  at  impeditos  aggrcderentuiy 
parati  in  armis  erant.  IriRim  proelio  equestri  inter  duaa  acies  con- 
tendebatur.4  Ubi  neutMBranseundi  initium  faciur.t,  secntvliore 
equitum  preelio5  nostris^jilesar  suos  iq  castra  redusit.  Hpsles  pro- 
tinus  ex  eo  loco  ad  flumen  Axonain  eonteiHlerwnt,  quod  w?c  post 
nostra  castra  domonstratuni  est.7  Ibi  vadis  repertis,  partem  sua-, 
rum  copiarum  transducere  conati  sunt  eo  consilio,  ut,  si  posseat,2 
castellum,  cui  prseerat  Q.  Situri'us  legatus,  expugnafent,  pontemquc 
interscinderent ;  si  minus  potui^sent.,6  agros-  Remoruwi  popularen; 
tur,9  qui  magno  nobis  usui10  ad  bollum  gerenduns11  crane,  uommeatu- 
que  nostros  probiberen.t. 

X.  Caesar,  certior  factus  ab  Titurio,  oinuem  cquitatuin  et  levrjs 
armaturas1  Numidas,  funditores  sagittxriosque  pontem*  transducit, 
atque  ad  eos  contendit.  Acriter  in  eo  loco  pugnatum  est.  Hostes 
impeditos  nostri  in  flumine  aggressi,  magnum  eorum  numeruni  oc- 
ciderunt.  Per  eorum  corpora0  reliquos  audacissime  transire  co- 
nantes  multitudine  telorum  repulerunt ;  primos,  qui  transierant, 
equitatu  circumventos  interfecerunt  Hoste.-;.,  ubi  efc  de  expugnando 
oppido  et  de  flumine  transeundo  spem  se  fefellisse4  intellexeruiitj 
neque  nostros  in  locum  iniquiorem  progredi5  pugnaodi  cau<-a  vide- 
runt,  atque  ipsoa  res  frumentaria  deficere  ccepit,  condiiio  convocato, 
constituerunt  optimum  esse  domum  suam  quemque  reverti  ;6  et^ 
quorum  in  fines  primum  Romani.fixercitum  uitroduxissent.7  ad  eos 
defendendos  undique  convenireui  ;s  ut9  pptiuWfn  sujs-quam  in  alienis 
finibua10  decertarent,  et  domesticis  copiis11  rei  frutnenfcarire  uteren- 
tur.  Ad  earn  sententiam  cum  reiiquis  causis  base  qu'dquc  ratio  eos 
deduxit,  quod  Divitiacum  atque  iEduos  finibus  Bellovacorum-  ap- 


2.  Fieret,  §197,  Rem.  4. 

3.  Ut  impeditos  aggrederentur,  "To  at- 
tack them  whi!e  entangled." 

4.  Oontendebatur  is  impersonal. 

5.  Secundiore  proelio,  $186,  Rem.  1. 


3.  Per  eorum  corpora.  "  Through  the 
Aidat  of,  &C.*' 

4.  Spem  se  fefeliisse,  "Th*t  their  hope 
had  failed  th»'m,"  i.  e.  thai  they  had 
been  disappointed. 


6.  Nostris,  §142.  '   |5.  Neque  nostros  in   loeuin  iuiquiorem 

7.  Quod — demonstratum  est,    "Which,      progredi, &c,  "And  ;  aw  that  our  mtE 
it  has  been  shown,  -was    behind    our1     did  not  advance,  tr." 

camp."   Quod  is  subject  of  esse  |6.    Quemque   reverti    is    grammattcali}' 

8.  Si  minus  potuissimt,  "If  they  should i     stli^ect  of  optimum  esse,  though  iftgicj 
not  be  able  (to  do  this)."  $197,  Ran/     ally  depo;ident  on  it 


4 ;  §198.  a 

9.  Popularentur  sc.  ut,  from  ut  expug- 
narent. 

10.  Magno  usui,  $144,  NobistimiU  usui, 
$142. 

11.  Gerendurn,  §177. 

X.   1.  Levis  armatures,  $132. 
2.  Pontem,  $152,  Rem.  2. 


7.  Quorum  —  introduxisaent,  "  Into 
whosever  country  the  Romans  should 
first  introduce  their  army  ;"  $210,  I). 
$211.  Ex.  (e). 

8.  Convenirent,  se  ut.  Observe  thai 
the  ac3.  with  infu..  is  here  iuwer- 
chMiged  with  a  final  sentence. 

9.  Ut,  &c.  "^o  as  to  fight,  &c. 

10.  Finibus,  $141. 

11.  Copiis,  $159,  Rem.  6. 


LUU'R  SEOUNDUS. 


53 


propinquarecognoveiaut.    Ki:s  persuadjeri,12  ut  diutius  morarentuv, 
neque  suis  auxilium  ferrent,  non   potei 

XI.  Ea  re  constituta,  secunda  vigili*  magno  cum  strepitu  ac 
tumultu  eastris1  egrchsi  uullo  certo  ordine  neque  imper-io,  quum  sibi 
quisque  priinum  itineris  locum  peteret,'2  et  domum  pervenire  prop- 
eraret,  fecerunt,3  ut  consimilia  fugre4  profcctio  videretur.  Hac  re 
statim  Cscsar  ]  cr  speculatores  cuguita,  insidias  veritus,  quod,  qua 
de  causa  disced<fte  in  in  perspexerat,  exercitum  equitatum- 
quc  castrinfi  eontrMUt.  'Si'rima  luce,  confirmata  re  ab  exploratoribus, 
omnem  cquitatunfT  qtijt«novissimum  agmen  moraretur,7  praemisit. 
His  Q.  Pediutn  et  L  Aurunciitexum  Cottam  legatos  praefecit.  T. 
Labienum  legatuni  cum  legi^nibua  tribus  subsequi  jussit.  Hi,  nov- 
issiaios  adorti,  et  multa  ruillia8  passuuni  prosecuti,  magnam  multitu- 
diueui  eorulu  fugientiiini  coiiciderunt,  quum0  ab  extreme-  agniine,  ad 
quo-s  ventum  erat,  consistcreijt,  fortiterque  impetum  nostroruru  mili- 
tum  sustinorent ;  pviorc  :s  quod  abesse  a  periculo  viderentur,  neque 
alia  necessitate  neque  imperio  continerentur^  exaudito  clamore,  per- 
turbatis  ordinitnis,  onirics  in  fuga  sibi  presidium  ponerent. '  Itasine 
ullo  periculo  JJMQtam  eorum  multitud|neni10  nostri  interfecerunt, 
quantum  fui|j|Bei;spatiuin  ;  sub  occasumque  solis  destiterunt,  seque 
in  castra,  ut  erat  iinper:\i:nui,n  receperunt. 

XII.  Postridie  ejus  dici1  CreaaV,  prius  quam  se  hostes  ex  pavore 
ac  fuga  reciperent,2  in  fines  Suessiogum,  qui  proximi  Eemis3  erant, 
exercitum  duxit,  et,  magno  itinere  confecto,  ad  oppidum  Novio- 
dunum  contendit.  Id  ex  itinere  oppugnare  conatus,  quod  vacuum  ab 
defensoribus  esse4  audiebat,  propter  latitudinem  fossae  murique  alti- 


12.   His  persuadcri  non  poterat,  §172. 
Rem.  2 


X 


1.   1.   Cantris,  §163. 

Qunm  sibi,  <£c, — peteret,  "Since 
eacli  one  nought  the  foremost  place 
on  the  march  for  himself." 

Feqerunt,  "They  caused."  The 're- 
sult is  expreised  by  ut  profeciio  vide- 
relur. 

Fugre,  ^Wl;  Rem.  3. 

Discederent,  §214. 

fnstris,  §166. 

Moraretur,  §210,  a. 
,    M.llia,   £153. 

Quum,  <ye.  What  follows  expresses 
the  causa  of  the  great  slaughter. — 
"Since  those  in  the  extreme  rear,  on 
whom  the  cavalry  first  came,  halted, 
and  bravely  withstood  the  attack  of 
our  soldiers,"  (thus  exposing  them- 
selves by  their  valor  ;)  (Wbile)  'those 


in  front,  because  they  seamed  to  be 
far  from  danger,  and  were  not  re- 
strained by  any  necessity  or  authori- 
ty— all  placed  their  safety  in  flight," 
(thus  exposing  themselves  by  their 
cowardice.)  Sibi  is  remote  object  of 
ponerent,  which  is  in  the  same  con~ 
struction  with  consistercnt.. 

10.  Tautam  eorum multitudinem, quan- 
tum, &c,  "  As  great  a  multitude  o\' 
them  as  there  was  daylight"  (left  to 
kill);  literally,  "how  much  the  space 
of  day  was,  so  great  a  multitude  of 
them  did  they  kill."  The  relative 
quantum  is  predicate  nominative  after 
fuit. 

11.  Ut  ernt  impcratum,  §211,   Ex.  (e).- 

XII.   1.  Diei,  Book  I,  XLVII,  8. 

2.  lleciperent,  §206,  b. 

3.  R*mis,  §142,  Rem.  3. 

1.  Vacuum  esse.ac.  id  or  oppidum. 


54 


DE  BBLLO  GALL1CO 


tudineni,  paucis  defendentibus,5  expugnare  non  potuitr.  Casiris 
munitis,  vineas  agere,  quasque6  ad  oppugnanduni  usuf7  erant,  coni- 
parare  coepit.  Interim  omnis  ex  fuga  Suessionum  multitudo  in 
oppidum  proxinia  nocte.convenit.  Celeriter  vineis  ad  oppidum  actis, 
aggere  jacto,  turribusque  constitutes,  magnitudine  operurn,  quae  ne- 
que  viderant  ante  G-alli,  neque  audierant,  efc  celeritate  Rornanorum 
permoti,  legatos  ad  Caesareni  de  deditione  mittunt ;  et,  petentibus 
Reinis,  ut  conservarentur,  impetrant.8 

XIII.  Caesar,  obsidibus  acceptis,  primis  civitatis  .atque  ipsius 
Galbre  regis  duobus  filiis,1  armisque  omnibus  ex  oppido  traditis,  in 
deditionem  Suessiones  accepit,  exercitunique  in  Bellovacos  ducit. 
Qui  quuni2  se  suaque  omnia  in  oppidum  Bratuspantiuiu  contulissent, 
atque  ab  eo  oppido  Caesar  cum  exercitu  circiter  millia  passuum  quin- 
que  abesset,  omnes  majores  natu,3  ex  oppido  egressi,  manus  ad  Cae- 
sarem ten3ere  et  voce  significare  coeperunt  sese  in  ejus  fidem  ac  po- 
testatem  venire,  neque  contra  populum  Romanuni  armis  contendere. 
Item,  quum  ad  oppidum  accessisset,  castraque  ibi  poneret,  pueri 
mulieresque  ex  muro  passis  manibus4  suo  more  pacem  ab  Ronianiss 
petierunt. 

XIV.  Pro  his  Divitiacus  (nam  post  discessum  Belgarum,  dimissis 
jEduorum  copiis,  ad  eum  reverterat)  facit  verba  :  '  Bellovacos  omni 

'tempore1  in  fide  atque  amicitia  civitatis  iEdu^e  fuisse*:  impulsos  a 
suis  principibus.  qui  dicerent3  iEduos,  a  Caesare  in  servitutem  re- 
dactos,  omnes  indignitates  contumeliasque  perferre,  et4  ab  iEduis 
defecisse,  et  populo  Romano  belluni  intulisse.  Qui^.hujus  consilii 
principes fuissent,3  quod  intelligerent,  quantum  calamitatem  eivi 
tati  intulissent,6  in  Britanhiam  profugisse.  Petere  non  solum  Bel  * 
lovacos,  sed  etiam  pro  his  iEduos,  ut  sua  dementia  ac  mansuetudine 
in  eos  utatur.7     Quod  si  fecerit,8  iEduorum  auctoritatem  apud  om-. 


!>.  Faucis  defendentibus,  "Though  but 

few  were  defending  it." 
0    Quaeque,  &c  ,    "And  to  collect  what 

(things,)  &c." 

7.  Usui,  §144. 

8.  Et,  petentibus  Remis,  &c,  "  And, 
upon  the  request  of  the  Remi  that 
they  should  be  preserved,  (i.  e.  not 
killed  or  sold  as  slaves,)  they  (the 
Suessiones)  obtain"  that  favor. 

XIII.  1.  Primis, — filiis.  These  words 
are  in  apposition  with  obsidibus. 

2.  Qui  quum,  "When  these." 

3.  Natu,  $161. 

4.  Passis  manibus,  "With  outstretohed 
hands." 


5.  Ab  Romania,  $151,  Rem.  1. 

XIV.  1.  Omni  tempore,  "  At  every 
time,"  i.e.  always. 

Impulsos   agrees  with  the  subject  of 
defecisse;  §185,  2,  a. 
Dicerent,  §217. 

4.  Et,  "Both." 

5.  Qui,  "(That  those)  who."  . 

6.  Intulisseat,  $214. 

7.  Ut  sua  dementia  ac  mansuetudine 
in  eos  utatur,  $159,  Rem.  6.  Observe 
the  transition  to  the  present. 

8.  Quod  sifecerit,  "If  he  shall  do  this;" 
§198,  a. 

9.  Si  qua  bella  inciderint,  "  If  any 
wars  have  happened,  they  are  accus- 


LIBER  SECUNDUS.  -     55 

ncs  Belgaa  amplificaturujiJ  ;  quorum  auxiliis  atque  opibns,  si  qua 
bella  incideriut,9  isustdntare  consuerint.' 

XV.  Crcsar  honoris  Divitiaci  atque  iEduorum  causa  'seae  eos  iu 
idem  recepturuui  et  conservaturum  '  dixit  :  sed,  quod  erat  civitas 
magna  inter  Belgaa  auotoritate,1  atque  hominum  multitudine- prrc- 
stabat,  DC  obsides  poposcit.  His  trad  it  is,  omnibusque  armis  ex  op- 
pido  collatis,  ab  eo  loco  in  fines  Ambianorum  perveuit,  qui  se  sua- 
que  omnia  siue  mora  dediderunt.  Koruui  fines  Norvii  attiugebant  : 
quorum  de  natura  moribusque  Cajsar  quuni  quaireret,  sic  reperie- 
)at :  '  Nullum  aditum  es.se  ad  eos  mercatoribus  :3  nihil  pati  viiii  rel- 
quaruuique  rerum  ad  luxuriam  pertinentium  inferri,4  quod  bis  re- 
ius  relanguescere  aniinos  eoruai,  et  remitti  virtutein  existipaarenf  ;6 
s«e6  homines  feroa  magn;«que  virtutis  :  inerepitare  atque   inousare 

.eliquos  Belgas,  qui'ae  populo  Romano  dedidissent,  patriamque 
irtutem  projeci.-sent :  confirmare  sese  ncque  legatos  missuros,  ne- 
•uc  ullam  eonditienem  pacis  aceepturos.' 

XVI.  Quum  per  eorum  fines  triduum1  iter  feciseet,   inveniebat 
x  captivis  Sabini  fluuien  ab  castris  suis  non  amplius'2  millia  passuum 

■  ecein  abesse  :  traus  id  flumeu  omnes  Nervios  consedisse,  adveutum- 
ue  ibi  Romaoorum  exspectare  una  cum  Atrebatibus  et  Veroman- 
uis,  finitimis  suis:  (nam  hi*-'*  ut risque  persuaserant,  uti  eandem 
elli  fortunana  experireutur  :)  exspectari  etiam  ab  his  Aduatucorum 
3pias,  atque  esse  in  itinSre  :  mulieres  quique4  per  aitatem  ad  pug- 
am  inutiles  vide/entur,  in  cum  locum  conjecisse,   quo  propter  pa- 

'  ides  exercitui  adltus  non  esset.5 

XVII.  His  rebus  cognitis,  exploratores  cen^urionesque  pramiit- 
it,  qui  locum  idoneum  castris  deligant.1  Quumque  ex  .  dedititiis 
"elgis-  reliquisque  Gallis  complures,  Cajsarem  seeuti,  una  inter  face- 
mt,  quidam  ex  his,  ut3  postea  ex  captivis  cognitum  est,  eorum  die- 
im  cousuetudine  itiueris  nostri  exercitus  perspecta,4  nocte  ad  Ner- 


tonied  to  sustain  (them  ;)''  i.e.  "theyiXVT.    1.  Triduum,  §l§3. 

are  accustomed  to  sustain   whatever  ti    Non  amplius,    &c.,    gltfo,    Rem.    4. 

■wars  have  befallen  them.''  "Mot  more  than  ten  miles," 

J3.  His,  J141. 
V    1.   Magna  auotoritate,  £104,  Revi.  .4.   Quique,  "And  those  who." 

1-  |6.   Esset,  gJlO,  c.    Exercitui,  §143.   -'To 

Multitudine,  §161.  which,  on  account  of  *the    marshes, 

Mercatoribus,    J148.     "That    mcr-j     the  army  had  no  access." 

chants  had  no  access  to  them." 
Nun.  paii  vini,  &c  inferri,    "  That 

they  perm^ttad    uo    wine    and    other 

things  pertaining   to    luxury,    to  be 


XVII.   1.   Deligant,  $.210,  a. 

2.  Ex  Belgis,  §134,  Rem.  2. 

3.  Ut,  1*11,    Ex.(e). 


brought  among  them.''    Vint,  $134.  4.    Eorum    durum    cousuetudine— per- 

Existimarent,   §190.  Bpecta,    ■•  Having  observed  the  usual 

•  «os.  maich    of    our   army    during    those 

Qui,  "Because  they ;"  |210,  a.  days;"  literally,  "  The  custom  of  the 


56 


HELLO  GALLIC' 


\  ioa  perveneruut,  atque  iis  denionstraruut  inter  singulas  legiones 
uupedinientorum  magnum  unmerum  intercedere,  neque  esse  quid- 
quam  negotii,5  quum  prima  legio  in  castra  venisset,  reliqusequd  le- 
giones magnum  spatium  abessent,  hanc  sub  sarcinis  adoriri :  qua 
pulsa,  impedimentisque  direptis,  futuTuni,  ut  reliquee  contra  consis- 
tere  non  auderent.0  Adjuvabat  etiam  eorum  consilium,  qui  rem 
deferebant,  quod  Nervii  antiquitus,  quum  equitatu7  nihil8  possent, 
ue  enin;9  ad  hoe  tempus  ei  rei  student,  sed,  quidquid  possunt, 
pede&tribus  valent  copiis),  quo10  facilius  finitimorum  equitatum,  si 
praedandi  causa  ad  eos  venisset,11  impedirent,  teneris  arbodbus  in- 
cisis  atque  in-flexis,  ere  oris  in  latitudiiiem  ramis  enatis,  et  rubis 
sentibusque  interjectis,  efieqerant,  ut  instar  muri  hse  sepes  muni- 
menta  proeberent  -Vi  quo  non  modp  intrari,  sed  ne  perspici  quidem 
posset.13  His  rebus  quum  iter  agminis  nostri  impediretur,  riOi; 
;;mittendum  sibiu  consilium  Nervii  existimaveruut,. 

XVIII.  t  Loci  natura  erat  baec,  quern  locum  nostri  castris  delege- 
rant.  Collis  ab  summo  ajqualiter  declivis  ad  flumen  Sabim,  quod 
supra  nominavimus,  vergebat.  Ab  eo  flumine  pari  acclivitate  collis 
nascebatur1  adversus  huic  et  c'ontrarius,  passus  circiter  ducentos,3 
infima  apertu:?,0  ab  superiore  parte  silvestris,  ut  non  facile  introrsus 
perspici  posset.4  Intra  eas  'silras  hostes  in  occulto  sese  contine- 
bant :  in  aperto  loco  secundum5  flumen  paucse  stationes  equitutn 
videbantur.     Fluminis'3  erat  altitude  pedum  circiter  trium. 


march  of  our  army  of  those  'l»ys  be- 
ing observed."  These  genitives  are 
subjective,  itineris  liuflting  consuetu- 
dinc ;  czercilus  limiting  consuetudine 
itineris  ;  And  dierum  limiting  all  com- 
biued. 

5.  Neque  esse  quidquam  negotii,  "And 
that  it  was  no  trouble."  Negotii. 
^  1 34,  Rem.  1.  The  subject  of  esse  is 
adoriri. 

6.  "uturum  (esse)  ut  reliquos  &c, 
'•  That  it  would  come  to  pass  that 

•  the  rest  would  not  dare  to  stand 
against  (them)." 

7.  Equitatu,  §161. 

8.  Nihil,  §150,J  Rem    2. 

9.  N-equu  eniin  Suy,  "And  indeed,  to 
this  day  they  do  not  attend  to  this 
thing  (i.e.  cavalry),  but  whatever 
force  they  have,  consists  entirely  of 
infantry."  Quidquid  limits  possunt, 
§150,  Rem.  2  ;  and  the  noun-sentence 
quidquid  possunt  limits  valent  in  the 
same  way  :  literally,  "Whatever  they 
are  able,  they  aro  able  in  infantry." 

10.  Quo,  §193,  Rem.  3. 


11.  Si — venisset,  "If  it  should  coma  ;." 
§197,  Rem.  4; '^198,  a. 

12.  Effecerant,  at, — prceberent,  "  They 
had  brought  it  about  that  these 
hedges  furnished  fortifications  like  a 
wall:"  literally,  "the  likeness  of  a 
wall ." 

13.  Quo  non  modo,  &c. — posset,  "  Into 
which  it  was  not  only  impossible  to 
enter,  but  even  to  see;"  —  '-it  not 
only  could  not  be  entered,  but  could 
not  even  be  seen."  With  intrari,  non 
must  be  supplied  from  ne  quidem.- — 
The  second  non  is  omitted  when  the 
sentences  are  both  negative  and  have 
the  same  predicate,  the  ne  in  such 
cases  limiting  both. 

14.  Sibi,  §145. 

XVIII.  1.  Pari  acclivitate  collis  n:tace- 
batur,  "A  hill  of  equal  slope  arose." 

2.  Passus  circiter  ducentoa  limits  nasce- 
batur, §153.    " 

3.  Infima  (sc.  parte)  apertus,"  Open 
below." 

i.  Ut — posset,   "  So  that  it  could   uot 


LIBER  SBCUNDtie. 


.XIX.  Cresar,  equitatu  prsemissp,  subsequebatur  omnibus  copiia 
sed  ratio  ordoqne  ag minis  aliter  se  babebat,1  ac  Belgre  ad  NsrYios 
detuleraut.  Nam,  quod  ad  hostes  appropinquabat,  conauetudine  sua 
Caesar  i<ex  legione*  expedites  dueebat :  post  eas  totitM  exercitus  im- 
pedimenta collocarat :  iiide  duns  legionop,  quae  proximo  eonscriptSE 
craat,  tot 'am  agmen  olaadebant,  pnesidioque'-"  imf>edimentiH$  >°rant. 
Equites  nostri,  rma  fuudftoribas  s*g|ttari£9que  fluinen4  trana;:ressi, 
euui  hostiu  .  equitatu  proBlium  com  miser  urit  Quum  ?e  illi  it.'cnti- 
m  in  silraa  ad  suus  recipient,  :»c  rursus  rx  silva  in  nostroa  im- 
petuiu  faecreutj  Deque  nostri  !ongiui,quam quern  adfinerh9  porrecta 
loca  aperta  parti uehftnr,  ctden'tea  inwequi  aud^rent :  interim  legiones 
sri,  quao  prima  veueraut,  opere  dimenso,  o&dtra  raunire  cooper  uut. 
Ubi  prim*  impedimenta  uoatri  exercitus  ab  lu>,  qui  in  silvtd  abditi 
latebant,  viia  sunt,  ^quod  tempus  inter  eoa  oommittendi  proelii  con- 
veuerat'  )  ita,  ut7  intra  yilvas  aciem  ordinesque  constituerant,  atque 
ipsi  sese  confirmaverant,  subito  omnibus  copiia  provolaverunt,  im- 
pe.tum/pue  in  nostros  equites  fecerunt.  His  "facile  pulsis  ae  protur- 
batis,  incrodibili  celeritate  ad  fiumeu  'decuenrrerunt,  ut8  preno  uno 
tempore  et  ad  silvas  ci  in  fiumiue  et  jam  in  manibus  nostria  1' 
viderentur.     Ead<  leritate  adverso  colie'J  ad  nostra  c? 

to  en.*,  quiJ'in  operc  ocoupaii  erant,  contend eruut. 

XX.  Caasati1  omnia  iano  tempore  erant  agenda:  vexillura  pro- 
ponenduin,  quod  erat  insigne,  quum  ad  anna  concurri  oporterefc:2 
signum  tuba  djudam  :'  ab  op  *re  revocandi  milites  :  qui  paulo  lon- 
gius  aggcris  pcvMidi  causa4  proees.se  rant,  arccssendi  :  acies  instru- 
enda,  nulifcos  cohoVtoudi,  sign  urn  danduui  :5  quarum  rerum  magnam 
f-m  tempons  brdvitns  et  suecessus  et  incursu*  hostium   i 


easily  be  seen  (»'  e.one  could  not  6a»-  6. 
i  1  v  «ef )  w i thin"  (the  »n.i  Is). 

cunduru  Ba»«'n,"Aloag  tbervwr.'! 

'..    Humini*.  Ac  .    "(The  trepth)  of  the 

river    was    .%    depth,    of    about  throe 

,"  i.e.  th«  liver  wu<      bout    turnc 

iotj). 

9. 
.   A  li tar  le  babobat.ac  <vc  . 

i.'Hi'ir    Oth«rwU«  than  the  Uolp;:. 
rted,   Sit  ,•"    i   e.     was   Jiffi 
lr.mi  i"h,a  iho  Beigoe  had  reported: 
1 144. 
tntu  limit  -  prmsidio,  §142. 
■</..  I. 
Qoatn  qucin  i\.i  finew,  '■<•      ••  Tbau 

Uoiit  to  whicb  Hit    i  pen    gi 
extended  ,"  litei  :i  It.   "Tbau  to  wh»t 
uit  the  opiDpUoati  beioj  rtr«t« 

:. 


Quod  teiupua — couT«!>erat.    '-1>» 
bad  been  agreed  uion  **  tbf  time  for 
commencing battlu,-"  iiterallj,''"l!;cl: 

■'  comnanein^, 
Ita  ui.     ••In    that    war    in  wbi 
"just  :is." 
Ut,  "So  thnt." 

»0  oolla,    "  Up    the    bi  I 
"iliw  bill  b':in°.  opposite 

X.      .    C'LVsar;,  J 

Quom — oporterettuWb«n  th^y  !-li>'iil  I 
run  to  arms;"— "Wbeu  if    bebo 
that  it  bo  run  v>  arms  " 
Si^nuiii  tuba  dandum,    "  Tbaai 
bad  to  Le  giren  with  the  trumpet." 
Aggerii  pateodi   <:h\\>\.    "  Fo» 

■•t  of  seoking  (matai  i ••'■'  for 

nkmaai." 

rord 


66  DE  BELLO  OALLICO 

bat.  His  difficultatibus0  du»  res  erant  subsidio,"  jcientia  atque  usus 
militum,  quod  superioribus  proeliis8  exercitati,  quid  fieri  oporteret,9 
non  minus  commode  ipsi  sibi  prsescribere,10  quam  ab  aliis  doceri  pot 
erant;  et  quod  ab  opere  singulisque  legionibus  singulos  legates 
Caesar  discedere,11  nisi  munitis  castris,12  vetuerat.  Hi  propter  pro- 
piaquitatem  et  celeritatem  hostiuin  nihil13  jam  Caesaris  imperium 
spectabant,  sed  per  se,  quae  videbantur,14  administrabant. 

XXL  Caesar,  necesaariis  rebus  imperatis,  ad  cohortandos  milites, 
quam  in  partem  fors  obtulit,1  decucurrit,  et  ad  legionem  decimaai 
deTenit.  Milites  non  longiore  oratione  cohortatus,  quam  uti  sufc 
pristinsc  virtutis  nicnioriam  retinerent,  neu  perturbarentur  .aninio,2 
hostiurnque  impetum  fortiter  sustinerent,  quod  non  longius  hosies 
aberant,3  quam  quo  telum  adjici  posset,4  prcelii  committendi  signum 
dedit.  Atque  in  alteram  partem  item  cphortandi  causa  profectus, 
puguantibus  occurrit.5  Temporis  tanta  fnit  exiguitas,  hostiumque 
tarn  paratus  ad  dimicandum  animus,  uk  non  modo  ad  insignia  ac- 
commodanda,0  sed  etiam  ad  galeas  inducendas  scutisque7  tegimenta 
detrahenda  tempus  defuerit.  Quam  quisque  in  partem8  ab  opere 
casu  devenit,  quaeque  prima  signa  conspexit,  ad  haec  constitit,  ne  in 
qua^endis  suiss  pugnandi  tempus  dimitteret. 


had  to  b8  given." 
0.   His  difficultatibus,  "la  the  midst  of 
these  difficulties." 

7.  Subsidio,  §144. 

8.  Prceliis,  §166. 

0..  Quid  fieri  oportere*,,  "  What  ought 
to  be  done. "  Quiil  is  subject  of  fieri, 
and  quid  fieri  is  subject  of  the  imper- 
sonal 'oporteret  ,•  while  the  wholesen- 
tence  forms  the  equivalent  object  of 
prctiscribere,  sibi  being  the  remote  ob- 
ject. 

10.  Praacribcre  is  complement  of  pott- 
rant  understood. 

1  1.  Et  quod — discedere  vetucrat, " And 
-  because  Caasar  had  forbidden  the 
lieutenants  to  depart  from  their  res- 
pective legions;"  literally,  "thelieu- 
tenuuts.one  at  a  time,  to  depart  from 
the  legions  one  at  a  time." 

12.  Nisi  castris,  munitis,  "  Except  af- 
ter the  camp  had  been  fortified." — 
Niri'iB  often  used  with  a  noun,  or 
with  a  participial  sentence, to  express 
an  exception.  In  such  cases  an  ellip- 
sis must  be  supplied; — nisi  discede 
rent,  <Jt. 

18,  Nihil,  "In  uorcsped," ''notat  all," 


14.  Quae  videbantur, 
proper." 


"  What    seemed 


XXI.    1,  Quam  in  partem  fors  obtulit, 
"  lato    whate^r  place  chance  pro- 
,    sented  (to  him);"  §129,  Rem.  1,  a 

2.  Neu  perturbarentur  animo.  "  And 
not  to  be  disturbed  in  mind;"    §151. 

3.  Quod — abtrant  limits  the  principal 
predicate  dedit.- 

4.  Quam  quo  telum  adjici  posset,  "Than 
a  dart's  cast;"  literally,  "farther  off 
than  to  what  place  a  dart  could  be 
thrown,"  or  "too  far  off  for  a  dart  to 
be  thrown  (to  them).  ^For  subj.  see 
§210,  a. 

5.  Pugnautibus   occurrit,    "  He   found 
*  the  men  fighting;"  literally,  "he  ran 

upon  (men)  fighting." 

6.  Ut  non  modo  ad  insignia  accommo* 
danda,  &c.,"That  time  was  wanting, 
not  only  for  arranging  their  badges, 
but  even,  &c." 

7.  Scutis  may  be  either  dative  or  abla- 
tive ;  §163,  Rem.  3. 

8:  Quam  in    partem,    "  Into    whatever 

place." 
CJ.  In  quaerendis  suis,    "In  hunting  for 

his  Own  (standards.)" 


LIBBR  SErUNDUS.  5^ 

XXII.  Instructo  ex«rcitu  magis  ut*T«ci  natura  dejectusque  col 
lis  et  necessitas  temporis,  quam  ut  rei  militaris  ratio  atque  ordn 
postulabat,  quum,2  diyersis  legiouibus,  aliae  alia  in  parte  hostibus 
resisterent,  sepibusque  dcnsissimis,  ul3  ante  deiaonMrayinius,  intcr- 
jectis,  prospectus  impediretur  :4  neque  certa  subsidia  collocari,5  ne- 
(jue  quid  in  quaque  parte  opus  essetfi  proyideri,  neque  ab  uno  omnia 
imperia  administrari  poterant.  Itaquc  in  tanta  rerum  iniquitat- 
fortunae  quoque  erentus  varii  sequebantur. 

XXIII.  Legionis  nonae  et  decimas  milites,  ut1  in  sinistra  parte 
acie2  constiterant,  pilis  emissis,  cursu  ac  lassitudine  exanimatos  vul- 
neribu.sque  confectos  Atrebates  (nam  bis  ea  pars  obvcnerat)  celeriter 
ex  loco  superiore  in  flumen  compulerunt,  ct  transire  conantes3  inse- 
cuti  gladiis  magnam  partem  eorum  impeditam  interfecerunt.  Ipsi4 
transire  flumen  non  dubitaverunt ;  et,  in  locum  iniquum  progressi, 
rursus  fegressos  ac  resistentes  hostes  redintegrato  proclio  in  fugam 
dederunt.  Item  alia  in  parte  diversae  duae  legioue*,6  undecima  et 
octava,  profligatis  Veromanduis,  quibuscum  erant  oongressi,  ex  loco 
.superiore  in  ipsis  fluminis  ripis  f>roeliabantur.  At  turn  totis  fere  a 
fronte  et  ab  sinistra  parte  nudatis  oantris,  quum0  in  dextro  cornu 
legio  duodecima  et  non  magno  ab  ea  intervallo7  septima  constitisset, 
orones  Nervii  confertissimo  agmine,  duce  Boduognato,  qui  summam 
imperii  tenebat,  ad  eum  locumtcontcnderunt :  quorum  pars  aperto 
latere8  legiones'circumvenire,  pars  summum  castrorum  locum  petere 
coepit. 

XXIV.  Eodom  tempore  equites  nostri  levisque  nrmaturae1  pe- 
dites,  ^ui  cum  iis  una  fuerant,  quos  primo  bostium  impetu2  pulsos3 
dixeram,  quum  se  in  castra  reciperent,  adyersis  hostibus  oecurre- 
bant,  ac  rursus  aliam  in  partem  fugam  petebant :  ct  calones,  qui  ab 
decumana  porta  ac  summo  jugo  collis  nostros  victores4  flumen  trans- 
isse  conspexeraut,  prcedandi  causa  egressi,  quum  respexissent,  et 
hostes  in  nostril  castris  yersari  vidissent,  praecipites  fugse  .^ese  man- 

XXII.   1.   Dt.    "Ab,"  equivalent  to  quo  4.   Ipti.     The  soldier*  of  the  ninth  an. i 
mndo.  tenth  legions. 

2.  Quum,  "Since."  6.  Diversaj  duae  legitwes,   "Twodiffer- 

3.  Ut — quod,   "As  "  ent  legions." 

4.  Prospectus  impediretur  is  coord innte'G    Quuin,  "Since." 

with  resisleret.  I".  Non  magno  ab  ea  intervallo,  "At  do 

5.  Collocari  and  adminittrari   are  cnm-l     great   distance    from    it;"    literally, 


plementp  of potcrarM ;  and  wltb/>n 
idtri,  poterat  must  be  supplied. 
pus  esset,  {214. 


'•away  from  it  by,  &c.;"  JIG8. 
8.  Aperto  latere,  §1GG. 


XXIV.   1.   Levis  artiumiraj,  $132. 
XXI 1 1.    1.  Ut,  "When."  2.   I'rimo  impetu  may  express  either  the 

2.  Acie,  §49,  Rem.  2.  cauge  or  timi. 

3.  Transire  conantes,  the  Atrelm'e-.      ::.   l'ulsos  sc.  esse. 

1.    Victores  limits  transissc,  §12H,  Jlcm.ti. 


tJQ  IVE  HELLO  GALLICO 

dabaut.  Simul  eoruiu,  qjti  cum  impediments  reniebant,  clamor 
fremitusque  oriebatur,  aliiquc  aliaru  in  pari?R!  perterriti  fereban- 
tur.*  Qui  bus  omnibus  rebus  permoti  equites  Treviri,  quorum  ir.tci 
Gallos  virtutis  opinio'''  est.  singular's,  qui  auxilii  causa  ab  ciritaU- 
mistsi  ad  Cajsorera  venfcrant,  quumT  multitudine8  bostium  «R8tr&  nos- 
tra compleri,  legiones  preini  et  pcnc  circumveiuas  teneri,  calones. 
equites,  fuuditores,  Numidas,  diverfio*  dksipat'osque  in  omnes  partef 
fugere  vidissent,  desperatis  noetris  rebus,  domuui9  contenderunt : 
Romanes  pulses  superatosque,  castris  impedinientisque10  eorun. 
hostes  potitos,  civitati  venunciaverunt.     ' 

XXV.     ■Caesar,  ab  docinux}  legiouis  cohortatione  ad  dextrum  cornn 
profoctu;-.  ubi1  huos  urgeri,  siguisque  in   unum   locum  collatia  duo 
decimas  legiouis  oonfertos  militcs  sibi  Jpsos  ad  pugnam  esse  impedi- 
ment*) ;2'  quar'tre  cobortis  omnibus  centurionibus  occisis,  signifero- 
que  imerfeeto,  siguo  amisso.   reliquaruru  ct/hortium    omnibus   l'er> 
conturionibus  aut  vulneratis  nut  occisis,  in  bis  primopilo,  P.  Sextii 
Baculo,  fortissimo  rim,  multis  gravibusquft  vulneribus  confecto,  ut~ 
jam  so  sustinere  non  posset,  reliquos  esse  tardiores  ;*  et  uonnullos  al 
novissimis  deferto  prcelio5  excedere  ac  tela  vitare ;'  hostes  ueque  ; 
fronte  ex  inferiore  loco  subeuntes  intermittere,6  et  ab  utroque  later 
instare ;  et  rem  esse  in  augusto  vidit,  neque  ullum  esse  subsidiuna 
quod    submitti  posset:7    scuio  ab  novissimis    uni    niilki'  deiracto- 
quod  ipse  eo  sine  scuto  venern*.  in  prrfcw  riem  proeessit,  centu- 

rioqibusque  nominatim  appellate,  rer^MPewTortatus  milites,  Jtigmi 
inferred  manipulos  laxare  jussit,  qi;  ;iiius  glatdiis  uti  possent. 

Gujus  adventu  spe  illata  militibus,  ac  redintcgrato  aniino,  quum  pr< 
se  quisque  in  oonspeotu  imperatoris  ct  jam  in  extremis  -suis  rebu 
operam  navarc  cuperet,  paulum  hostium  impetus  tardatus  est. 

XXVI      Ccesar  quum  septimam  legionem,  quse  jqxta  constiterat, 
i6«em  urgeri  ab  hoste  vidisset,  tribunoa  militum  tnonuit,.ut  paulatim 


.'.•  Aiiique —  fereb&ntur,  "And  sormi 
were  running  panic-striekon  in  one 
direction^  »nd  some  in  another."— 
Fcrehamtur,  "Were  carrying  them- 
selves,''  i.e.  were  running. 

(<.  Quorum  virtutis  opinio,  "Whose 
reputation  for  valor." 


~.  Hibi  ipsos  ad  pugnaru  impediment-.. 
"  Were  themselves  a  hindrance  t< 
tkemseives,"  i.e..  were  in  their  cw  ; 
war. 

3.  Ut,    '"So   th*f." 

4.  Reliquos  esfe  tatdiores,    "  That  t.'i 
rest  fought  with  less  rigor.'' 


7.    Quum;  i he  predicate  is  vidissent,  on  5.   Deserto  proelio,  JlbG. 

which  depends  caslra  teneri.  fyc.  I(i    ll<>s?f,s.ueque#-iuterinitttre,    '"That 

,8.   Multitudiue,  §1G0.  thy  titetaj  both  did,  not  eease  earning 

9,  Domum,  $  154.  up  in  front  from  the  lower  ground.' 

10.  'O-stris     impedinientisque,       #159, |     Neque, — ei,  "both-uot, — and.'" 
Rem.  G.  7.  Posset,  § "2 1 0,  c. 

|8.    Militi,  §163.  Rem.  8.  See  XXI,  7. 
XXV.   1.  Ubi,  "When  '.'  The  predicate] 9.  Quo,  {193,  Rem  3. 
is  vidil  below. 


LIBER  SI  .  01 

sese  legioncsconjnngererit,1  et  eorfPy  in   hostes  inferrent. 

Quo  facto,  quuni  alius  alii  subsHiuui  .:  ncque  timcrenty  njs3 

a'versi?  ab  hoste  circumvenirentur,  audajjius  resisterc  ac  fortius  png- 
cocfierunt.  Interim  milites  legioaum  duarum,  quae  in  novis- 
siuio  agmine  praBsidio8  iinpedimentis  fuerant,  proelip  nuDciato,  cursu  . 
iocitato,  in  sumrao  oolle  ab  hostibus  conspiciebantur.  Et  T.  Labi- 
enus,  castris  bnstium  potitus,  et  ox  loco  superiorc,  quae  res  in  ho/s- 
briscastrisgerereutur  <j  conspicatus,  decimam  legionem  subsidio*  nos- 
tris  misit.     Qn  :  <  ijuitum  ct  oalonum  fuga,  quo  in  loco  res 

esset,6  quantoque  in  peficulo  ct  castra^t  legioncs  ct  imperator  versa- 
retur,'"'  cognoyisscnty  nihil  ad  deleritatcm  sibi  reliqui  fecerunt.8 

XXVII.      Horum  advcntu  tanta  rerum  commutatio  est  facta,  ut   . 
hostri,  etiato  qui  vulneribus  confecti  procubuissent,1  scutis  innixi,- 
lifiviiuiu  redintegrarent;  tuni  calones,  perterritos  bostcs  conspicati, 
etiam  inermcs  armatia  occurrerent  ;3   equites  vero,  ut  turpitudinem  4 
hvjvc  virtute  delerent,  omnibus  in  locis  pugnae  se  legionariis  militi- 
bus  prffiferrent.'5      At  hostefl-etiam  in   extrema   sp'e  salutis   tantain 
virtutc.u  prrost  iterant,  ut,  <juum  primi  eoruin  cccidissent,  proximi 
ntibus5  insrSterent,  atque  ex  ooruui  corporibus  pugnarent ;  bis 
lojt  eadavcribus,qui  supercssent,"  ut  ex  tumulo7 

tela  in  nostrdMM^BLrent,8  et  pila  intercepta  rcmittereut :  ut  non 
ncquidquanr|BjBJ^H^rs 'homines  judieari  deberet9  ausos  esse 
rransire  latin.-,'  ij$BBBc*>ndeiv  altissimas  ripas,  subire    ini- 

quissimuin  locum1:  quS  iHB  syce  difficillimis  animi  magnitudo  red- 
egerat.;" 


KXVI  1.  Conjungercnt,  i.e.  so  that'  accomplished;  and  heuce  the  eub- 
oue  should  face  to  the  front,  and  the!  junctive  is  used  in  I^itin  in  final  sen- 
ifher  to  t  lie  rear.  tences  expressing  a  result. with  re/er- 

i.   i.'uum — ferrent,  "SMicetbey  brought'     once  to  the  anterior  purpose, 
aid  one  to  another."  Aliuava  in  part-,  J.   Scutis   innixi,    '-Supporting   them- 
itive   apposition  »ith  the  subject    ol|     selves  byraeans  of  (i.e.  leaning  up»n,) 
fervent,  their  shields." 

I    Ne,  {198,  Refti.  Tt.  ...    Occurrerent  is  coordinate  with  rcdin- 

[.  Aver.si.  ••In  the  rear.  te«rarent,  the  conjunction  being  omit- 

PriBSidio,  £141  ted. 

:vrcntur,  J214..  4.   Pnvfcrrent  is  coordinate  with  occur- 

Qui,  'i\'2i>.  Eem.  7.  fount, 

i  runt,    "Left   nothing  un-|6.  Jacentibus,  "Those  vvhohadfallen." 
done  .in   speed;"    literally,    "made]     (the  lying-dovrn  ones.) 
nothing  of  remainder  for  swiftness."  G.  Qui  sonercssc-nt.   See  1  above. 


(XVII.  1.  Qui — }>roruhuissent .  The 
subjunctive  is  used  in  a  relative  in- 
cluded in  a  final  sentence  expressing 


Ut   ex   tumulo,       "  As   if    from   a 
mound." 
3.    Conjicerent  is  coordinato.  with  pugna- 
rent, the  conjunction  being   omitted. 


■\  purpose,  for  the  same  reason    tint  9.    Ut— judieari   deberet;    impersonal, 
it  is  need  in  the  predicatoof  the  final1     homines  ausos  esse  being  subject, 
sentence,  viz  :  because  a  purpose  has  10.   Facilia    ex    difficillimis  redegerat, 
refwrenco  to  the  future,   and    cannotl    .  "From  (being)  very  difficult  had  ren- 
be  nfatt.     A  result  is  but  a  purpose)     dercdeasy." 
F 


ig9  .  .    ■  DE  jBELLO  GALL1 

XXVIII.  Hoc  prcelio  facto,  et  prope  ad  internecicneni  gente  ac 
nomine  Nerviorum  redacto,  majores  natu,1  quos  una  cum  pueris  mu- 
lferibusque  iaaestiiaria  ac  paludes  collectos2  dixeramu.vhac  pugna 
nunciata,  quum  yictoribus  nihil  impeditum,  victis  nihil  tutum  arbit- 
rarentur,3  omnium,  qui  supererant,. -consensu  legates  ad  Gsesarem 
miserunt,  seque  ei  dediderunt ;  et,  in  commemoranda  civitatia  cal- 
aniitate,  ex' DC  ad  III  scnatores,  ex  hominum  milllbus  LX  vix  ad 
D,  qui  arnia  ferre  possent,'' sese  redactos  esse  dixerunt.  Quos  C 
sar,  ufc  in  miseros  ac  siipplicea  usus  misericordia*  videretur,  dili- 
gentissime  conservavit,  suisryie  finibus  atque  oppidis  uti  jussit,  et  . 
finitimis  imperavifc,  ut  ab  injuria  et  male.fi,cio  se  suosque  prohiberent. 

XXIX.  Aduatuci,  do  quibus  supra  .-'Tipsimus,'  quum  omnibus 
copiis  auxilio  Xerviis1  venirent,  hac  pugna  nunciata,  ex  itinere  do- 
mum-  reverterunt ;  cuftctis  oppiijliscastellisque  desertis,  sua  omnia 
in  unum  oppidum  egregie  natura  munitum  contulerunt.  Quod 
quum3  ex  omnibus  in  circuitu  partibus  altissimaf  rupes  despewctus- 
que  haberet,  una  ex  parte  leniter  acclivfs.aditus  in  latitudinem  non 
amplius*  CC  pedum  relinquebatur :  quern  locum  duplici  altissimo 
muro  munierant :  turn5  magni  ponderi.s';  saxa  et  pneaoutas  trabes  in 
muro  collocarant.  Ipsi  erant  ex  Cimbris  Tfeutonisquc  prognati ; 
qui  quum  iter  in  provincial!)  nostram  atque  Italiam  facerent,  lis  im- 
pedimentis,  qure  secum  agere  ac  portare  non  poterant,  citra  flumen 
Khenum  depositis,  custodiae  ex  suis  ac  pjjsesidio7  sex  millia  hominum 
una  reliquerunt.  Hi  post  eorum  obitum  milltoaaiannos8  a  finitimis 
exagitati,  quum  alias  bellum  inferrent,  alias  illatum  defenderent, 
eonsensu  eorum  omnium  pace  facta,  hunc  sibiftpmicilio9  locum  del- 

egerunt. 

§ 

XXX.  Ac  primo  adventu1  exercitus  nostri  crebras  ex  oppido  ex- 
eursiones  faeiebant,  parvulisque  prceliis  cum  nostris  contendebant : 
postea,  vallo  pedum  XII  in  circuitu  XV  millium  crebrisque  castel- 
Ks  circummuniti,  oppido2  sese  continebant.    Ubi,  vineis  actis,  aggere 


XXVIII.    1.  Natu,  §161.  2.  Domum,  §154,  Rem.  1. 

$i  Collectoa  sc.  esse.  3.  Quod  quum,  "WbUe  this." 

3.  Quum — arbitrarentur,    "  Sine*  they  4.  Amplius,    §165,  Rem.  4.      "An    ap> 
supposed    nothing   impracticable    to      proach  of  net  more  than  200  feet  in 


the  conquerors,  aotking  safe  to  the 
conquered."  Tutum  and  impeditum, 
$151,  b. 
4.  Usus  misericordia,  "To  show  mer^ 
cy  ;"  literally,  "showing  mercy." — 
The  participle  is  here  the  complement 
of  viderelur. 

XXIX.    1.   Auxilio  Nerviis,  §144,  Rem. 
1. 


width.' 

5.  Turn,  "In  addition  to  this." 

6.  Magni  ponderis,  §132. 

7.  Custodise  ac  prcesidio,  §144. 
8    Multos  annos,  §153. 

9.  Domieilio,  §144. 

XXX.   1.  Adventu,  §167. 
2.  Oppido,  §166. 


LIBER  SEi  «V1 

o,  turrim   ptocul  con<"titui   vidterunt,  priuium   irrid  >\ 

),  atquex  inorepi'tare  voiibus,  quofl  tnnta   nxachiuatio  ab   i 

stitusretur;  quibusnam  mani  quibus  viribus,  prae- 

ominea  tantulsa  statura;  (nam  plerumque  homiuibua  ( :  a  I  i i s4 
oorporura  suorum  br-evitas  qi 

eris  turrim  in  muros  confiderenfcT* 

CXI.     Ul  appropinquare  raognibus  videru 

■  atqufc  in !  nmoti 

]  .  , 

sro,.(|ui  ;  I  o,rie8 

■■{■.     '  Unui  i  ] 
atia  ac  aiansue'tudine,  quam  ipsi 
cons 

sibic  omncs  lore  finitimo  sure 

u1,  tradifis  arniis,.ncm  posse- 
sstare,7  si  ;  u   .  deducorentur,  quamvis  fbrtunam  a 

itj&aauam  at)  bia  per  cruciatum  internet,  inter  quos 

no^|Bar  respondit ;  'Sem.  uetudine  ! 

i  murinn 
ariesatti  ent;2   sed  deditionis nullam  esse  con 

;  se  id,  \]uod  in-Nerviis  fee  tcba- 

-,ndHfcperatnruni,  ne  quam  dedititiis  populi  Rom  mi 

•"  reffj^RjCE  e  nuueiata  ad  m;o.n,   '  (jr.:'o  imperarentur,  fa-* 

cere"  dix  .^^loruni  magna  niultitudine  de  muvo  in  fossant, 

ante    '[•;  -i«  ut  prope  sum  mam  muri   ajigcris- 

i,ue'' altitudiiieni    ac$$vi  armorum  ada;quareut  5  et   tamen    circiter 

a  tertia,  ut^jpostea  perspectum  est,  celata  fttqile  in   oppido   re- 

tenta,  portis  patet'actis,  eo  die  pace7  sunt  usi. 

3    Qaibusndtn  omnibus  ae    interrogans-]  XXXII.    1,  Merita  is  ;\  causal  abl. 

tea  Attigisset,— dedidissent,     .'Should 

(.  liallis,  ';!  r;.  touch," — ''should  deliver.'' The  com- 

5.  Coatetngtui,  J144.  pletioti  of  the  action  is  litre  referred 

to.   For  subj.  see  §206,  l>  ;  and  gl97, 
7    Cerifideretit,  g214.  b. 

Nisi  arm  is  traditis,    ••  Except    upon 
XXXI.    I.    MoTeri  »e.  turrim.  the  delivery  of  their  nruis,"    (their 

.'.  Qui,  "Because  tbey  ;"  §210.  arms  being  delivered). 

*.    \u  lircnt,  5217.  I     Facere,    "Would  do."     The  present 

t.  "  If  he  'liouiJ  det<  r       expresses  the  promp tries  a  dud  cheer- 
inin.'  9J8   h  fullness  of  their  obedience. 

•  ■  ATi  ret  is  in  appo  itfon  with  5.  Aggeris,    The  mbond  Vhieh  the  Ro 

"i-  mans  had  built. 

''..   Sihi limits  inimiroa.  JN2.  6.    Ut.  "As." 

7.  Sibi  ]i;>  >: aio,    "  That  it  wus  better  7.  Pace,  ^150,  Rtm.  6. 
:ein." 


G4  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

XXXIII.  Sub  vesperum, Caesar  portas  claud?,  milite.-que  ex  op- 
pido  exire  jussit,  ne  quam  noct'u  oppidani  ab  militibus  injuriam  ac- 
ciperent.  1111,  ante  in;  atellectum  c*t,  consilio,2  quod,  di»d- 
itione  facta,  nostros  pra\-iidia>d"edueturcs,  aut  denique  indiljgeiitiuB 
servaturos3 crediderant,  partim 'cun  bis,  quae  reiimierant  et  celavc- 
rant,  arinis.  partim  scutis  ex  co|t8Fce  factis  aut  viminibus  intextie, 
qua?  subito,  ut1  teniporis  exk.uitas  postulabat,  pellibus  induxeiiant, 
tertia  vigilia,  qua  minim e  arduus  ad  nostras  munitiones  ascens-ua 
videbetur,  omnibus  copiis  ropento  ex  oppido  er.uptionera  feoerunt. 
Celeriter,  ut1  ante  Caesar  imperarat,  ignibus  signification*;  facta,  ex 
proximis  castellis  eo  c-oincursum  est,  pugnatumque  ab  hostibus  ita  • 
scriter,  ut1  a  viris  fortibus  in  extrema  spe  salutis,  iniquo  loco.5  con- 
tra eos,  qui  ex  vallo  turribtfsque  tela  jacerent,6  pugnari  debuit,  quum 
in  una  virtute  omnis  spes  salutis  jeonsisteret.  Decisis  ad7  hominum 
millibus  quatuor,  reliqui  in  oppidum  rejecti  sunt.  PostridiS  ejus 
diei,  refractis  porti^,  quum8  jam  defenderet  nemo,  atque  intromissis 
militibus  nostris,  sectionem  ejus  oppidi  ui^iversam  Caesar  vendidit. 
Ab  bis,  qui  emerant,  capifcum  humerus  ad  cum  relatus  est  millium 
LIII. 

XXXIV.  Eodem  tempore  a  P.  Crasso,  quern  cum  legione  una 
miserat  ad  Yenetos,  Unellos,  Osismios,  Ouriosolitas,  Scsuvios,  Auler- 
cos,  Rbedones,  quce  sunt  inaritinice  civitates,  oceanumque  utthigunt, 
certior  factus  est  omnes  eas  civitates  in  m  potestatemque 
populi  Romani  esse  redactas. 

XXXV.  His  rebus  gestis  omni  Gallia  pacategflBbta  bujus  belli 
ad  barbaros  opinio  perlata  est,  uti  ab  bis  na  ,  qua-  trans 
Rbenum  incolerent,1  mitterentUr"  logati  ad  Ccesarcm,  quae  se  obsides 
daturas,,  imperata  facturas  pollicerentur  :2  quas  legationes  Cojsar, 
quod  in  Italiani  Iilyricumque  properabat,  inita  proxicja  testate,  ad 
sc  reverti  jussit.  Ipse  in  Carriutes,  Andes,  Turonesque,  qua;  civi- 
tates propinquse  bis  locis  erant,  ubi3  bellum  gesserat,  k-giouibus  in 
biberna  deductis,  in  Italiam  profectns  est;  ob  easque  res  ex  Uteris 
Caesaris  dies  XV4  supplicatio  decreta  est,  quod  ante  id  tempus  ac- 
cidit  nulli. 


XXXI11.   1.  Ut.  "As." 

2.  Consilio  inito,  "Having  entered  into 
a  plot  " 

3.  Indiligentius  servaturos  (prossidia), 
"Would  keep  guard  more  carelessly 
(than  usual)." 

4.  Ut,  "As."— <7!/o  niodo,  ita  being  the 
antecedent. 

5.  Loco,  §166. 

G.  Qui — jacerent.  The  author  is  here 
expressing  a  general  truth; — a   sup- 


posed rather  than  a  real  case 

7.  Ad  is  an  adverb  here. 

8.  Quutn,  "Since."  • 

XXXV.  1.  Quce.  irJcol-:ieutf««XXVn, 
1. 

2.  Qure  poilicerentur.    "  To  ■promise, 
§210.    • 

3.  Ubi,  §l'2d.  Rem.  10. 

4.  Die*  quipdecim,  §153. 


63 


ihUbell 


I  Quum  in  Italiam  proGcisceretur  Caesar,  Servium  Galbara  cum 
legions  duodecima  et  parte  equitatus  in  Nantuates,  Veragros  Sed- 
unosque  misit,  qui  ab  finibus  Allobrogum  et  lacu  Lemanno  et  flu- 
mine  Rhodano  ad  siimmas1  Alpea  pertinent.  Causa  mittendi  fuit, 
quod  iter  per  Alpes,  quo'2  magno  cum  periculo  magnisque  cum  por- 
toriis  mercatorcs  ire  consuerant,  patefieri  volebat.  Huic  permisit, 
si  opus  esse  arbitraretur,"  uti  in  eis  locis  legionem  lyemandi  causa 
collocaret.  Galba,  secundis  aliquot  proeliis  factis,  castellisque  com- 
pluribus  eorum4  expugnatis,  missis  ad  euni  undique  legatis,  obsidi- 
busque  datis,  et  pace  facta,  donstituit  cobortes  duas  iu  Nantuatibus 
<'olloeare,et  ipse5  cum  r<  UqrJis  ejus  '■  gioms  cobortibus  in  vico  Vera- 
groruiu,  qui  appellator  Ov!<.!iirus,  hietnare  :  qui  vicus,  positus  in 
valle,  non  magna  adjtecta  planitie,  altissitnis -montrbus  undique  con- 
tinetur.  Quum'  bio  in  duas  partes  f  umine  divideretur,  alteram 
partem  ejus  vici,$:  'essit ;  alteram,  vacuam7  ab  illis  relictam, 

eobortibus  ad  km  attribuit.   '  Eum  locum  yallo  fossaque 

raunivit.  ,  .      . 

II.  Quum  dies  hibernoit  m  complures  transissent,  frumentum- 
que  eo  comportari  jus.sissct,  subito  per  exploratores  certior  factus 
©at,  ex  ea  parte  vici,  quam  Gallia  concesserat,  omnes  noctu  discess- 
•Use,  montesque,  qui  impenderent,1  a  maxima  multitudine  Seduno- 
rum  et  Veragrorum  teneri.  Id2  aliquot  de  causis  acciderat,  ut  sub- 
ito Galli  belli  renovandi  legionisque  opprimondae3  consilium  cape- 
rent  :  primum,  quod  legionem,  neque  earn    plenissimam,4  detractis 


NOTES 


1.  1.   Summas,   J128,  Rem.  8. 

2.  Quo.  *' Along  which  ;'*  abl.tof  place 
X.   Arbitraretur,    §197,   Rem.  4.      Opus 

e$i*  is  impersonal ; — "that  ty  was  ne- 
cessary. " 
4.   Complirribus  castelli!"  eorum,    "Ma- 
ny "f  their  towers  ;"  literally,  "  Ma 
ny  towers  of  them." 


7.  Vacuam  is  predicate  After  relirtam. 
the  two  constituting  one  idea,  ami 
agreeing  with  alteram. 

II.     1.    Qui   imptndertnt  is    rather    the 
statement   of  Crassus   than   of  the 
author. 
Id  is  used  as  an  introduction  to  the 


i.   Iptc  agrees  with  the  subject  of  con-\     noun-sentet.ee  ut — captrent. 


ttiiuit.    but    limits    hitmart  ;     "And 
himself,  with  ihe  rest  of  the  cohorts, 
Ac.  to  winter,  &c." 
*.  Quum,  "Since." 


3.  Opprimendm,  §177. 

4.  Neque  earn  plenissimam,  "And  that 
not  a  Tory  full  (one)." 


46  DJJ'BELLO  GALLICO 

cohortibus  duabus,  et  compluribus  singillatirn,  qui  coefnieatus  pe- 
tendi8  causa  missi  erant,  absentibus,5  propter  paucitatem  despicic- 
bant :  turn  etiam,  quod  propter  iniquitatem  loci,  quum  ipsi  ex  mbu- 
tibus  in  vallem  decurrerent,  et  tela  conjicerenV,6  ne  primtim  quidem 
posse  iinpeturn  suum  sustirieri  e^sistimabant.  Accedebat,  quod7  suos 
ab  se  liberos  abstractos  obsiduni  nomine  dolebant.;  et  Romanes  non 
.solum  itinerum  causa,  fed  etiam  perpetute  possessions  culmina  Al- 
pium  occupare  conari,  et  ea  loca  finitimce  provincial  adjungere,  sibi 
persuasum  habebant.8 

III.  His  nunciis  acceptis,  Galba,  quum  neque  opus  hibernorum 
munitiocesque  plene  essient  perfects,  neque  de  frumento  reliquoque 
commeatu  satis  esset  provisum,  quod,  deditione  facta  obsidibusque 
acceptis,  nihil  de  bello  timendum1 .  existimaverat,  consilio  celeriter 
convocato,  sente/atias  exquirere  ccepit.  Quo  in  consilio,  quum  tan- 
turn  repentini  periculi  prjeter  opinionem  aceidisset,  sk  jam  omnia 
fere  superiora  loca  muliitudinc2  armatorum  completa3  eonspiceren- 
tur,  neque  subsidio  veniri,4  neque  comineatas  supportari  interclu^is 
itineribus  possent,5  prope  jam  desperata  salute,  nonnullse  hujusmodi 
?ententise  dicebantur,  ut,  impedimentis  relictis,  eruptione  facta,  iis- 
dem  itineribus,  quibus  eo  pervenissent,  ad  ,-alutem  contenderent. 
Majori  tamen  parti  placuit,  hoc  reservato  ad  externum  consilio,,  in- 
terim rei  eventum  experiri,  et  eastra  defend  ere. 

IV.  Brevi  spatio  interjecto,  vix  ut1  his  rg|us,2  quas  constituis- 
sent,3  collocandis  atque  administrandis  tempus  daretur,  hostes  ex 
omnibus  partibus,  signo  dato,  decurrere,  la"pides  grcsaque  in  vallum 
conjicere  :4  nostri  primo  integris  viribus5  fortiteJ  repugn  are,4  neque 
ullum  frustra  telum  ex  loco    superiore  mit^e.**  ute  quoeque   pars 


5.  Detractis  duabus  cohortibus  et  com- 
pluribus  absent.ib.us.  These  sentences 
limit  despibiebant  The  legion  was  not 
full  at  lirst,  and  after  two  cohorts 
had  been  -withdrawn,  it  was  of  course 
still  weaker. 

6.  Decurrerent, — conjicerent,  "  Would 
run  down, — would  throw." 

7.  Quod,  "  That,"  'introduces  a  noun- 
sentence,  subject  of  accedebat. 

8.  Sibi  persuasum  habebant,  "Deemed 
it  certain;"  literally,  "had  it  as  a 
thing  persuaded  to  themselves." 


4.  Neque  subsidio  venhi  (posset),  "And 
it  could  neither  be  come  (to  them) 
for  aid,''  i.e.  aid  could  not  be  brought 
to  them.   Subsidio,  §144. 

5.  Commeatus  possent.  Observe  the  close 
connection  of  the  personal  with  the 
impersonal  construction.  All  these 
sentences  are  causal,  coordinate  with 
quum  accidisset.  , 


IV.     1.  Ut,   "So  that;"      Viz  limits  da 
reiur. 

2.  Rebus  collocandis,  &c,  §144 

3.  Quas   constituissent,    See    Book   II, 
III.   1.  Timendum  (esse),   "Thatnothj     XXVII,    1 

ing   was   to   be    feared    concerning  4.  Decurrere, — conjicere,  &c,  §175. 
war,"  i.e.  that  there  was  no    danger  5.  .lutegris     viribus,      "  While     their 


of  war. 
2.  Multitudine,  £160. 
o.  Completa  is  predicate  nominative. 


strength  was  fresh  .-"  §13t>,  Htm.  1. 
6.  Ut,  "As." 


UHKK   T 


H 


orum   nudata  defens'itibu.s'  prqj  ,   e<    occurrcre*  et 

auxiliiiin  fei  ri  >uperari,*quocixli!iturnitate  pugna?  liostes 

defessi  proslio9  excedfebarit,  alii  intcgris  \  lribus  succedebant :  qua  rum 
r.erum1"  a  nostras  propter  paucitatem  Cgri  nihil  potcrat;  ac  non 
mono11  defesso  ex  |  :cedendi,  ?ed  Wo  saucit)  quidem  ejus  loci, 

ubi1-  constiterat,  relinqu  »ndi  ac  »ui  recipiendl18  faoulflig  dabatur. 

V.  Quumjam  amplius  horis  ses  eontinentef  pugntrretur,  ae  iion 
solum  vires  sed  etiatii  tela  nostril  deticcrvtit,  atque  bostes  aoriue  in- 
sjtarent,  languiditmfousquc  nostris,1  vallum  scindere  of  fossas  com- 
plere  ccepissent,  jtesque  esset  jam  ad  ex  t  rem  urn  perducta  easum,  P. 
Sextius  Ba  ulu\  primipili  centurio,  quem  Nervieo  proedio  complnri- 
bus  confeotuin2  vulneribus  diximus,  el  item  C.  Volflsenus,  trihuaus 
militum,  \  silii  magni  ct  uirtutis,* ftd  (Jalbain  iicc.urrurit.  at- 
que unam  m  salutis  docenf,  si,  eruptione  facta,  e%tremum 
ajuxilium  experirentur  4  Ii:;que,  contocatis  ftenturionibus,  celeriter 
ijiiiites  cerfioies' facit,  pauUlber  intermitterent13  procliuui,  ae  tan- 
tummodo  tela  mis.-  ue  ex  labore  refieerent  :  post. 
dato  sign  atque  omueni  spem  salutis  in  vir- 
tute  ponen 

VI.  Quod ■jusJHfeHr.it,  fa ei unt ;  ac  subito  omnib'u.s  portis1  erup- 
tion e  fact  ndi,  quid  fieret,-  nequo  sui  collicemdi3 
hostibus  faeuTOteiu  atiinquuut  Ita  commutata  fortuna,  eos,  qui  in 
spem  potiundo:  e.ui  call Erorumi  venerant,  undique  ei  renin  ventos  inter- 
ficiuut ;  et  ex  hominum  millibus  amplius  triginta,  quem'  numeruHi 
barbarorum  ad  casfra  venissc  constabat,  plus5  tenia  parte  intcrfecta, 
reliquos  perterntoRn  fugam  c'Onjiciunt,  ac  ne  in  loeis  quidem  super- 
ioribus  const.-  lftntur.  Sit',  omnibus  bostium  eopiis  fusis 
artnisque6  exutis,  ¥6  in  castra  Wuhitiouesque  sua:-  recipiunt.  Quo 
prcclio  facto,  ■                piua  foituuain  tentare  Galba  uidebat,  atque 

"■   I,rl  '•        'li»  is  limited  by  mu^noe,   which 

161.  ;  be  supplied  from  magni  abotc. 

'.).  Proelk),  §163.  |    si    experir*ntur,    ••  If  they   s-hould 

10.  Rrrum  limits  ttikil ;   ''.''•■<.  try,-"|l9T,  Re 

11.  Non  tnodo  is  eoAtralent  to  non  moth  5.  Certiotes,  §161,  b.  • 

i,  the  secawt  non  being  emitted  as  6.  Intermitfermt  depends  on  the  verb 
the  complementary  sentence  etntains  of  commanding  implied  in  certiorcs 
»  negative,  fatto;  §1*J3.  Rei 

13.  Cbi,  }>89,  Rtm. 

tirecipiendi,  "Of  recovering  him 


Hell'. 

V.      1.    Lanyuidiorihus     fi>stris, 

'    1,)  expresses  the  canse  of  vol- 
linn  icindrrr  et  fottot  comptert. 

nfectum,  tc.  esse  ;   the  subject    is 
autm. 


VI     I.  Forti*  f|lH8,)Tlniit8  trvptione. 

'1.   Fieret.  §21  1. 
3.   Sui  colligendi,  91:7,  lUm.  3. 
1.    Pottaadtaim  enstrorum,  gl77,  Jfan. 
4. 

5.  AmpliuB.flkip,  {if..",.  Km.  4. 
6    Amis,  ; 


''* 


L>K   BELLO  GALLIC*) 


alio  sese  in  hibcrna  eonsilio  veuissu  meminerat,  aliis  occurrisse  rebus 
viderat,7  maxime  frumentij$Dmmeatusque  inbpia  permotus,  postero 
die  omnibus  ejus  viei  icdificiis  incensis,  in  provinciam  reverti  con - 
tendit:  ac,  nullo  hoste  prohibente,  aut  iter  deinorante,  incolumem 
legionem  in  Nantuates,  inde  in  Allobrogas  perduxit,  ibique  hiemavit. 

VII.  His  rebus  gestis,  quum1  omnibus  de  causis  Caesar  pacatam 
Gralliam  existimaret;  superatis,  Belgis,  expulsis  G-ermanis,  victis  in 
Alpibus  Sedunis,  atque  ita'J  inita  bieme  in  Illyricum  profectus  esset, 
quod  eas  quoque  nationes  adire  et  regiones  cognoscere  volebat,  sub- 
itum bellu  u  in  Gallia  coortum  est.  Ejus  belli  hfec  fuit  causa.  P. 
Crassus  adolescen?  cum  leg'ioue  septima  proximus  mare  Oceanum" 
in  Andibus  hieuiarat.  Is,  quod  in  his  locis  inopia  frumenti  erat, 
prscfectos  tribunosqae  militum  complures  in  finitimas  civitates  fru- 
menti comment-usque  petendi  causa  dimisit :  quo  in  numero  erat  T. 
Terrasidius,  missus  in  Unellos,  M.  Trebius  Gallus  in  Curiosfllitas, 
Q.  Velanius  cum  T.  Silio  in  Venetos. 

VIII.  Hujus  civitatis  est  longe  amplissima  auctoritas  omnis  one 
maritime1  regionum  earum,  quod  et  naves  habent  Veneti  plurimas, 
quibus2  in  Britanniam  navigare  consuerunt,  et'scientia  atque  usu"  i 

•  nauticarum  rerum  reliquos  antecedunt,  et  in  magno  impetu  maris 
atque  aperto,4  paucis  portibus  interjectis,  quos  tenent  ipsi,.  omnes 
fere,  qui  eo  mari5  uti  consuerunt,  habent  vectigales.6  Ab  lis  fuit 
initium  retinendi7  Silii  atque  Velanii,  quod  per  eos  suos  se  obsides, 
quos  Crasso  dedissent,  recujperaturos  existimabant  Horum  auctor- 
itate  finitimi  adducti,  (uts  sunt  Gallorum  subita  et,  repentina  con- 
cilia) eadem  de  causa  Trebium  Terrasidiumque  retinent ;  et,  celeri- 
ter  missis  legatis,  per  suos  principes  inter  se  conjurant  nihil  nisi 
■.-omnium  eonsilio  acturos,9  eundetaque  omnes  fortunae  exitum    esse 

7.  Atque  alio  sese — viderat,  f'And  (be-IVIII.  1.  Omni*  orce  maritimos,  §134,  in 
cause)  he  remembered  that  he  had]  equivalent  to  auclaritatum  o.mnium 
gone  into  winter  quarters  with  onel  civitatum  in  ora  maritima,a,nd  though 
purpose,  (and)  had  s^en  that  he  had      not  strictly  logical, is  preferable  to  so 

>     met  with  other  events;"  i.e.  that  he|     long  and  awkward  an  expression, 
had  expected  one  thing  when  he  went 
into  winter  quarters,  but  a  very  dif- 
ferent thing  had  happened. 

VII.    1.  Quum,  "Although.' 

2.  Atque  ita,  "  And  so,"  i.e.  with  this 
belief:  a  stronger  expression  than 
itaque.  Esset  profectus  is  coordinate 
with  txistimaret. 

i.  Marc  Oceanum,  §14'J,  Rem.  4. — 
Oceanum  is  in  apposition  with  mart. 
and  distinguishes  it  from  mart  nos- 
trum,uthe  Mediterranean." 


2.  Quibus,      "  In    which,"    or    "  with 
which." 

3.  Scient;a  atque  usu,  *§1G1. 

4.  In  magno  impetu  maris  atque  aper 
to=in    impetuosissimo     mari  atque 
apertiesimo,    "In  a  very  violent  and 
very  open  sea." 

5.  Mari,  §159,  Rem.  6. 

6.  Vectigales  habent,    "  They  hold   as 
tributaries  ;  §151,  b. 

7.  Retinendi   agrees   with    the  neareBt 
noun. 

8.  Ut,  "Since." 

9.  Nihil — acturos,   "That  they  will   do 


iJi'.U  ITU  •  °1 

turos  :   ndiquasque  civitates  sollic»av^tut  in  ca  libertatc,  quam  a 

■  perunty1'  pcrmaiiert',1'  quWR  Ilomanoruni  servitutem 

i  iVrre  mallont.     Omni  ora  maritime1-  Renter  ad  suam    sentcn- 

tiam  peroucta,  coD(un.unem  legationem  atl    I'    Crassum  mittunt,  'si 

ilit  sues  recipere,  obsides  sibi   r<  mittat.' 

IX.     Quibus  de  rebu*  Caspar  ab  Crasso  certior  faotus,  quod  ipse 
berat  longius,1  naves  iuteriui   longns  aedificari  in  fiuminc   Li 
quod  influit  in  Ocean  um,  relnig^p  ex  provincia  institui,  nautas  gu'- 
aatoresqae  cotnparafi  jubkt    '  His  rebus  ccteriler  administratis, 

is  .  (pium  primunr'  per  anni  tempus  potnit,  ad  excrc.itum  conten- 
it.  Veneti,  reliquoeque  item  civitates,  cogtoito  Ca^aris  adyentu, 
muj  quod,  quantum  in  se  Pa  ious  admisisBent,3  intelligebantj  (l'e- 
ifcos.4  quod  uomen  ad  omnes  na  mctum  iuviolatumqiie  sem- 

•r  fuisset,  retcntoa  ab  so  et  in  conjectos)  pro  magnitudine 

■  ticuli  belluin  pa  rare,  et  to  ax  i me  ea,  nure  ad  usirm  navium  perti- 
entj  providere  instituunt  ;  boc  majore  spe,  quod  multum  natura 
ci  confid    bant.      Ped<  i    se  itinera  coneisa  testuuriis,  navigafcio- 

im  propter  inscientiam  loeoruin0  paucitatemque  por tu- 
rn   sciebant :  neque  foostr  iius    propter    frnmenti    inopiam' 
ins  apud  fc>e  »Orari                  ••fldebant  :   ae  jam,  ut"  omnia,  contra 
linionem  acciactent,  tarn  en  so  plurimujn  navibus  posse  :s   Romanos 
no  ullam  facultatein  habere    lavinm,  neque  eornm   locurnm,  ubi 
om  gesturi  esscn,tJ?  vada,    portus    insulasque    novis.se:  ae   longe 
aliam  esse  navigatiorfem  in  eOtieluso  maH  atque  iu  vastissimo  atque 
apertissimo    t                                  ant  10     His    initis    eonsiliis,    oppida 
niunt,  l'ruoi                 agris  in  oppida    comportant,  naves   in    \  • 
am,  ubi  Caesarini  primum  beliutu  geMurum  constabat,  quam  ]  hi   ■ 
ant,11  cognnt.     Socios  >il;i  ad  id  bellum  Osismios,  Lexovn    , 

nothing  ei  ut  "       ing  them  into  chains;"  §18i,  2,  c. 

i.   Acaperant     The  i 1 1 ■  I . .  omnes    nationo-,     "Among    . 

lyitions  " 
tor  ft  mom  cm  t«  tbedireel   I  .  ti.   In&citntiam  locorumt-sc.  Komanorian. 

ItBown    .'■!•  i    on    his]     a  si  i  nitation  ul  dudendaui 

.    r.  ;.  while  locorum  is  objective. 

I      Permanrre    ..-  eufflpletuciit  of    ;>kj.'-  ugh." 

I-  *i.  ---'.  §  160,  Rem, 

|o,  c    Uesturi,  . 
10.    Ae.  -  j)er~i-i  •ieti.'int,     "An  I 
:7.  Rem.  I.  c  early  that  navigation  141   a  mrsou 

st^u  (die  Mi  diterranean,  |  i 
1    1  .  to  •om        1  u&o  in  a  vciv  vast  and  <  p.  1  •  ci 

na  .".t  once  i.e.  that  oavigation   in  a   • 

lum  primum  10  n  very  differenl    thing  from  navi- 

'>  !  _i  14.  .     j      g  if.on  in  the  "Cenu. 

I 

p  «itbn  witli  icelva    •  The  boldi  n    l 

■ 


!)E  BELLO  CAUL  ICO 


metes,  Ambiliau>-    M>'.rfeos,   Diablintes,   Menapios  adsciscunt 
ilia  ex  Britannia,  qucc  ppntra  eas  regiones  posita  est,  arcessunt 
Erant  bfc  difficulties  belli  gerendi,  quas  supra  ostendimus'  ; 
».iulta  Caesarem  tarnenad  id  bellum  ineitabant:  injuries1  reten- 
un  equitum  Romanoruoa  ;  rebellio" facta,  post  dedition em  ;  defec- 
obsidibus  ;  tot  civitatum  eonjuratio  ;  in   primis,  ne,2  hac 
•    ,    reliqkse    nd'tiones    idem    sibi    licere3  arbitrareutur. 
:  intelligent  omnea  iefre  Gallos  novis  "rebus5  sfudere,  et 
bciliim  mob  il  iter  eelexiterque  excitari,  pmnes  autem  homines'  na- 
tura  '■".  erf;  li  studere  t  irn  in  servitutis  odisse,  prius    quarii 

plures  •.  :   :  uspii  i       ','  partiendum  sibi7  ac  latins  distribu 

• 
XT     Iiaque  T.  Labicnum  legatum  in  Treviros,  qui  proximi  Bheno 
flai::  cum  e'quitatu  mittit.     Huic  mandat,  '  Remos  feliquos- 

que  Belgas  ade.at,2 'atque  in  officio  contineat ;  Grermanosque,  qui 
auxilio3  a  Belgis  arcessiti*  dicebiiniur,  si  per  vira  navibus  flumen 
transire  cone.  it.'     I'.  Crassum.cum  cohortibus  legion- 

ariis  duodecim    c-  equitatus  in   Aquitaniam    pro- 

fieisci  jubet,  ne  ex  his  nationibus  auxilia  in  Gilliam  mitiantur,  ac 
tant;e  natidnes  conju'ngantur.     Q.  Ti  legaturn  cum 

legionlbus  tribus  in  Unellos.  Curiosolitas  Lexoviosque  mittit,  qui 
earn  manum  flb-cinendam  curat.5  D.  Brutum  adolescentem  classi 
Grallieisque  navibus,  quas  ex  ^ictonibus  et  Santonis  reliquisque  pa- 
rionibus  con  venire  JHSserat,  prwfieit ;  et,  quum  primum  pos- 
■it ,f'  in  Venetos  proficisci  jubet.  Ipso  eo  ^edestribus  copii*  coiitendit. 
XII.  •  Erant  ejusmoui  fere  situs  oppidoruin,  ut,  posita1  in  ex- 
tremis2 lingnlis  proui()Htoriis,que,neqne  pedibus  aditum  haberent, 
quum  ex  alto  se  restu?  ineitavisser,  quod"  bis'accldit  semper  horarum 
XII  spatio,4  neque  navibus,5  quod,  f  urs.u.s  minuente  sestu,  naves  in 


X.  .1.  Injuria:,  <y<*  This  and  the  fol- 
lowing nouns  aje  in  apposition  with 
mul  la 

:'-    Ne — arbilrarentttr.    The  purpose  ox 
pressed  in  this  noun  -sentence  may  be 
in  apposition  with  mul  a,  or  th 
rence  may.  depend   on  metus   > 
fcood. 

cere  is  here  person!,    aii'd  idiih  is 
subjec* 
'4.  Quum,   "  since." 

bus,  §141. 
ij.  ConspirUrent,  3206,  b.      It  was  C;e- 
sar's  purpose  to  prevent  any  farther 
conspiracy. 
7.   Sibi.  1 145. 

XI.  1.   Fiumini,  gl42,  JH«n.  3 


2.   Adeat,  §198,  Rem.  6. 

:•!.    .\uxilio"  ^144. 

4.    Arcessiti,  sc.  esse.     An  example    of 
the  personal  construction  :    the   ini 
person. .1  would  be  quos  arcessiios    di- 
tebaiur. 

5.-  Qui  — caret,  "To  see  that  that  fore; 
was  kept  apart;"  literally/'toatlend 
to  keeping  apart  that  force." 

6.   l'pssit.  §210,  c. 

XII.     1.   Posita.-sc  ea  «>r  oppida. 

2.  Extremis,  g  128,  Rem.  8. 

3.  Quod,  the  flowing  of  the  tide. 

4.  Spaiio,  §153,   Note. 

f>.  Neque  navibus  is  the  complement  of 
neque  pedibus. 


,  LIBKil  TEUTftS-* 

Tadifl  affilctarentur.8     Ita  utraque  n     J]  igtiatio  im; 

Lebatur;  ac,  si  quaudo  magnitudine  >rte  superati,  csti 

niari7  aggere  ac  molibus,  atqne  his  ferntS  i  ppi  ua- 

tis,  suis  fortunis9  desperare  cocpcrant,  magno  numero    navium    up-  ' 
tiuleo,  cujus  rci  sum  mam  facultatcm  ha'be.1  deport&baut  om- 

nia, seque  in  proximafyppida  recipieb  dem  op- 

portunitatilnts  loci  defendebant.     IT:1  ilius^magoam  parti 

sestatis  faciebant,  quod  nostras  »us  detinebanti 

gummaque  era!  vastp  atqtie  aperto  inari,1-1  maj  idub,  raris   ac 

prope  nullia  portibus,  difficultas  na.vigan.di, 

XIII.     Namque  ipsorum  naves  ad  hunc  moduna  faotro  :  rmataeque 
erant.     Carina  aliquanto1  planioree,  quail  tavium,2  quo 

facilius  vada  ac  deoessuin  aatua  excipere  possent:  pro r 93  a/lmoduin- 
erecta\  atque  item  puppes,ad  magnifeudinem  :'  empestatum- 

que  accommodate  :  naves  totre  f;  quamvis  viub  ei 

contutneliam  perferendam  :  transtra  pcdalibua  in  latitudinem  trabi- 
bus3  eonfixa  clavis  ferreis,  d*tgi  i  pollicis  erassitudine  :(    ancorro,  pro 
funibus,  ferreis  c::tcnis  revi'netae  :  pcl!esn  pro  velis,  alutscque  temii- 
ter  confectaj,  sive  propter  lini  inbpiam  atque  ejus  ift  is  insciont •: 
sive  eo,6  quod  est  magis  verisimi]  .  mpestatea  Ooeanij 

tantosque  impetus  ventorum  sustintfri,  ao  tauta  onera  navium8  regi 
veils  non  sati.-  rbitrabantur.      Cum  his  navil 

trffi  clasgi9  tfjusinoCB  congressus  erat,  ut"ana\'celei;itate  ct  pulsti  re- 
morum  proestaret ;  j^liqua,  pro  loci  naturn,  pro  Yr  tempestatum,  illis 
essent  aptiora  et  accommodatiora  :  ncque  enim  his11  nostras  rostro 
uocere  poteraut;  tanta  in  eis  erat  firmitudo  :  neque  propter  altitu- 
dineui  facile  telum  adjiciebatur  ;  et  eadem  de  causa  minus  incom- 
mode1- copulis  continebantur.     Accedebat,  ut,  quum  sa;vire  ventu.s 


0.  Affliptarentur,  vWould  be  da>hed'iixj     §104. 

pieces  ;"  ^  1 97.  c,    Rem,  12,  b.  |4     Digiti    pollicis    crassitudine,     §164. 

7.  Extruso  mari.  "When  the  sea  hid      Rem.  -. 

been  kept  out."  6    Pelles  tc.  iis  erant,    "They  had  nw 

S.   Meenibus  limits  adcequatis,  §141  hides." 

9.   St/is  f^rtum*,    dativus    incommodi, ■  *_» _   Eo.  "For  this  re 

£142.  7.   Quod  est  magis  verisimile.    The  un- 

lit. Eo  facilius,   "The    more   easily:"      tecedent  is  the  causal  sentence  fol- 
lowing 
U.  Vasto   atque   aperto   mari,    &e  , —  8.   Tant*    onera  Murium  — naves  tanti 

These  and  the  following  ablatives  arel     oneris. 

ablatives  absolute.  '•'.  ''lassi,  §143. 

'10.    Una  agrees  with  erlcritatr,  bat  liin- 
Kill.    1.  Aliquanto,  J 168.  Observe  the      its  both  celcritate  and  pultv;  "Aloi 

omission  of  erant  with  planiores ;  al-   11.    Big,  {142. 

so  throughout  the  chapter.  1 12.   Incommode,  i.e.   to  themseh 

2.  Nostrarum  navium,  tc   carina?.  the   copula  had   but  little  effect  on 

3.  Transtra  pedalibus  trabibus/bencb-'     them,  by  reason  of  their  height, 
es  consisting  of  beams  a  foot  square:'' 


i<i:  hello  gallico 

.  et  s1  vtMito  f lOf1  Is pir; (■,'•"'  et.  tempi-statem  fervent  facilius,  et 
in  vadis  consisterenfc  tiftiusj  et,  ah  aestu  derelietac,  nihil14  saxa  et 
cautes  timerent :  quarum  ferum.  omnium  nostris  navibus15  casus 
erant  extimescendu 

XIV.     Oompluribus   cxpugimtis   oppidi?,    Caesar   nb!   intellexll 
frustra  tanturu  laborem  sumi,  aequo  hostium  fugam  captis  oppidi.- 
reprinii,    neque    his    noceri    posse,1  statuit    exspcctaridam    classem. 
Qua;  ubi  convenit.  ac  pfimum  ab  hostibus  visa  est,  circiter    CCXX 
naves  eorum  paratissimse  atque  emni  genere  armoru'm  ornatissiinae. 
profeetaj  ex  portu,  nostris  adversaa  constiterunt :  neque  satis  Bruto, 
qui  classi  praeerar,  vel  tribunis  militum  centurionibusque,   quibm 
singula.*  naves  erant  atjtributa),  eonstabat,  quid|  agerent,2  aut    quam 
rationem  pugn.x  insisterent.     Rostro  enim  noceri  non  posse1  cogno- 
verant ;  turribus  autem  excitatip*?  tamen  has  altitude  puppiuui  ex 
barbaris  navibus  superabat,  ut  neque  ex  infericrc  loco    satis    corn* 
mode  tela  adjiei  possent,  et  missa  ab  Ga'llisgraviusacciderent.    Una 
eraf  magno  usui4  res  pneparata5  a  nostris,  falces  prrcacutie,  inseftaj 
affixaeque  longuriis,  non  absimili  forma  ruuraliu'm  falcium.6     His 
quum  funes,  qui  antennas  a-i  malos  destinabant,  compr'ehensi  adduc- 
tique  erant,  navigio  remis  incitato,  prajrumpebantui '      Quibus  ab  • 
scissis,  antennae  necessario  concidebanf.    ut,    quum   omnia   Gf-allicis 
navibus"  spes  in  vciis  annajueutisque  eonsbteret,  his  ereptis,  omnis 
asus  navium  uno  tempore  enperetur     Reliqunm  erat  certamen  pos- 
itum  in  virtut.e,  qua  no.-t.ri  mi lites  facile  supefaban*,  atque   eo  ma- 
gi?,8 quod  in  couspectu  Cfflsaris  atque  omnis  exereitus  res  gerebatur, 
ut  nullum  paulo8  fortius    factum  latere  posset:  onirics   enim   colics 
ac  loca  superiora,  unde  erat  propioquus  despectus  in  mare,'  ab    ex- 
ercitu  tenebantur. 

XV.  Dejectis,  ut  diximus,  an  tennis,  quum  singulas  binae  ac 
teniae  naves  circumsteterant,  militt>s  sum  ma  vrtranscendere  in  hos- 
tium  naves  contendebant.  Quod  postquam  barbari  fieri  animadver- 
terunt,  expugnati3  compluribus  navibus,  quum  ei  rei1  nullum  reperi- 
retur  auxilium,  fuga  salutem  peters  ebntenderunt,  ac  jam  conversis 


13.  Et   dedkisml    is    co-ordinate   -with:     pven  *ft*r  toy efrs' had*  been  raided''- 
quum  cwpisset,    while    the   following  |4.   Usui,  §144 

sentences  are  final,  introduced  by'a#.  15.    P-rarparAtk  limits  rts.     -Which  hud 

14.  Nihil,  §155.  prepared  beibrehatKl."     Falc^k 

15.  Navibus,  $146.  pramcutcc  is  in  apposition  with  res. 

fi.    Wurulivin  falcium   limits  forma-  un- 
XIV.    1.  Neque, his  noceri  posse, "Audi     derstodd    "Of  a  shape i.not  unlilie  4h«- 
that  ho  harm  could  be  ftotte  to  (belli ;"      shape  of  wall  hooks." 
literally,    "that  it  could  not  be  hurt  7.   Navihos,  ^  1 47. 
to  these."     His,  §142.  |8.  Eo  -uwgis,  ••  The  more,"  |1G8. 

2.  Quid  agerenl,   "What  to  do;''  |2l4J 

3.  Turribus    autem    excitatis,      "And'XY.    1     Ei  rei  limits  avxilvim.  2142. 


LIBER  TERTI 

1  earn  partem  navibus,  quo-  ventus  ferebat,  tonta  subito  malacia  ac 
rauquillitas  exstitit.  ut  se  ex  loco  niovere  non  possent.  Qua)  qui- 
viem  res  ad  negotium  conficieiidum  maxime  fuit  opportuna :  nam 
ingulas  nostri  oonsectati  cxpugnaverunt,  ul3  perpaucas  ex  omni 
timero  noctis  interventu  ad  terrain  pervenerint,  quum4  ab  bora  fere 
quart*  usque  ad  solis  occasum  pugnaretur. 

XVI.     QittO  pfoelio  bellum  Venetorum  totiusque  ora>  maritime 

Fecturd  est.     Nam.  quum1  omnis  inventus,  omnes  etiam  gravioris 

:otatis,  in  quibus  aliquid  consiliv2  aut   dignitatis  fuit,   co   convene- 

rant ;  tum,na,vium  quod  ubique  fuerat,3  unum  in  locum  coegerant : 

luibus  amisais,  reliqui,  neque  quo  sc  reciperent,  ueque  quemadmo- 

lum  oppida  defeudereut,  habebaut.'1     Itaquc  se  suaque  omnia  CaJ- 

>ari  dedideruut.     In  quos  eo  gravius*  Coesar  vindicandum   statuit, 

(mi  diligentius5  in  reliquum  tempu»  a  barbaris  jus  legatorum  con- 

^ervaretur.  Itaque,  omni  senatu  r.ecato,  rcliquos  sub  corona  vendidit 

XV IT.  Dum  hneo  in  Ve»'etis  geruutur,  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus  cum 
is  copiis,  quas  a  Oa^sarc  acoeperat,  in  fines  Unellorum  pervenit.  His 
prccerat  Viridovix,  ac  summam  imperii  tenebat  earum  omnium  civi- 
tatutu,  qua;  defceerant,  ex  quibus  excreitum  magnasque  ccpias  coe- 
iierat.  Atque  his  paueffl  di'ebus1  Aulerei  Eburovices  Lexoviique, 
•senatu  suo  interfecto,  quod  auctores belli  esse  nolebanfc,  portasclaus- 
erunt,  sequc  cum  Yiridovice  conjunxerunt ;  magnaque  praiterea 
multitudo  undiqi^cex  Gallia  perditorum  bominum  latronumque  con- 
venerant,  quos  spes  praidandi  studiumque  bellandi  ab  agriculturaet 
quotidiano  labore  revocabat.  Sabinus  idoneo  omnibus  rebus2  loco 
castris3  scse  tenebat,  quum4  Viridovix  contr*  eum  duuni  millium 
spatio5  c -insedisset,  quotidieque  productis  copils  pugnandi' potesta- 
tem  faceret ;  ut  jam  non  solum  hostibus0  in  contemptionem  Sabinus 
veniret,  sed  etiam  nostrorum  militum  vocibus  nonnibil"  carperetur: 
taotamquc  opiuiouem  timoris  pnubuit,  ut  jam  ad  vallum  castrorum 


10,  $129,  Rim.  )(j.  ,5.  Eo  gravius,    "  The  more  suverelv  ;" 

■  ;.    It,    "So  thai."  {168. 

4.  Quum,'  "Although."  .  6.  Quo  dillgentius,  §193,  Rem.  3» 

XVI.   1.   Quum — turn,    "Not  only — Hut  XVII.    1.   His  paucis  diebus,    "Within 

also  tho-e  few  days  ;"  i.«.  since  the  arri- 

ilii,  ?  I'U  val  «f  Sabinus. 

:!.  Nimuin  quod  ukique  l'uerat,"What-,2.  Omnibus  rebus,    "  In  all  respects  ;' 

cTcr  of  ships  had  been  eTerywhcre;M|     §161. 

t.  e.    all    the    bhips   they  had  every- 3.    ('astris,  J166. 

win  rr.  t     Quum,  "Although.1 

A.   Reliqui — habebant,    "  The  rest  had 

neither  a  place  of  retreat,  nor  means 

of  defending  their  towns;"   literally, 

"  whither  they  mi^ht    retreat,   &c." 

{214.  |7.   Nonnihil,  {155. 


5.  Spatio,  §163. 

6.  Hoitibus  is  object  of   tho  compound 
verbal    expression    in  conlemf 
rtniret. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


hostes  accedere  auderent.  Id  ea  de  causa  faciebat,  quod  cum  tanta 
multitudinc  hostium,  pra^sertim  eo  absente,  qui  sumraam  imperii 
teneret,s  nisi  aequo  lofeo,  aut  opportunitate  aliqua  data,  legato  dimi- 
candum9  non  existimabat. 

XVIII.  Hac  confirmata  opinione  timoris,  idoneum  quendam 
hominem  et  callidum  delegit,  Galium,  ex  his,  quos.  auxiiii  causa  se- 
cum  habebat.  'Huic  magnis  praemiis  pollicitationibusque  persuadet, 
uti  ad  hostes  transeat;  et,  quid  fieri  velit,1  edocet.  Qui  ubi  pro 
perfuga  ad  eos  venit,  timorem  Romauorum  proponit  ;•' quibus  an- 
gustiis  ipse  Caesar  a  Venetis  prematur,'2  docet  :  < neque  longius  ab- 
esse,  quin  proxima  nocte  Sabinus  clam  ex  castris  excrcitum  edu- 
cat,3  et  ad  Cffisarem  auxiiii  ferendi.  ouxsa  proficiscatur.'  Quod  ubi 
auditum  est,  conclainant  omues  occasionem  negotii  bene  gereiul: 
amittendam  non. esse,  ad  castra  iri  oportere.4  Multaeresad  hoc  con- 
silium Gallos  hortabantur  :  superiorum  dierum  Sabini  cunctatio,5 
perfugae  confirmatio,  inopia  cibariorum,  cui  rei  parum  diligentee  ab, 
iis  erat  provisum,  spes  Venetici  belli,  et  quod  fere  libenter  homines 
id,  quod  volunt,  creduni.  ITis  rebus  adducti,  non  prius  Viridovi- 
cem  reliquosque  duces  ex  concilio  dimittunt,  quam  ab  his  sit  con- 
cessum,6  arma  uti  capiant,  et  ad  castra  coirteti'dant.  Qua  re  con- 
cessa,  laeti,  up  explorata  victoria,7  sarmentis  virgultisque  collectis, 
quibus  fossas  Romanorum  compleant,6  ad  castra  pergunt. 

XIX.  Locus  erat  castrorum  editus,  et  paulatim  ab  imo  acclivis. 
circiter  passus  milld.1  Hue  magno  oursu  conteriiderunt,  ut  quam 
minimum"2  spatii3  ad  se  colligendos  arhiandosque  Romanis  daretur, 
exanimatique  pervenerunt.  Sabinus,,  suos  hortatus,  cupientibus4 
signuni  dat.  Impeditis  hostibus  propter  <g£,  quae  ferebant,  onera, 
subito  duabus  portis5  eruptionem  fieri  jubet.     Factum  est  opportuni- 


8.  Teneret,  §210,  c 

9.  Dimicandum  (esse),  §178. 

XVIII.  1.  Quid  is  subject  of  fieri,  and 
quid  fieri  the  equivalent  object  of 
velil.     For  the  subjunctive,  pee  §214. 

2.  Prematur,  §214. 

3.  Neque  lougius  (Sabiuum)  abesse  &c. 
"That  at  no  later  period  than  the  next 
night,  Sabinus  will  lead  out  &c." — 
Literally,  "That  (Sabinus)  is  not  far- 
ther than  the  next  night  from  leading 
(but  that  Sabinus  will  lead)  out  the 
army,  &c."  Compare  the  expression 
minime  abfuit  quin  interficeretur,  "he 
was  very  near  being  elain."  The  su- 
perlative proxima  here  has  its  usual 
position, — in  the  dependent  rather 
than  the  principal  sentence.  Com- 
pare §129,  Rem.  6.  , 


4.  Iri  oportere,  "That  it  behooved  that 
it  be  gone;"  i.e.  "that  they  ought  to 
go."  Iri  is  subject  of  oportere,  both 
being  impersonal. 

5.  Superiorum  dierum  Sabini  cuncta- 
tio, "  Sabinus's  delay  on  former 
Jays  "  Both  subjective  genitive?. 

6.  Priusquam  sit  concessum,  §206,  b. 

7.  Ut  explorata  victoria,  "  As  if  the 
victory  were  already  gained:"  liter- 
ally, "'the  victory,  as  it  were,  being 
certain." 

8.  Compleant.  §2l0,  a. 

XIX.  1.  Passus  mille,  §153. 

2.  Quam  minimum,  "As  little  as  possi- 
.  ble;"  §203,  Rem.  1. 

3.  Spatii,  §134. 

4.  Cupientibu?, "Eager  (for  thought)." 

5.  Portis,  §163.' 


LLUER  TERTIU8.  74 

tate  loci,  hostium  ipjcientfa  kc  defntigatione,  virtute  militum,  su- 
pcriornm  pugnaruin  exercitatione,  ut  ne  unuin  quidem  nostrorum 
impetum  ferrent*,  a.0  statim  terga  verterent.  Qims  impeditos  inte- 
gris  viribus  milites  nostri  consecuti,  magnum  mimerum  eorum  occi- 
derunt ;  reliquos0  equites  consectati,  paucos,  qui  ex  fuga  evaserant, 
reliqiierunt.  Sic  uno  tempore  et  de  nayali  pugna  Sabinus  et  de 
Sabini  victoria  Caesar  certior  factus :  civitatesque  omnes  se  statim 
Tlturio  dediderunt.  Nam,  ut"  ad  bclla  suscipienda  Gallorum  alacer 
ac  promptus  est  animus,  sic  mollis  ac  minime  resistcns8  ad  calami 
rates  perf'erendas  mens  eornm  est. 

XX.  Eodem  fere  tempore  P.  Crassus,  quuui  in  Aquitaniam  pei- 
isset,  qure  par.-,  ut'  ante  dictum  est,'  et  regionum  latitudine  et 
multitudifrtS*  homiuum  ex  tcrtia  parte  Galliae3  est  oestimanda,  opium4  . 
intclliger'et  in  bis  locis  sibi  bellum  gerendum,  ubi5  paucis  ante  an- 
nis6  L.  Valerias  Prseconinus  legatus,  exercitu  pulso,  interfectus  es- 
set,7  atque  unde6  L.  Mauilins proconsul,  impediments  amissis,  pro'- 
fugisset,7  non  medic-cn  liligen^'ani  a<~.hibi>ndam  intelligebat . 

Itaque,  re'  i'rumcntf*ia  provisa,  auxii  's    equitatuque    comparato,s 
multis  |  iiMfcfortii  a,   Oarcasonc  et  Narbone,9  qun 

sunt  civitates  GalliR  provincial,  fiuifcinue  bis  regionibus,  hominatifn 
eTocatis,  in  Sojfiktium  tines  cxercitum  introduxit.  Cujus  adventu 
nito,  Sotiateftma'giiis  copiis  coactis  equitat uq.ue,  quo1"  pluri- 
mutn11  valeban.yftn  itinere  agmen  nostrum  adorti,  primum  equesfcre 
prcelium  cominis'brunt  :  deiode,  equitatu  suo  pulso,  atque  insequen- 
ribus  nostfis,  sufeito  pi  :opias,   quas   in   eonvalle  ex   insidiis 

collocaverant,  ostujiderjnt.     Hi,  nostros  disjectos  adorti,  prcelium 
renovaverunt. 

!  XL.     Pu.       .  -L  diu  atque  acriter,  quinn1  Sotiates,  superi- 

nribus  victoriia2  freti,  in  sua  virtute  totius  Aquitania)  salutem  pos- 

itam  putarent;  nostri  autem,  quid  sine  imperatore  et  sine  reliquis 

Icgionibus,  adolcscentiil%duce,:;  efficere  possent,4  perspici  cupereut  :l 

— - 

ieltqvoe  is tho  object  of  conxectuti. —  |     here  mentioncl  ocoured  in    the   war 
Observe  its  emphatic  posiffnii.  of  Sertorius ;   see  XXIII 

T.    I  i    ••Ac."    Tin.-  anuc-'i'iit    -  tie.        7.    Inter  fee  tue  e*sot   profugisset,  . 
?.   Minim*    reeistena,     "  Very    irreso       c 
hue"        .  8.  Cotnp&rato,  §128,  Rem,  2. 

,9  ne,   N.-ii  tmric.  \  168. 

XX  .  I     Ut,  $211    Ex    (<■).  tfcno,  |161. 

■  miiiiiiinlnw.  §161.  M     Plurimiini.  (160,  lltm    3. 

\.k  ipiti»  parte  Galli.c=tcrii»   para1 

»x  (iallia.  XXI      1.   Quum.   "Since." 

i    Quaoi,  '  12.  Victortte,  eaoMl  abl 

o.   Ubi,  unde.  J129.  Rem.  10.  |3.   Adolescentulo  <luce,  Jl^J.  Aim    1. 

•      I'»uci*  anto  aniii-.    "A    few    years  4     Possent,  £214 

2.     The  events  5.   Perspici  capertot,   "Wire  <>>ger  f< 


» 


76  DE  BELLO  GALL1CO 

I 
tandem  confecti  vulneribus  hostes  jterga  v'e.rtere..  Quorum  maguo 
numero  interfecto,  Crassus  ex  itinere  oppidjim  Sotiatium  oppugnare 
coepit.  Quibus  fortite'r  resistentibua,  vineas  turresque  egit  Illi. 
alias  eruptione  tentata,  alias  cunieulis  ad  aggerem  vineasque  aotis. 
(cujus  rei6  sunt  longe  peritissimi  Aquitani,  propterea  quod  multis 
locis7  apud  eos  nerarioe  secturoe  sunt),  ubi  diligentia  nostrorum  nihil 
his  rebus  profici  posse8  intellexerunt,  legatos  nd  Crassum  mittunt. 
seque  in  deditionem  ut  recipiat,  petunt.  Qua  re  impetrata,  arma 
tradere  jussi,  faciunt. 

XXII.  Atque  in  ea  re  omnium  nostrorum  intentis  animis,  alia 
ex  parte  oppidi  Adcantuannus,  qui  summam  imperii  teuebat,  cuuj 
sexcentis  devotis,  quos  illi  Soldurios1  appellant,  (quorum  hrec  est 
conditio,  uti  omnibus  in  yita  commodis2  una  cum  his  fruantur,  quo- 
rum se  amicitiac  dediderint  ;3  si  quid  iis  per  vim  accidat,  aut  'eun- 
dem  casum  una  feran*-,  aut  sibi  mortem  consciscant  :  neque  adhue 
hominum  memoria  repertus  est  quisquam,  qui,  eo  interfecto,  cujus 
se  aniicitiae  devovisset,4  mori  recusaret),4  cuin  iis5  Adcantuannus, 
eruptionem  facere  conatus,  clamore  ab  ea  parte  munitionis  sublato, 
quum  ad  arma  milites  concurrissent,  vebementerque  ibi  pugnatum 
esset,  repulsus  in  oppidum,  tauten  uti  eadem  deditiouis  conditione 
uteretur,  a  Crasso  impetravit. 

XXIII.  Armis  obsidibusque  acceptis,  Cras.sus  in  fines  Vocatium 
et  Tarusatium  profectus  est.  Turn  vero  barbari  commoti,1  quod  op- 
pidum, et  natura  loci  et  manu  mumtum,  paucis  diebua,  quibus  eo 
ventum  erat,2  expugnatum  cognoverant,  legatos  quoquover^us  dimit- 
tere,  conjurare,  obsides  inter  sedarc,  co.pias  parare  cceperunt.  Mit- 
tuntur  etiam  ad  eas  civitates  legati,  qujc  sunt  citerioris  Hispaniae,8 
finitimae  Aquitania?  :4  inde  auxilia  ducesque  arcessuntur.  Quorum 
adventu5  magna  cum  auctoritate  et  magna  cum  hominum   multitu- 

.  dine  bellum  gerere  conantur.  Duces  vero  ii  deliguntur,  qui  una 
cum  Q.  Sertorio6  omnes  annos  fuerant,  summamque  scientiam  rei 
militaris  habere  exLstiniabantur.     Hi  consuetudine  populi  Roman i 

it  to  be  see*  what,  &o."     The  noun-|5.   Cum  Ut,  repeated  from  cur?i  sexcenti-t 

sentence  quid  possent  is  subject  of  thej     dtvotis. 

impersonal pertpici,  though   logically' 

dependent  upon  it.  IXXIII.   1.  Commoti,  "Alarmed." 

6.  Rei,  §120,  a.  2.  Quibus  eo  ventum  erat    (a   Crasso). 

7.  Locis,  ^  1 1>(3.  "Alter    Crassus  had  come."     {167, 

8.  Nihil  profici    posse,    "That   no    ad-       Rem,  2,  c. 

Tance  could  be  made:"  (that  it  could  p.   Citerioris  Hispanito,    sc.    civitates  ; 

be  advanctd  as  to  nothing;  §15»).    •!     §133.  ' 

|4.  Aquitanias,  {142,  Bern.  3. 
XXII.   1.  Soldurios,  {151,  b.  S,  Advent*.  {167. 

2.  Commodis,  §159,  Item.  6.  6.  "Q.  Sertorio.     Quintus    Sertorius,    a 

;;.  Dediderint,  §210,  b.  partizan    of   Marius,   fled    to    Spain 

4.  Devovisset,  recusaret,  {2 10,  b.  when  Sulla  gained  the  ascande»cy  at 


LIBER  TERTIU.S.  ,77 

loca  capere,  castramuuirc, connaeatibus7  riostros  intercludere  iustit- 
uuut.  Quod  ubis  Crassus  auimadvertit  suas  copias  propter  exigui- 
tatem  nou  facile  diduei,  liostem  et  vagari  et  vias  obsidere  et  castris 
satis  prsesidii9  relinquere,  ob  earn  causam  minus  commode  frumen- 
tum  commeaturaque  sibi  sunportari,  in  dies  hostium  numeruui  au- 
•reri ;  nou  ounctandum1'1  -existimavit,  quin  pugna  decertaret.  llac 
re  ad  consilium  delata,  ubi  onirics  idem  seritire  intcllexit,  poslerum 
diem  pagnae  const  ituit. 

XXIV,  Prima  luce,  productis  omnibus  copiis,  duplici  acie  in- 
stituta,  auxiliis  in  mediam1  aciem  conjectis,  quid  hostes  consilii'2 
ca-pdrent,3  exspectabat.  Illi,  exsi  propter  multitudinem  ct  veterem 
belli  gloriam  paucitatemque  nostrorum  se  tuto  dimicaturos  existi- 
mabant,  tamcu  tutius  esse  arbitrabantur,  obsessis  viis,  commeatu 
intercluso,  sine  ullo  vulnere  victoria  potiri ;  et,  si  propter  inopiam 
rei  frumcntariaD  Ilomaci  sese  recipere  ooepissent,4  impeditc's  in  ag- 
mine  et  sub  sarciais,  infcriorea  annuo,  adoriri  cogitabant.5  Hoc 
co  nail  to  probato  ab  ducibus,  productis  Romanorum  copiis,  sese  cas- 
tris tenebaat.  llac  re  perspecta,  Crassus,  quum  sua  cunctatione  at- 
que  opinione  timidiores  hostes  uostros  milites  alacriores  ad  pugnan- 
dum  effecisseut,''  atque  pmnium  voces  audirentur,  exspectari  diutius 
nun  ojjortcre,"  quin  adcaslra  iretw,  cobortatus  suos,  omnibus  cupi- 
entibus,  ad  hostium  castfa  contendit. 

XXV.  Ibi  quum  alii  i'ossas  complerent,  alii  multis  telis  conjec- 
tis defensorcs  vallo  munitionibusque1  depellerent,  auxiliaresque, 
juibus  ad  pugnam  non  lnultum-  Crassus  cotifidebat,  lapidibus  telis- 

quc  subminjstraridis*  ct  ad   aggerem4  cespitibus  comportandis  spe- 

, j. , j , __ 

Rome,  and  though  defeated  and  driv-  |5.  Cogitabant,   "  They  intended." 

en  from  the  country  I  !ufen-j6.  Quum  sua  cunctatioue    atque    opin- 

ants  of  Sulla    he  retimed,   d^n-artd      ione  (tiinoris),  timidiores  hostes  nos- 


• 


and  Blew  bis  anto^onidk,   aa 

Itimsolf,  by  his  wisdom  and 
generalship.  Against  the  whole  power 
of  the  Sullan  party,  till  he  was 


tros  milites,  &c,  '•  When,  by  their 
own  delay  and  the  impression  of  fear 
(produced  upou  our  men),  the  too 
timid  enemy  had  made  ourmen,&c.' 


assassinated  by  l'crpenna,  B.C.  72.  7.  Exspectari  diutius  non  oportere,&c. 

imeatfcus,  §163.  "That  they  ought  no  longer  to  hesi- 

8.  Quod  ubi,  "Bat  when;"}]!  2&,  2£em.  I  tat  e  to  go  to  the  camp  :"    ("that   it 

19.  did  not   behoove   thai  it   be    waited 

V.   Pnesidii,  §134.  longer  from  going  to  the    camp.") — 

U>.  Non  cunctandatn,  &c.,"IIo  thought  The  infinitive  sentence  '  depends  on 

that  he  ought  tin;  to  hesitate  to  (but  the    vtrbum  dicendi  implied  in    voce 

thai  he  should)   contend  in  battle.''  audirentur. 


■31 


- 


XXV.    1.   Vallo  munitionibusque,  gl'>3 
XXIV    1.  Mediam,  gl28,  Rtm,,  8.  m.  3. 

-ilii,  §134.  3.   Lapidibus  telitque  '-ubministrandi.-. 

'■'>.  Capcrcnt,   §214  §177;  abl.  of  manner. 

I.   C  "  Should  begin,"    §197,4.   Ad  aggtrem,    The  enemy's  rampart, 

Rem.  1  ;  §198,  (a).  not  a  mound  built  by    the   attacking 

g2 


DE  BELLO  GALL1C0 


ciem  atque  opinionem  pugmntiumpraeberent,  quuni  item  ab  hostibus 
constanter  ac  non  timide  pugnaretur,  telaque  ex  loco  superiore  ruissa 
non  frustra  acciderent;  equites,  circuniitis  bostium  castris,  Crasso 
renunciaverunt,  'non  eaflem  esse  diligentia  ab  decumana  porta5  cas- 
tra  munita^facilemqueraditum  habere.' 

XXVI.  Crassus,  equitum  praefectos  cohortatus,  ut  magnis  pras- 
miis  pollicitationibusque  suos  excitarent,  quid  fieri  velit,1  ostendit 
Illi,  ut2  erat  imperatum,  eductis  quatuor,  cohortibus,  quae,  praesidio 
castris3  relictae,  intritae  ab  labore  erant,  et,  longiore  itinere  circuin- 
ductis,  ne  ex  bostium  castris  conspici  possent,  omnium  oculis  men- 
tibusque  ad  pugnam  intentis,  celeriter  ad  eas,  quas  diximus  muni' 
tiones  pervenarunt ;  atque,  his  prorutis,  prius  in  bostium  castris 
consttterunt,  quam  plane  ab  iis  videri,  aut,  quid  rei  gereretur,  cog- 

#nosci  posset.4  Turn  vero,  clamore  ab  ea  parte  audito,  nostri  redin- 
tegratis  viribus,  quod5  plerumque  in  spe  victoriaa  accidere  consue- 
vit,  acrius  impugnare  copperunt.  Hostes  undique  circumventi,  de- 
speratis  omnibus  rebus,  se  per  munitiones  dejicere,  et  firga  salutem 
petere  intenderunt.  Quos  equitatus  apertissimis  campis  consecta- 
tus,  ex  millium  quinquaginta  numero,  quae , ex  Aquitania  Cantabris- 
que  convenisse  constabat,  vix  quarta  parte  relicta,  multa  nocte0  se 
in  castra  recepit. 

XXVII.  Hac  audita  pugna,  maxima  pars  Aquitania;1  sese  Crasso 
dedidk,  obsidesque  ultro  niiait :  quo  in  numero  fuerunt  Tarbelli, 
Bigerriones,  Preciani,  Vocates,  Tarusates,  Elusates,  Garites,  Au.^ci, 
Garumni,  Sibuzates,  Cocosates.  Paucae  ultimas  nationes,  anni  tem- 
pore2 connsae,  quod  hiems  suberat,  boc  facere  negleserunt 

XXVIII.  Eodem  fere  tempore  Caesar,  ejtsi  pro|)e  exacta  jam  aestas 
crat,  tamen,  quod,  omni  Gallia.1  pacata,  Morini  Menapiique  supere- 

•    rant,  qui  in  armis  essent,  neque  ad  eum   unquai:   legatos  de   pace 
raisissent,2  arbitratus  id  bellum  celeriter  confici  posse,  eo  exercitum 


party.     This  was  done  only  in  a  reg- 
ular siege. 
5.   Ab  decumarta  porta,  "On  the  side  of 
the  decuman  gate." 

XXVI.  1.  Quid  fieri  velit,  §214.     Quid 

is  subject  of  fieri. 
•1.  Ut,  §211,  Ex.  (e). 
8.  Praesidio   castris,    $144,   Rem.  1. — 

Both  datives  are  retained  in  the  pas 

sive. 
4.  Prius  quam— posset,  §206,  b,  (2).— 

Cognosci  and  videri  are  complements 

of  posset.    Rei,  §134,  Gereretur,  §214. 
•5.  Quod,   "Which  thing," — antecedent 

implied  in  redintegratit  viribus. 


6.   Multa  nocte,  sc.  consumpta. 

XXVII  1.  Aquilaniaz,  by  metonomy 
for  the  states  of  Aquitania. 

2.  Tempore^  causal  ablative  ;  a  dative 
df  advantage'  is  also  used  with  con- 
fido. 

XXVIII.  1.  Omni  Gallja,  "All  the  rest 
of  Gaul."  As  the  Morini  and  Mena- 
pii  formed  but  a  small  part  of  Gaul, 
Caesar  speaks  as  if  the  whole  had 
been  subdued. 

2.  Essent,  mississent,  contendissent, 
§210,  c. 


LIBER  QUAUTUS.  79 

adduxit ■  :  qui  longe  alia  ratione,  ac  reliquijjalh,*  bellum  agere  in- 
stituerunt.  Nam  quod  intelligebant  maximas  nationes,  qua)  pfroolio 
eontendi«sent,  pulsad  superatasque  esse,  continentesque  silvas  ac  pa- 
ludes  babebant,  eo  sesuaque  omnia  contulertfat.  Ad  quarum  ini- 
tium  silvarum  quum  Crcsav  pervenisset,  eastrVjue  munire  instituis- 
set,  neque  bostis  interim  vi-us  essef,  dispersis  in  opere  nosTris,  sub- 
ito  ex  omnibus  partibus  silvae  evolaverunt/et  in  nostros  impetum 
fee  runt.  Noatri  eeleriter  arma  ceperunt.  eosque  in  silvaa  repule- 
rui.t ;  et,  coropluribus  inter  i'eetis,  longius  impedilioribus,  loci.s  sc- 
euti,4  paueos  ex  suis  deperdiuerunt. 

XXIX.  Reliquis  deincepn  dicbu^  Csosar  silvas  credere  instituit ; 
et,  ne  quia  inermibus  imprudentibusque1  niilitibus  ab  latere  impe- 
tus fieri  posset,  omnem  earn  niateriam,  quffi  erat  ceesa,  eonversam  ad 
bostem  collccabat,  et  pro  vallo  ad  utrnmque  latus  exstruebat,.  Tn- 
credibili  celeritate  magno  spatio  paucis  diebus  eonfecto.  quum  jam 
pecus  atque  cxtrema  impedimenta  ab  nostris  tenerentur,  ipsi  densi- 
ores  ailvas  peterent,  ejusmodi  tempestates  sunt  con  secutEe,  uti  opus 
necessjirio  intermitteretur ;  et  .contiuuatione  imbrium  diutius  sub 
pellibus-  milites  continei  i  mm  posscnt.  Itaque,  vastatis  omnibus 
eorum  agrii,  vicis  rediriciuque  iucen.'is,  Cassar  exercitum  reduxit; 
etin  Aulercis  Lcxovirfque,  reliquis  item  civitatibue,  quae  proximo 
bcllum  fecerant,  in  bibernis  collocavit. 


DE  BELXO  GALLIGO 
f      fclBER     IV. 

I.  Ea,  qu;e  secuta  est.  bieme,  qui  fuit  annus  Cn.  Pompeio,  M. 
Crasso  consulibus,1  Usipetes  Qermani  et  item  Tencbtbori  magna  cum 
multitudine  honjinum  fluruen    Rhenum    transierunt,    non    bmge   a 

::.   Longe  nlia  ratione ac  reliqui    Galli    XXIX      1.    Inermibus    imprudeutibus 


In  a  far  different  maimer  from  Un- 
rest of  the  Gauls  ;"  ^"in  a  manner 
far  other  than  the  rest  of   the  Gnu's 


ijiir,    '•  When  unarmed  uud  ofl'  their 
guard 
Sub  pcliibu*    The  winter  quarters  of 


carrie  1  on  war.    i  the  Itoraans   consisted    of   log    huts, 

4V  Longius  impeditiorihus  locis  secuti.  usually  Lhatohed    with    straw.     Tbe 

"Having  pursued  too  far.  where  tbe  tenia  used  in  9 u mater  were  made    of 

ground  was  more  obstructed;"  |186  leather  or  raw  hid<*. 
j.'tm.  1 . 

N  O  T  E  8  . 

1.     1.    Cn.  Pompeio, M.CraifO  coTuultbu*  "The    jear    when    CneilM    Pompey 

.  limits  annus, — a  rare  construction.—  and  Mai  is  were  consuls." 


80 


DE  iJELLO  GALLlCO 


is    belli  <interniittitur.     Sed 

neque  longius  anuoT  re- 

tr    Neque  multum  frumen- 

pecore    vivunt,    multumque 


•■  ;ri,  quo  Riienus  iuihiit.'-  Causa  tiauseundi  fuit,  quod  ab  Suevis 
oomplurcs  ar.nOvS  exagitati  bello  premebantur,  et  agricultural  pro- 
hibebantur.  Suevoxuin  gens  est  b;ag.i  maxima  et  bellicosissirna 
iianorum  omniirat  <-.  III  centum  pagos  habere  dicuutur,  ex  qui- 
bus quotannis  Miigula.afilia-1  armatorum  bellandi  causa  ex  Ambus* 
educunt.  ©lleliqui,  qujpomi  ma:ise^int,°  se  atque  illos  alunt.  Hi 
rursus  inviceru  ann  i  anuiajjfcut ;' illi    domi    remanent.     Sio 

neque  agricultura,  nee  vajjio  atqufl 
privati  ac  separati  agri^apud  eoj  nj 
:  e  uih)  in  loco  incolendi 
ed  maximam  partem5  lacte  ao 
sunt  in  venationibus  :  quce  res"10  ct  eibi  genere  .et  quotidiana  exerci- 
tatione  et  libertate  vitie  (quod,  apueris  nullo- officio  aut  disciplina 
:i£suefacti,  nihil  omnino  contra  volunbatem  i'aciant,)  et  vires  alit,  et 
hmna!'.i  corporum  magnitudine11  homines  efficit.  Atque  in  earn12  se 
eonsuetudinem  ad&uxerunt,  ut  locis  frigidissimis  neque  vestitus13 
prseter  pelles  habeant  quidquam,  (quaruin  propter  exiguitatem  rnag- 
ua  est  corporis  pars  aperta),  et  lavenlur14  in  tluminibus. 

II.  Mercatoribus  est  ad  eos  aditus  magis  eo,  ut  qusa  bello  eepe- 
rint.1  quibus  vendant,'2  habeant,  quam  quo3  uliam  rem  ad  se  irnpor- 
tari  d;esiderent:  quin  etiam  jutnentis,4  quibus  maxime  Gallia5  de- 
iectatur,  quteque  impenso  paran  Germani,  importatis  hi  non 

utuntur  :T    sed,  quees  sunt  a;  parva  atque  deforniia,  bisec9 

quotidiana  exeroitatione,  summi  ut  jdarc  laboris,  efficiunt.10  Eques- 
tribus  procliis11  saepe  ex  equis  desiliunt,  ac  pedibus12  prceliautur, 
equosque  eodem  remanere  vestigio  assuefaciun^;  ad  quos  se  celeriter, 


2.  Quo  Khenus  influit,  "Into  which  the 
Rhine  Hows." 

3.  Agricultura,  §103. 

4.  Ex  quibus  ningu'a  millia''  "  From 
each  of  which  they  leada  thousand." 

5.  Manserint,  §210,  b. 

6.  Affri  limits  nihil;  §134. 

7.  Anno,  §165. 

8.  Fruineuto,  abiativo  of  means. 

9.  Maximam  partem,  sc.  victus,  §150, 
Hem.  ~. 

10.  Quse  res,  i.e.  their  manner  of  living. 

11.  Innaani  corporum  maguitudiue, — 
'•Of  huge  sfize  of  body ;"  §164. 

12.  Earn.  "Such." 

13.  Vestitus  limits  quidquam,  §134 

14.  Laveutur,  "Wash  themselves." 

II.  1.  Qua?  bello  ceperint,  "What  they 
have  taken  in  war,"  §210,  b;  object 
of  vendant.  -  I 

2.  Quibus  vendant,  §2 10,  a;  object  of  I 


habeant.  The  English  order  is  Ut 
habeant  quibus  vendant  quce  bello  cepe- 
rint. 

3.  Quo— quod,  "Because." 

4.  Jumentis,  §159,  Rem.  6. 

5.  Gallia,  by  metonomy  for  Oalli. 

6.  Pretio,  §162. 

7  Importatis  hi  noa  utuntur,  "  These 
do  not  import ;"  ("do  not  use  being 
imported.") 

8.  Quae,  "What  ones."  Observe  the 
emphatic  position  both  of  relative 
and  antecedent. 

9.  Ha3c,    ''  These ;"    object  of  tfficiunt. 

10.  Summi  ut  siut  laboris  efficiunt, — 
"They  cause  to  be  (horses)  of  the 
greatest  labor ;"  i.e.  they  make  ca- 
pable  of  undergoing    the    greatest 

'    labor. 

11.  Proeliis,  §167. 

12.  Pedibus,  §166. 


LIBER  QUAHTUdE  61 


ijuuin  usus  est,  recipiun!  :  nei|ue  eurum  lugjFibusJP  turpius  quidi^uani 
Rut  iiiertius  habetur,  quam  epfcippiis  uti.  ^Ltaqfle  ad  queuivis  uume- 
rum  ephippiatorum  equitum  qutimvis  pauflgadir'e  audent.  Vibuin 
ad  se  omiiino  iraportari  noti  sinunt,  quod  n|  re  ad  laborom  feren- 
duui  retnollescert  homines  atqtif  efiVminai  i  arbitrantur. 

III.  Publics1  maximam  putaat  esse  laudem  quam  latissime?  a 
suis  finibus  vacare  agro.s  :  had  re  big  n  idea  r$3  magnum  nunierum  eivi- 
tatlum  suam  vim  sustiuere  run  posse.  Itaque  una  ex  parte  a  Sue- 
vis  circiter  mil  Ire4  passuum  DC  asrri  vacare  di'eJbntnr.  Ad  alteram 
partem  succedunt  Ubii,5  querum  i'uit  eivitas  ampla  atque  florens, 
ut6  c«t  captus  Germannrutn,  et  paulo,  quam  sunt  ejusdein  generis, 
et  ceteris  humauioresy  propter**  quod  Rheuuui  atltingunt,  mub 
tumque  ad  eos  oieruatores  ven'iitaut,  et  ipsi  propter  propiuquitatem 
G-allicis  sunt  moribus  assuefacii.  Hoi  quuuis  Suevi,  niultis  ssepe 
bellis  experti,  propter  amplitudinem  gravitateuique  civitatid  fini- 
bus9  expellere  non  potuissent,  tamen  vectigales  sibi  fecerunt,10  ac 
multo  humiliores  iufirmioresquc  redegerunt. 

IV.  In  eadem  causa-  fucrnnt  Usipetes  et  Tencbtheri,  quos  supra 
diximus,  qui  coBl^ures  anno*  Suevorum  vim  sustinuerunt ;  ad  ex- 
tremum  tamenflHfe-  <  litis  Germaniae  locis3  trienuium 
vagati,  ad  Rhenm&pervoni  :es  regiones4  Menapii  incolebant, 
et  ad  utramque  ri»am  fluminis  sgros,  redificia  vicoeque  habebant  ; 
sed  tantae  inultii.udiuis  adiiu  perterriti,  ex  his  jodificiis,  quae  trans 
llumen  habuerant,  da$Mgraverant ;  et,  cis  Rbenum  dispositis  prae- 
sidiis,  Geruaanos  traw^fe  {tfohibebant.  Illi,  omnia  experti,  quuflj 
neque  ri  ■>•  inopiai:.  uaTiuns,  ueque  clam  truusire 
propter  cu*tndias  Menapi'.Tum  |  .  :i  se  in  suns  »t:<Jr.  . 
onesqu*  sitnuluverunt;  si,  rursus  revi 

at(|Uf,  ouini  hoc  ktiue/o  u;;a  uoctc  equitatii*  confecto,  ii»siMn 
nante.sque  Me  rjir.t',   <iui,  de   Gormanorum    dir-eo<su 

13.    IS«rum    moribtt»,     ''Accordiug    li       beypud   the   ttkinc)."      The     >\t  i> 

theii  prbbably    incorrect  thai 

it    Qa.'imtifl  puifei,    "  Hewe»er  few.','      both  quam  and  « lie  ablative  are  usi  I 

wit  h  t  lie  comparative. 
111.    1.    Public*,  *•  In  the  Mite."  Quuid,    "Although." 

ffewi    1.  'J.    r'iuibas,  $  I »',.;. 

8    Svjnijirari  depends on pulant,  'That  io    Veoiigulfa    Bibi    fecvruui,     ■•  Tbej 

tributaries    t<>    them- 
Ilia,   £153  tea." 

5     Ad    i  tcrntil  jurteiii  >i.  :i. 

"The  I'bians  take  the  second  place. "JIV.    i.  Caw 

"•Ah."  lerui    Compare  the  English,    '•lathe 

El  puulx,  i|iinui  (qui)  s'u:t  pjus'leui      lama  i  . 

oetcriB  titiutaniurfH,    ■  .in     j.     \.i.-.  J168. 
•ue  a  li  tie  iimre  c;v:..,...l   than  -.    jltiO. 

'U«(i80  Who  i  :ir»  d(  (In  ,ii  i  4.    Qua 

llir  r,-.-t  (.if  the  . ,it .  not  the  - 


82  DE  BELLO  GALLIC' > 


per  exploratores  certiores  facti,  sine1' nietu  trans  Rhenum  in  suos 
vicos  remigraverant.  His  interfectis,  navibusque  eorum  occupatis,, 
priusquam  ea  pars  Menapiorum,  quae  citra  Rbenum  quieta  in  -suis 
aedibuserat,  certior  floret,6  flumen^wansierunt,  atque  omnibus  eorum 
aedificiis  occupatis,  reliq.uam  partetlftiemis  se  eorum  copiis  aluerunt. 

V.  His  de  rebus  Ccesar  certierfactus,  et  infirmitatem  Gallorum 
veritus,  quod  sunt  in  consiliis  capiendis'  mobiles,  et  novis  plerum- 
que  rebus  student,  nihil  bis  committendum1  existimavit.  Est  autem 
hoc  Gallicae  consuetudinis,2  uti  et  viatores,  etiam  invitos,  consistere 
cogant ;  et,  quod  quisque  eorum  de  quaque  re  audierit3  aut  cogno- 
verit,3  quaerant,  et  mercatores  in  oppidis  vulgus  circumsistat,  qui- 
busque  ex  regionibus  veniant,  quasque  ibi  res  cognoverint,  pronun- 
ciare  cogant.  His  rumoribus  atque  auditiouibus  permoti,  de  sum- 
mis  saepe  rebus  consilia  ineunt,  quorum4  eos-  e  vestigio  pcenitere5 
necesse  est,  quum  incertis  rumoribus  serviant,  et  plerique  ad  volun- 
tatem  eorum  Acta  respondeant-. 

VI.  Qua  consuetudine  cognita,  Caesar,  ne  graviori  bello  occur- 
reret,  maturius,  quam  consuerat,  ad  exereitum  proficiscitur.  Eo 
quum  venisset,  ea,  quro  fore  suspicatus  erat,1  facta  cognovit,  missas 
legationes  ab  nonnullis  civitatibus  ad  Germanos/  invitatosque  eos, 
uti  ab  Rheno  discederent ;  omniaque,  quaa  postulaasent,  ab  se  fore 
parata.2  .  Qua  spe  adducti  Germani  latius  jam  vagabantur,  et  in 
fines  Eburonum  et  Condrusorum,  cmi  sunt  Trevirorum  clientes,  per- 
venerant.  Principibus  Galliae  evocatis,  Cse^g  ea,  quae  cognoverat, 
dissimulanda  sibi3  existimavit,  eorumque  aniniis  permulsis  et  con- 
firmatis,  equitatuque  iuiperr,.toj  bellum  cum  Germanis  gerere  cOn- 
stituifc. 

VII.  Re  frumentaria  cuthp'&rataj  equitibusque  delectis,  iter  in 
ca  loca  facere  coepit,  quibus  in  locis  esse  Germanos  audiebat.  A 
quibus  quum  paucorum  dierum1  iter  abesset,  legati  ab  bis  venerunt, 
quorum  base  fait  oratio  :  '  Gernianos  neque  priores2  populo  Romano 
bellum  inferre,  nequo  tameu' recusare,  si  lacessantur,    quin    armis 

0    Fieret,  §£06,  b,  2.  iVL   1.  Qure  fore  suspicatus  erat.     The 

subject  of  fore  is  qua-. 

V.  1.  Nihil  his  committendum,  ''That,2.  Omniaque,  quae  (Germani)  postulas- 
nothinir  ought  tw  bo  "entrusted  to  sfnt,  ab  se  fore  parata.  This  de- 
thcm;".t.e.  that  no  reliance  ough^l  pendson  t^everbum  dicendi  implied  in 
to  be  placed  iu  their  fidelity  invilatos,  Quse  postulassent,  "Which 

t.  Consuetudinis.  §181,  Rem.  1.  "This j  they  should  demand ;"  $197,  Rem.  4. 
Gallic  custom."'  §1(J8.  a. 

3.  Audierit,  co;rnoverit„  §214.  i    |8.   iriibi.  §145. 

4.  Quorum,   §135,  c. 

5.  Eo>   poeoitere.      Eos  is  the  object.'  VII.   1.   Paucorum  dierum,  §132. 
not   the   subject   of   the    impersoualj2.  Priores,    -'First;"   §65,1. 
poimlerc.  3.  Quin  armis  contendant,  "To  contend 

in  arms." 


LIBER  QUARTUS.  83 

eontendant  ;3  quod  Gerinanoruni  consuetudo  haec  sit  a  majoribus  - 
tradita,  quicunque  bellum  iuferaut,4  resistere,  neque  deprecari  :5 
haee  tamen  dicere,  venisse  invitos,  ejectos  domo.  Si  suam  gratiam 
Roniani  velint,  posse  eis  utiles  esse  amicos :  vel  sibi  agros  attribu- 
ant,G  vel  patiantur  eos  tenere,  quos  armis  possederint.  Scse  unia 
Suevis  concedere,  quibus  ne  dii  quidem  inimortales  pares  esse  poi- 
sint :  reliquuni  quidem  in  terris  esse  nemineui,  qiieni  non  superare 
possint.' 

VIII.  Ad  baec  Caesar,  qua?  visum  est,1  respondit ;  sed  exitus  fuit 
or  at  ion  is,:  'Sibi2  nullam  cum  bis  amicitiam  esse  posse,  si  in  Gallia 
remanerent :  neque  veruiu  esse,  qui  suos  fines  tueri  non  potueriut,3 
alienos  occupare  :  neque  ullos  in  Gallia  vacare  agros,  qui  dari  tantai 
prsesertim  rnultitudini  sine  injuria  possint.  Sed  licere,*1  si  velint, 
in  Ubiorum  fiuibus  considerc,  quorum  sint  legati  apud  sc,  et  de 
Suevorum  injuria  querantur,  et  a  se  auxilium  petant :  boc  se  ab 
Ubiis  impetraturum.' 

IX.  Legati  base  se.ad  suos  relaturos  dixerunt ;  et,  re  deliberata, 
post  diem  tertium  ad  Coosarem  reversuros  :  interea,  ne  propius  se1 
c:\j-tra  moveret,  petierunt.  '  Xe  id  quidem'  Caesar  '  ab  se  imp%- 
trari  posse '  diji^c  coguoverat  enim  maguam  partem  equitatus  ab 
iis  aliquot  dieJpBjtate-  praodandi  frumeutandique  causa  ad  Ambi- 
varito*  trans  9gosi»  missami  IIos  exspectari  equites,  atque  ejus 
rei  causa  moram  inter} 

X.  Mosa  profluit«c'nn'iit('  Tfoecgo,  qui  est  in  finibas  Lingonum. 
arte  quadani  ex^heno  recepta, 'quae  appellator  Vahalis,  insu- 

lam  efficit  Batavorum,  neque  longius'ab  eo  millibu?1  passuum  LXXX 
in  Oceanum  transit,  lthenus  autern  oritur  ex  Lcpoutiis,  qui  Alpes 
incolunt,  et  longu  spatio-  per  fines  Nantuatium,  Heivetiorum,  Se- 
quanorum,  Medioniatricorum,  Tribueorum,  Trevirorum  citatus  fer- 
tur  ;s  et,  ubi  Otteano  appropinquat,  in  plures  diffluit  partes,  multis 
ingentibusque  inaulis  effectis,  quarumpars  magna  a  fcrii  barbaris- 
que  natiouibus  incolitur,  ex  quibus  sunt,  qui  piscibus  atque  ovis 
avium  vivere  exietimantur,  multisque.capitibus  in  Oceanum  influit. 


4.   Inferant.  f. 2 1 0,  b.  truth,  not  a  pnrtieular  instance 

tore  neque  deprecari.      Theai    \.  Licere  is  impersonal,  contidt- 

infinitives  are  in  apposition  with  con 

tuttudo. 
fl.   Attribuant,    "Let  (the  Koman«)  a* 

sign  them  fieUs;"  J217,  Rem.  1. 


Its    Bllbjtrt. 

IX.  1.  Propios  Se,  (142,  Sim.  4. 
2.   Aliquot  diebus  ante,    |lfl7,   Bern 


VIII.  1.  Quaa  visum  est  sc.  respondere,  X.   1.   Millibu1-.  gl< 

subject  of  the  impersonal  visum  ctt.  _'.    Loogo  spati 
2.   Sibi,  \Hl.  -  fertur.    "  Carries  itself  (t.« 

:.    l'..tucrint;    g2l0,  b.      The  relative      runs)  nvifily."' 

•'iit«icc   here    expresses   a  general 


S4  UE  BELLI)  GALL1  CO 

XI.  Caesar  qi^ojai  ab  hosto  non  ai&plius  passuum  XII  millibus1 
abesset,  ut  erat  consVituturo,  ad  eiiji '  legati  revertuntur :  qui,  in 
itinerc.  congressi,  mt;gnopere,  '  ne  .Ipngius  progrederetur,'  .orabant. 
Quum  id  non  impetrassent.  pctebaijfo,. '  uti  ad  eoscquites,  qui  agmeu 
ahfecesaissent,  prromitterct,  eosqutpjjragoa2  pfohiberet ;  sibique  uti 
potestatem  faceret  in  Ubios  legatos  «iittendi  :  quorum  si  principes 
ac  senatus  sibi  jurejurando  fidem  fecissent,3  oa  conditione.4  qua5  a 
C;esare  ferretur.  so  uiuros  ostendeban't :  ad  has  res'  conficiendas  sibi 
tridui  spatium  darcfc.'  Usee  omnia  Caesar  eodem  illo  pertinere5  ar- 
bitrabatur,  ut,  tridui  mora  interposita,  equites  eorum,  qui  abes- 
sent,6  revertcrentur :  taraen  '  sese  non  longius  millibus  passuum 
'quatuor  aquationis  causa  processurum  eo  die'  dixit:  hue  postero 
die  quam  ffequeutistimi7  convenirent,8  ut  de  eorum  postulates  cog- 
nosceret.  Interim  ad  praM'ectoSj  qui  cum  omni  equitatu  antecesse- 
ra'ut,  mittic,  qui  '  nunciarent,9  ne  hostes  prcclio  lncescerent :  et,  si 
ipsi  lacesjerentur,  su-tineient,1 '  quoad  ipse  cum  exercitu  propiu* 
accebsisset.11 

XII.  At  hostes  ubi  primuiu  uostros  equites  conspexerunt,  quo- 
rum erat  quinque  millium  numerus,  quum1  ipsi  no,n  amplius  DCCC 
equites  babercnt,  quod  ii,  qui  frutnentandi  causa  ierant  trans'  Mo- 
sam,  nonduru  redieranfc,  nibil  timentibvis  nostris,  quod  legati  eorum 
paulo  ante  a  Cwsarc  discesserant,  atque  is  dies  induciis2  erat  ab  e'is 
pctitus,  impefca  facto,  celeriter  nostros  pertuijbaverunt.  Rursus  re-  ■ 
sistentibus  nostris,  consue/tudine  sua  ad  pedes^desiluerunt,  suffossis- 
(jue  cquis,  oonipluribusque  nostris  dejectis,  reiiquos  in  fugam  con- 
jeeerunt,  atque  ita  perterritos  egerunt,  ut  non  prius  fuga  desistc- 
rent,  quam  in  conspectum  agminis  nostri  venissent.3  In  eo  prcelio 
ex  equitibus  nostris  interficiuntur  quatuor  et  septuaginta  :  in  his 
vir  fortissimus,*  Piso,  Aquitanus,  amplissinio  genere4  natus,  cujus 
avus  in  civitato  sua  regnum  obfinuerat,  amicus  ab  senatu  nos'tro  ap- 
pellatus.      Hie  quum  fratri  intercluso  ab  hostibus  auxilium  ferret, 


XI     1.  Millibus,   §105.  l-7.   Quam  frequentissimi,  §203,  Rem.  1. 

2.  Pugnn,  §163.  8    Convenient.  ■' Let  tiiem  assemble  ;"' 

i.   Si — fecissent,     "If  the    chiefs   and;     §217,   Rem.  1. 

senate  of thesu  should  innke  a  treaty  ■  9.   Qui  nunciarent,  §210,  n. 

with  then*   by  an    oath;" — "should!  10.   Suslincrent  depends  on  the  verb  of 

make  a  pledge  to  them:"  §197,  Rem.\     commanding  implied  in  nunciarent : 

4;   §138*  (a).  *  §193,  Rem.  6, 

4.  Conditione,  §159,  Rem.  6.     "Wnat-jll.  Aceesstsset.   §207,  b. 
ever  condition    should   be   proposed; 

I >y  Caesar."  XII    1.   Quum,    '•  Although." 

5.  Kddem  illo  pertjnere,    -'Tended  toi2.   Induciis,    §144. 

the  same   end;",  i.e    had   the   same  3.  Venisseut,  §206,  b.     The  purpose  o! 
purpose  in  view.  the  horsemen  is  referred  to 

6.  Qui  abessent  is  referred  to  Cuesara|4.  Genere,  §159,  Rem    3. 
stand-point. 


LIBER  QUART  US. 


85 


Hum  ex  pericluo  eripuit :  ipse  pquo  vuluerato  dejectus,  quoad  pot-. 
it,  fortissime  reslitit.     Quum  ipireumventus,  myitis  vulneribus   ac- 
eptis,  ceci'iissct,  atque  id  frate&pqui  jam  prdclio.5  exccaserat,  prooul 
Qiraura  advevtisset,  incitato  cqi$p  :=e  hostibuS- obtulit,  atque  inter- 
ictus  est. 
XIII..    Hoc  facto  prcslio,  Caesar  ueque  jam  sibi1  legatos  audien-  ■ 
Deque  conditiones  aceipiendas  arbitrabatur  ab  his,  qui  per  do- 
lam  atque 'insidias,  pctita  pace,   ultro   bcllum  intulissent :  exspec- 
are-  vero,  dum  hostium  copiae  nugcrentur  equitatusque  reyertere- 
ur,  BUmmsB  dementia*3  esse  judicabat ;  et,  cognita  Gallorum  infirmi- 
atc,  quantum  jam  apud  eos  liostes4  uno  proclio  auctoritatis6  osseut 
onsecuti,6  sentiebat :  quibus  ad  consilia  capienda  nihil  spatii  dan- 
urn7  existimabat.     His  constitutis  rebas,  et  consilio  cum  legatis  et 
[urestore  commuuicato,  ne8  quern  diem  pugnro9  prjetermitteret,  op- 
ortuniseima  res  aceidit,  quod  postridie  ejus  diei  mane,  eadem  et 
Ii:v  et  siiMulatione  usi  Germani,  frequentee,  omnibus  principi- 
aa  majoriSusque  natu10  adhibitis,  ad,  cum  in  castra  venerunt ;  simul, 
■t  dicebatur,  «ui  purgandi  causa,11  quod  contra  atque12  esset  dic- 
lin,  et  ipsi  petissent,13  procliura  pridie  commisisseut ;  simul  ut,  si 
uid1*  possent,  do  induciis  falleudo  impetrarent.     Quos  sibi  Csesav 
'os1''  gwisus*nIlos   retineri  jussit;  ipse   omnes   oopias   castris 
dux  it,  equitatu'm'que,  quod  rccenti  proelio  perterritum  esse  existi- 
labat,  agmen  subsequi  jussit. 
XtV.     Acie  tripliciinstituta,  et  celeriter  VIII  millium1  itinere 
onfeetd,  prius  ad  hosbfrum  castra  pervenit,  quam,  quid  ageretur,2 
'ermar.i  sentire  possent.3      Qui,-omnibus  robus  subito  perterriti,  e*t 
eleritttte  adveutus  nostri  et  discessu1  suorum,  neque  consilii  haben- 
leque  'irma  carpiendi  spatio  da'to,  perturbantur,*  copiasne  adver- 
iiostem  educere,  an  castra  defendere,  an  fuga  salutem  petere  prae- 
t.°     Quorum  timor  quum  f'remitu  et  concursu  significaretur, 


i.   I'roelio,   §1G3.. 

Kill.  1    Sibi,  5145. 
.    Exsplctare  is  subject  of  ette.    Auge- 

ri-nttfr,    {J207. 
.  Dementias,  §158 
.    llottee  is  subject. 
i    Auctoritatis,  J1^4. 

sent  eonsecuti,  {214. 
".   Nihil  Bpatii  damlum,  sc.  sibi. 

Nc  —  prsetermitteret,    "Not   to   let 
slip;"  in  apposition   with  consilio. 
'.'.  Pugnae,  "  For  fighting." 

10.  Nam,,  J1G1. 

11.  Sui  purgandi  causa,   J177,  Rem.  3. 
18.   Contra  atque,    "Otherwise  than," 

"•contrary  to  what;"  |208. 

H 


13.  Petissent  is  coordinate  with  the  im- 
personal esset  dictum.  For  sub.  sec 
§217.' 

14.  Quid,  §150,  Rem.  2.  "  If  they  could 
accomplish  anything." 

15.  Oblatos,  sc.  esse. 

XIV.   1.  Millium,  sc.  passnum. 

2.  Quid  ageretur,  £214. 

Z.  Possent,  §200,  b,  (2). 

4.  Et  eeleritate  et  disccssu,  in  apposition 

with  omnibus  rebus. 
.r).    1'irturb.intur,  "  Are  in  doubt." 
6.  Copiasne  &c. — prsesturct,  "Whclhcr 

it  was  belter  to  lead  out  their  force*, 

&c." 


86  .  Dii  BELLO  GALLICO 

milites  nostri,  pristini  diei  perfidia  incitati,  in  castra  irruperunt. 
Quo  loco,  qui  celeriter  s$mx  capere  potuerunf,  paulisper'no^trig  re- 
stiterunt,  atque  inter  ca'rros  impedimentaque  proelium  cotumiserunt : 
at  reliqua  multitudo  puerorum  niulierumque  (nam  cum  omnibus 
suis  domo7  excesserant  Rhfinumque  transierant)  passim  fugere  coepit; 
ad  quos  cocsectandos  Caesar  equitatum  misit. 

XV.  Gerniani,  post  tergum  clamore1  audito,  quum  sups  inter  fici 
viderent,  armis  abjectis,  signisque  militaribus  relictis,  se  ex  castris 
ejecerunt;  et,  quum  ad  confluenteim.MosaD  et  Rheni  pervenissent, . 
reliqua  fuga  desperata,2  magno  nuraero  interfecto,  reliqui  se  in  flu- 
men  prgecipitaverunt;  atque  ibi  timore,  las.situdiue,  vi  fluminis  op- 
pressi  perierunt.  Nostri  ad  nnum  omnes  incolumes,3  perpaucis 
vulneratis,  ex  tanti  belli  timore,,  quum  hostium  numerus  capitum 
CDXXX  millium4  fuissct,  se  in  castra  receperunt.  Caegar  his|  quos 
in  castris  retinuerat,  discedendi  potestatem  fecit:  illi  supplicia  cru- 
piatusque  G-allorum  veriti,  quorum  agros  vexaverant,  remanere  se 
apud  eum  velle  dixerunt.     His  Casaar  libertatem  concessit. 

XVI.  Germanico  bello  confecto,  multis  de  causis  Caesar  statuit 
sibi  Rbenum  esse.transeundum  :  quarum  ilia  fuit  justissima,  quod, 
quum  videret  Germanos  tarn  facile  impelli,  ut  in.Galliam  venire^it,1 
suis  quoque  rebus  eos  timere  voluit,2  quum  iutelligerent  et  posse  et 
audere  populi'Rornani  exercitum  Rhenuin  transire.  Accessit  etiam, 
quod  ilia  pars  equitatus  Usipetum  et  Tencbtherorum,  quam  supra 
commemoravi  prsedandi  frumentandique  causa  Mosam  transisse,  ne- 
que  proelio  interfuisse,  post  fugam  suorum  se  trans  Rhenum  in  fines 
Sigambrorum  receperat,  seque  cum  iis  conjunxerat.  Ad  quos  quum 
Cassar  nuncios  uiisisset,  qui  postularent,3  'eos,  qui  sibi  Galliaeque 
bellum  intulissent,  sibi  dederent,'4  responderunt :  'Populi  Romani 
imperium  Rhenum  finire  :  si,  se  invito,  Germanes  in  Galliam  trans- 
ire5  non  aequum  existimaret,  cur  sui  quidquam  esse  imperii6  aut 
potestatis  trans  Rhenum  postularet  ?';    Ubii  autem,  qui  uni  ex  Trans- 


7.  Domo,  §163. 

XV.  1.  Clamore,  i.e.  of  the  women  and 
children. 

2.  Reliqua  fuga  desperata,  "  Having 
despaired  of  any  farther  flight ;" — 
(the  rest  of  their  flight  being  despair- 
ed of). 

3.  Ad  unum  omnes  incolumeSj  "All 
safe  to  a  man:''  a  limitation  of  the 
predicate. 

4.  CDXXX  millium  limits  numerus  un- 
derstood, §132;  tapitum  limits  milli- 
um, and  hostium  limits  capitum. 


XVI.   1.  Ut  yenirent,  "To  come.*' 

2.  Suis  quoque  rebus  eos  timere  voluir. 
•'  He  wished  them  to  fear  for  their 
own  condition  also  ;"  §142. 

3.  Postularent,  §210,  a. 

4.  Dederent,  §193,  Rem.  6. 

5.  Germanos  transire  is  logically  de- 
pendent on  cvquum  fssc,grammatical]y 
its  subject. 

6.  Sui  quidquam  esse  imperii,  gl34  — 
We  would  expect  sibi,  (§143,)  but  sui 
is  used  by  a  species  of  attraction. — 
Compare  quid  sui  sit  eonsilii. 

7.  Postularet,  §2 17,  Rem.  5. 


UliER  QUART  US.  87 

*    *  ■         - 

lhenanis  ad  Cresarem  liserant,  amicitiam   fecerant,  obsides 

dederant,  magneperc  orabant,  '  ut  sibi  aux^Jjum  ferret,  quod  gravi- 
ter  ab  Suevis  premerentur  ;  vol,  si  id  t'acere  occupationibus  reipub- 
"Jicse  prohiberetur,  exercitum  modo  Rbenum  transportaret  :  id'  sibi 
ad  auxilium  ?>peim{ue  reliqui  tetnporis  satis  futuruni  :  tantuiu  esse 
uomen  atque  opinionein  ejus  exercitus,  Ariovisto  palso,  et  hoc  novis- 
simo  proplio  facte,  etiaia  ad  ultimas  Gcrmanorutn  u&tiones,  uti  opin- 
io:  i  o  et  amicitia  populi  Romani  tuti  esse  poasint.  Navium.  maguaui 
copium«id  transportandum  exerci'aini  ruillicebantur.' 

.Vir.     Ca^'u- 'lis  do  rausis,  <{uas  eoniaieiiMravi,  Rbeiium  trails- 
ire  decrcvcrat ;  sed  :iavibulrtransire  neque  satis  tutum  esse  arbitru- 
batar,  nequ«  suty,  neqiie  populi  Romani  digoitlitia1  esse    statuebat. 
Ifaque,  etsi  sunnua  difficultas  faciendi  pontis  proponebatur  propb 
latitudiuoru,  rapiditateui  altitudinemque   ffuininis,   tameri  id   .sibi 
contendendum,  aut  alitor  Don  transdueendum  exercitum  existima- 
bat.     Rationem  pontis  banc  instituit,     Tigna  biua  sesquipedalia,f 
paulum  ab  imo  prseacuta,  diuiensa  ad  altitudinem  flumniis,  iater- 
vallo  pedum  duorum  inter  se4  juugebat.     Ilmc  quuni.  macbinationi- 
bus  imrnisga  in  Humeri  defixerat,  fistucisque  adegerat,5  non  sublicn 
modo  derecta  ad  pertendiculuin,0  sed  prona  ac  fastigata,  ut  secun- 
dum naturaui  flumvdis7  procumbcrent:  iis"  item  contraria  bina,8  ad 
eundem  modum  juncta,  intervallo  pedum  qukdragemtm,  ab  inferiore 
parte,9  contra  impelum  fluminis  con versa  statuebat.    Hrec 

utr:.;,     ,  insu]  libus   trabibus   immit.is,  quantum   eorum 

;,:::;  utrinqUc  fibulis  ab  extrema  parte 

i.iebantiu  :■'   qui:.ms    diselusis,  atque  in  contrariam  partem   re- 


\V11.   1.   Dignitatis,  $l3ft.    "lVvtained|     pendiciilnm.    "Not    perpendicularly* 
.    LO  (t  «.. was 'consistent  with,)  neither,      like  a  j>ile  " 

h:suor  the  Roman  people's  dignity.'';?.   Secundum  naturam  fluminis,  "Down 
J     Sibi,  21f5.  '  stream.'* 

bin  i    i  squfpedalia,  "Pairs'  of,-b.  lis  item  contr.iria  bina  (tigna)-sUt- 
n  fool  and  a  half  square."  ihe      u'ebat/'He  also  placed  pairs  (of  posts) 
posteuf  each  pair  were  two*recl  aparU  ,  opposite  to  these." 
and  their  length  varied  according"  to  Ll    Ab  inferiore  parte,    "On.  the  lower 
the  depth  of  the  river.     The    up$eft      side."  This  limits  statutbat. 
row  sloped  down    stream:    and    the   10.    Quantum  eorum  tignorum  junctura 
lower,  up  stream.      The  interval   he        dista.bat.   Tl*§  antecedent  of  guantum 
tween  the  two  posts   was  just   sufii  !     is  contained  in  bipedalibut.  "H»w  far 
cientto  Admit  the  cross  beams,  fraoa      t  he  ]oining*of  those  posts  was  apart,'' 
f/«,whichvupported  the  materia       i.e.  "Hie  distance  from  each  other  at 
,    or    deepen)    of   the   bridge.       wliich  the  posts  were  joined  togcth- 
thwa/S  and  supported       -r." 
the  fl  ,\l     Hoec— distinehantur.    '«  Both  these 

!     Inter  se,  "From  each  oth«:r."  »    cross-beams  two  feet  square    bai 

i    Fistocisque   adegerat,     •'  vui    bad      been  tot  in  from  above,    (which  (i.e. 
driven  them  in  with  rammer^    '  two  feet)  wan  as-inueha«  the  joiniog 

i    !>on  fcubliuce  modo  directs       1    i  ei         of  those   po^ts   was    distant,)    were 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


vinctis,12  tanta  erat  opens' firm itudo,  atque  ea13  rerum  natura,  ut, 
quo14  major  vis  aquas  se  int  hoc2'1  artius  illigata  tenereiitur.. 

Ilase  directa  ruaterie  injecta  c^Kjteb^Bfcir,  et  loiiguriis  cratibmque 
consterncbantur:  ac  tiilii'o"  scents  ^ubliese  et15  ad  inferiorem  partem 
fluminis  oblique  a^^ntur,  .e(SB|>ro  pafij&e  subject  vs,et  cum  cmni 
opere  conjunct^,  Tim  flijnihiie _ieac'iperei™P  et  alite  item  supra  pon- 
tera  mediocri  spatio,  ut,  si  a.rborum  trunci  sive  caves  dejicienOi 
operisir  essent  a  barbaris  misses,  his  d^mpso rib .«*»  earum  rerum  vis 
minueretur,  ncu  ponti  nocerent. 

XVIII.  Diebus  decern,  quibus-  materia -ccept;:  erat  comportari,2 
omni  opere  effecto,  exercitus  transdueitur^  Qtesar,  ad  utramque 
partem  pontis  firmo  pra3sidio  relicto,  in  nne$$5iganibrorum  conten* 
(lit.  Interim  a  compluribus  civitatibus  ad  eum  legati  veniunt,  qui- 
bus  pacem  atque  amiciciam  petentibus  liberaliter  respondii,  obsides- 
que  ad  se  adduci  jubet.  At  Sigambri,  ex  eo  tempore,  quo  pons  in- 
stitui  coeptus  est,  fuga  comparata,  bortantibus  iis.  quos  ex  Tench- 
tberis  atque  Usipetibus  apud  se'habebant,  finibus  suih3  excesserant, 
suaque  omnia  ex'portaverant,  seque  in  solitudinem  ac  silvas  abdide- 
rant. 

XIX.  Cffisar,  pauccs  dies  in  eorum  finibus  moratus,  omnibus 
vicis  redificiisque  incensis,  frumentisque  succisis^se  in  lines  Ubiorum 
recepit;  atque  iis  auxiliuni  suum  pollicitus,.  si  ab  Suevis  premeren- 
tur,1  base  ab  iis  cognovit ;  Suevos,  posteaquam  per  exploratores  pon- 
tem  fieri  comperissent,2  more  suo  concilio  hahtto,  riuncids  it.  opmes 
partes  dimisisse,  uti  de  oppidis  dpinigrarent,  liberos,  uxores  puaqii'ts 
omnia  in  silvas  deponerpnt,  atque  onirics,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,'- 
unusi  in  locum  convenire-ut :  hunc  esse  delectum  medium3  fere  regi- 
onum  earum,4  quas  Suevi  obtinerent:  hie  Romanorum  adveutum 
exspectare,  atque  ibi-decertare  constituisse.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  com- 
perit,  omuibus  his  rebus  confectis,  quarum  rerum  causa  transducere 
exercitum  constituerat,  ut  Germanis  metum  injiceret,  ut  Sigambros 
uleisceretur,  ut  Ubios  obsidioue''  liberaretjfcdiebus  omniuo  X  et  VIII 


kept  apart  by  pairs  of  clamps  at  the", 
end,  one  on  each  side  (xiitHnque)." 

12.  Quibus  diticlusis,  &c.  '-These  being 
separated  and  braced' in  opposite  di- 
rections." 

13.  Ea,  "Such." 

14.  Quo,  hoc,  nihilo,  §168. 

15.  Et  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis. 
&c,   "Both  obliquely  down  stream." 

16.  Exciperent,  §210,  a. 

17.  Dejiciendi  operis,  sc.  causa. 

XVIII.     1.  Quibus,    "Within   which," 


.<~2.fi.  "after:"  §167,  Rem.  2. 

2.  Ccepta  erat  compoi-tari.  Observe 
that  the  verb  ccspi  is  passive  with  *. 
passive  infinitive  as  its   complement. 

3.  Finibus  suis,  $163. 

XIX.    I.  Premerentur  2 1 07,'  Rem.  4. 

2.  Comperissent,  §217. 

.3.  Medium   is   complement  of   detection 

esse. 
-i.   Rcgioiium  earum,  §134.    • 
5.   Obsidionc,  §163. 


LIBEIl  QUARTUS. 


8'J 


trans  Rhenutn  cousump%\  .-ntis  ct  ad  laudem  et  ad  utilitatem  pro- 
tectum0  aTbitratus,  se  in  Walliain^kcpit,  pontemque  rescidit. 

XX.  Exigua  parte  3Jfl|tis  n 
omiiis  Gallia  ad  septeuj^Hflies 
in  Britanniarn  proficis 
lis1  hostibus  nostris  ii 
tempus  anni  ad  belluu 
fore  arbitrabatur,  dkfa 
isset,  loofl  ,  port  ns. 


1a,  Cresar,  etsi  in  bis  locis,  quod 
it,  maturje  sunt  bieuies,  taiuen 
<^^HpKt  omnibus  fere  Gallicis  bel- 
'rata  auxilia  intelligebat :  et,  si 
fii'crot,-  tamen  magno  sibi  usui3 
am  adisset,4  genus  bominum  pcrspex- 
<visset :  quae  omnia  fere  Gallis  erant 
incognita.  2<eque  cnim  temcro  praeter  niercatores  illo  adit  quis- 
qaam,  neque  iis  ipsis  qublquam  prccter  orani  maritimam  atque  eas 
regiones,  quae  sunt  contra  Gallias,  notum  est.  Itaque,  evocatis  ad 
>e  undiquo  meroatoribus,  n.eque  quanta  esset5  insula)  magnitudo,  ne- 
que quae  aut  quanta)  nationes  incoherent,6  neque  quern  usum  belli0 
babercnt,  aut  quibus  institutis  utercntur,  neque  qui  essent  ad  ma- 
jorum  navium  multitudinem7  idone!  portus,  reperire"  poterat. 

XXT.  Ad  biec  cognoscenda,  priusquam  perlculum  faceret,1  ido- 
neuni  esse  arbitratus  C.  Volusenuni  cum  navi  longa  pra)inittit.  Huie 
*  niandat,  uti,  exploratirjinnibus  rebus,  ad  se  quaru  primum2  rever- 
tatur  :  ipse  cum  omnibus  copiis  in  Morinos  proficiscitur,  quod  inde 
erat  brevissii&uS  in  Britauniam  trausjectus.  Hue  naves  undique  ex 
Snitimis  regionibus  et  quam  superiorc  estate  ad3  Veneticum  bellum 
lecerat  classem,  jubejt  convenire.  Interim,  consilio  ejus  cognito,  et 
per  niercatores  perlato  ad  Britannos,  a  couipluribus  ejus  insula)  civi- 
tatibus  ad  eum  legati  veniunt,  qui  polliceantur4  obsides  dare,0  atque 
imperio  populi  Rornani  obteinperare.  Quibus  auditia,  liberaliter 
pollicitus  bortatusque,  ut  in  ca  sententia  permanerent,  eos  domum6 
remutit;  et  oam  bis  .una  Commium,  qucm  ipse,  Atrebatibus  supera- 
tis,  regem7  ibi  constituerat,  cujus  ct  virtutem  et  consilium  proba- 
bat,  et  quern  sibi  fidelem"  arbitrabatur,  cujusque  auctoritas  in  iis 
regionibus  magni  babebatur,  mittit.  Iluic  imperat,  quas  possit, 
adeats  civitates,  bortettfrque,  ut  .populi  llomani  fidera  sequantur, 
seque  celeriter  eo  venturuui  nunciet.     Volusenus,  perspectis  rcgi- 


G.  Proj 'return  from  projkio ;  saa'«issub-:XXI.   1.  Faceret,  §206,  b. 


XX.    1.  Bellis,  gl67. 

i.  ]>-ticertt,  3197,  Rem.  4. 

8.  Sibi  usui,  §144 

4.  Adi'tset,  $197,  Rem.  4  ;  §198,  a. 

."..  l-:.«s.:t,  £214. 

ti.  I'hinn  belli,  'Skill  in  war." 

7.  Ail  ■ultitudinem,  §142,  Bern.  2. 

h2 


Quam  primum,    "  As  soon  as  po.«»i 
ble;"  §203,  Rem.  1. 

3.  Ad,  "For  " 

4.  Polliceautur,  ^2lO. 

b.    Dare,  the  accusative  with  infinitive 

ia  geirarall;  usfed  with  polliceor. 
G.  Domum,  §154. 

7.  begem,  §151,  b. 

8.  Adeat,  §193,  Rem.  6. 


onibus,  quantum  ei  facultatisffari  potuit,9  qui  navi10  egredi  ac  se 
barbaris  committere  non  auderet,11  quinto  die  ad  Caesarem  reverti- 
tur;  quseque  ibi  perspexisset,  renunciat. 

XXII.  Duin  in  his  locis  Ctesar  navium  parandarum  causa  mora- 
tur,  ex  magna  parte  Morinorum  adjourn  legati  venerunt,  qui  se  de 
superioris  temporis  cousilio  excusjjfeit,1  quod  homines  barbari  et 
nostra}  consuetudinis-  imperiti  beiluift. 'populo  Romano  fecissent," 
seque  ea,  qua)  imperasset,4  facturos  pollicerent.ur.5  Hoc  sibi  satis 
opportune  Caesar  accidisse  arbitratiis,  quod  neque  post  tergum  ho's- 
tern  relinquere  volebat,  neque  bgili  gerendi  propter  anni  tempus 
facultatem  habebat,  neque  has  taritularum  rerum  occupationes6  sibi 
Britanniae"  anteponendas  judicabat,  magnum  his  obsidum  numermn 
imperat.  Quibus  adductis,  eos  in  fidem  recepit.  Navibus  circiter 
LXXX  onerariis  coactis  coutractisque,  quot8  satis  esse  ad  duas  trans- 
portandas  l^giones  existimabat,  quidquid  prasterea  navium  louga- 
rum9  habebat,  quasstori,  legatis  prasfectisque  distribuit.  Huc.acce- 
debant  XVIII  onerarias  naves,  quas  ex  eo  loco  ab  millibus  passuum 
VIII10  vento  tenebantur,  quo  minus  in  eundem  portum  pervenire 
possent.11  Has  equitibus  distribuit ;  reliquum  exercituni  Q.  Titu- 
ri'o  Sabino  et  L.  Aurunculeio  Cottre  legatis,  in  Menapios  atque  in 
eos  pagos  Morinorum,  ab  quibus  ad  eum  legati  non  venerant,  dedu- 
cendum  dedit.  P.  Sulpicium  Rufum  legatum  cum  eo  praesidio, 
quod  satis  esse  arbitrabatur,  portum  tenere  jussit. 

XXIII.  His  constitutis  rebus,  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigandum 
tempestatem,  tertia«fere  vigilia  solvit,-equitesque  in  ulteriorem  por- 
tum progredi  et  naves  conscendere  et  se  sequi  jussit :  a  quibus  quum 
id  paulo  tardius  esset  administratum,'ipse  bora  diei  circiter  quarta 
cum  primis  navibus  Britanniani  attigit,  atquo  ibi  in  omnibus  colli- 
bus  expositas  hostium  oopias  armatas1  conspexit.     Cujus  loci  base 


'■>.  Quantum  ei  fac  tatis  daripoiuit,"A* 
far  as  an  opportunity  could  be  given;" 
an  adverbial  relative  fcentence,  limit- 
ing perspectis. 

10.  Navi,  §163. 

11.  Auderet,  $210,  a.  'Because  he  did 
not  dare." 

XXII.  ,1.  Excusarent,  ^210,  a. 

2.  Consuetudinis,  $135,  a. 

3.  Fecistent.  $190. 

4.  Ea  quoe  imperasset,  "  Whatever  he 
should  order." 

5.  PollioerentiiT  is  coordinate  with  ex- 
cusarent :  "And  to  promise,  &c." 

6.  Tantularum  rerum  occupationes, 
"Employment  in  such  slight  matters." 


7.  Sibi,  $145;  Britannise,  $172. 

ft.  Quot,  •■Which  number  ;':    subject  _of 

*  ogee. 

9.;  Navium  longarum,  $134.  "Whatever 
■-■  ships  of  war  he  had  besides." 

10.  Ab  millibus  passuum  octo,  "Eight 
miles  off;"  (away  by  eight  miles  ) — 
Abl.  of  difference. 

11.  Quo  minus  possent,  ,vWere  prevent- 
ed by  the  wind  from  being  able,&c." 
Literally,  "  Were  held  by  the  wind 
that  they  might  be  the  less  able,&c." 

•  $193,  Rem   5. 

XXIII.  1.  Expositas  hostium  copias 
armatas,  "  The  forces  of  the  enemy 
drawn  up  under  arms." 


UUJJJft  QUAKTUS.      '  ,  91 

erat  natura  ;  adeo  nnmtibus  august  i.vj  mare  euntinebatur,  uti  ex  loeis 
superioribus  in  litus  teluiu  adjiei  posset.  Ilunc  ad  egrediendum 
nequaquam  idoneuur  ai  bitratus  locuiu,  dum  reliquro  naves  eo  con- 
venient,4 ad  horaiu  nonam  in  aucoris  exspeetavit.  Interim  lepatis 
tribunisque  militum  eonvoeartis,  ei  <jh:u  ex  Voluseno  QOgnossef,  et 
qua3  fieri  vellet,5  osiendit,  nionRitquc,  ut  rei  militaris  ratio,6  max- 
inie  ut  maritiimv  res  |  ,     v    <<  lerem  atque  iDstabilem 

inotuni  habereiit,  ad  M&itiHER teui|Kis  onirics  res  alj  ii»  adtninis- 
trarentur.s  His  dimissis,  <-t  vcntum  et  ii'stuui  uiio  tempore  nactus 
secmiduui,  dato  signo  ris   aneoris,   circiter   inillia    passuuiu 

VII  ab  eo  loco  progrcssus,  apertw  ac  piano   litore   naves   constituit. 

XXIV.  At  barbari,c<tnsilio  Ronianonnn  cognito,  prffiuiisso  cqui- 
tat'u  et  essedariis,  que  plerumquc  generc1  in  proeliis  uti  consuerunt. 
reliquis  copiia  subsecuti,  uostros  navibus2  egredi  prohibebaut.  Erat 
ob  has  causas  sum  ma  difficultas,  quod  naves  propter  inagnitudinem 
nisi  in  alto"'  constitui  non  poterant ;  militibus'  autem,  iguotis  loeis,'' 
iuipeditis  nianibus,0  magno  etgravi  armoruin  oaere  oppressis,7  ,-iinul 
et  de  navibus  desilienduin,8  et  in  fluctibns  con'sistendum,  et  cum 
bostibus  erat  puguanduni  !  quum  illi  aut  ex  arido,  aut  paululu:i:  in 
aquam  progrossi,  omnibus  inembris'-'  expediti,  noti.ssimis  b.c.i.s  audac  • 
ter  tela  coujicerent,  et  equos  insuefactus  iucitarent  Quibus  rebus 
nostri  perterriti,  atque  bujus  omnino  generis1"  pugnae  impcriti,  non 
eadem  alacritate"  ac  studio,  quo  in  pedestribus  uti  proeliia  consue- 
verant,  utebantur. 

XXV.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  animadvertit,  naves  longas,  quorum  et 
species  erat  barbaris1  inusitatior,  et  motus  ad  usum  expeditiur,- 
paulum3  removeri  ab  onerariis  navibus  et  remis  incitari  et  ad  latus 
apertuin  bostium  constitui,  atque  inde  fundis,   sagittis,   tormentis, 


kogastis,     "Coming  close  ilmvn  to  XXIV.   1.  Generc,   "  Kind  of  troops  ;" 

the  beacb;"  so  as  to  leave  *>u t  it  nai-        §J59,  Rem.  6. 

row  ?pace  between  the  water  and  the  ~.  Navibus.  §103. 

cliffs.  V'iS.    Nisi  in  alio.  '-Except  in  deep  water.' 

:;.  [doneom,  |1*1,  h  :.   Militibut^Uo. 

4.  Convenirent,  §207.  ■  >.    Loeis,  gl66. 

">.  Cognossct,  -relief,  §214.  r,    Impeditjf  roanibus,  §186 

ft,    It  rei  militaris  ratio  postularent,"As  7.    Opprestis    ((185,  2,  a,  )■  agrees    with 

the  law  of  military  affairs  demanded.''      mttitibut. 

The  nntecedent  of  ut  is  omnes  rex  ad-  8.  Desilienduin.  4o.,  §178. 

mintttrarentur     l'ostulareiit,  $210,  C.  9.    Membris,  (lfll. 
7.   L't  qua,   "  Since  they,"    i.e.  niariti-  ID.  Generis,  (135,  a. 

nmres.  11.  Alooritote,  {,159,  Rm.  6 

tf,    Vdministrarentur.  §103,  Rem    6 — 

"That  all  orders  (things)  should  be  XXV.    1.  Barbaris,  JH.',  Rrm.  3. 

executed  by  them   at    bis   commaiid   >,    Ad    usum   expeditior,     "  Freer    for 

and  at  the  precite  time."  use. 

3.   Paulum,  §143. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


husto>  propelli  ac  submaveri  jussit :  quse  res  magno  usui4  nostris5 
lu'iL.  Nam  et  uavium  figura  et  reinorum  motu  et  inusi.tato  genere 
tormentorum  permoti  barbaric  constiterunt,  ac  paulum3  modo  pedein 
rctulerunt.  Atque  nostris  militibus  cunetantibus,  maxime,propter 
;.i'itu'linem  maris,  qui  decicuSQ  legionis  aquilaru  ferebat,  contestatus 
.  ul  ea  res  legioni  feliciter  eveniret :  "  Desilite,"  inquit,  "com- 
Li.iiiitoiics,  nisi  vultis  aquilam  bostibus^prodere  :G  ego  certe  meum 
reipublicai  atque  imperatori  ofiicium  prrcstitero."7  Hoc  quum  mag- 
na* voce  dixisset,  ex  navi  se  projecit,  atque  in  bostes  aquilam  ferre 
ccopit.  Turn  nostri,  eohortati  inter  se,  ne  tanturn  dedecus  ;.dmi.tte- 
retur,  universi  ex  navi  desiluerunt :  bos  item  alii  ex  proximis  uavi- 
uum  conspexissent,  subseouti  hostibus  appropinquarunt. 

XXVI."  Puguatuui  est  ab  utrisque  acriter  ;  nostr.i  tamen,  quod 
ueque  ordines  servare,  ueque  firmifcer  insistere,  neque  signa  subse- 
qui  pi.terant.  atque  alius  alia  ex  navi,1  quibuscumque  signis  occur- 
rerafc,  se  aggregabat,-  magno  opere  perturbabantur.  Hostes  vero, 
r.otis  omnibus  vadis,  ubi  ex  litore  aliquos  singulares  ex  navi  egre- 
dientes  conspexerant,  incitatis  equis  impeditos  adoriebantur :  plures 
paucos  circumsistebant ■:  alii  ab  latere  aperto  in  universos  tela  con- 
jiciebaut.  Qaod  quum  auimadvertisset  Csesar,  scapbas  longarum. 
navium,  item  speculatoria  navigia  militibus  compleri  jussit,  et  quog 
labor'antes  conspexerat,  iis  subsidia  submittebat.  Nostri  simul3  in 
arido  constiterunt,  suis  omnibus  consecutis,  in  bostes  Lmpetuni  fece- 
runt,  atque  eos  in  fugam  dederunt ;  neque  longius  prosequi  potue- 
runt,  quod  equites  cursum  tenere  atque  insufam  capere  non  potue- 
rant.     Hoc  unum  ad  pristinam  fortunam  Cgesari  defuit.4 

XXVII.  Hostes  prcelio  superati,  simul  atque1  se  exfuga  reeepe- 
runt,  statiru  ad  Gasareni  legates  de  pace  niiserunt :  'O.bsides  datu- 
ros,  quajque  imperasset,2  sese  facturos'  polliciti  sunt.  Una  cum  his 
legatis  Commius  Atrebas  venit,  quern3  supra  "denionstraverani  a  Cae 
sare  in  Britanniam  proemissuui.  '  Hunc  illi4  e  navi  egressum,  quum 
ad  eos  oratoris  modo  imperator'is5  inandata  pei ferret,  comprchende- 


4.   Usui,  §144. 

f>.  Nostris  limits  usui;  #142. 

G.  Auuilam  hostibus  pro.dere.  It  was 
regarded  by  the  lloniaus  the  greatest 
disgrace  for  a  legion  to  lose  its  stan- 
'dards. 

7.  Prsestitero,  "  I  shall  have  pcrlorm- 
ed  :"  (i.e.  if  you  allow  the  eagle  to 
fall  into  the  enemy's  hands). 

XXVI.  1.  Alius  alia  ex  navi,  "  One 
from  one  ship,  another  from  anoth- 
er." 

2.  Quibuscumque  signis,&c, "Attached 


himself  to  whatever  standards  he  had 
met  with." 

3.  Simul,  "As  soon  as." 

4.  Ad  pristinam  fortunam  C»sari  de- 
fuit, "  Was  wanting  to  Caesar's  pre- 
vious good  fortune:" — (was  wanting 
to  Cseear  to  his  former  good  fortune.) 

XXVII.   1.   Simul  atque,  "Assoonas." 
2:  Quteimperas8et,l,Whatever  he  should 
order." 

3.  Quern  is  subject  of  prcemissum  (esse) . 

4.  Illi,  i.e.  Britanni: 

5.  Imperatoris,  i.e.  Coesar. 


# 


■   W    ^  L1RKK  QUARTUS  93 

rant,  at(|iie  in  vincuia  o<>n  !  Mm,'  proelib  facto,  remiseruut. 

et  in  petenda  pace  ejus  rei  Uulpam  hi  multitudinem  coutulevunt,  et 
propter  imprudentiam  ut  ignnsceretur^  petiverunt.  Cirsar  qucstus 
quod,  quum  ultro  in  contifigntem  h  icem   ab  se  petift- 

Bent,  bellnm  sine  causa  ia^ttlissent^igno.^ceve  imprudenti®*5  dixit, 
cbsidesque  iuaperavit :  (ftrbrom  illi  tatim  dederunt,  partem, 

ex  Iongiuquioribus  !  us  sese  daturcsdixe- 

runt.     Inter efcsuos  remigrare  runt,  principesqtie  undi- 

que  ponvenirelet  se  civitat  ,  aendare  cocperunt. 

XXVIII.  His  rubu.s  paeeoonfirmata,  post  diem  quartum,  quam1 
est  in  Britanoiaui  ventum,  naves  XV ill,  de  quibus  supra  demon- 
stratum  e>t,qtia3  equitea  sustuleraut,  ex  supe/iore  pprtu  leni  vento- 
solveruut.  Quee  quum  appropinqirarent  Britannia  et  ex  castris 
viderentur,  tap_ta  teuipestas  buI  ,  ut  nulla  earum  cursum 
tenere  posset,  scd  alioe  eodem,  undo  erant  proi'ectee,  referrentur,  alias 
ad  inferiorcm  partem  insulse,  qua  est  propius  solis "occasum,3  niagno 
sui  cum  periculo*  dejicerentur  :  qua;  tamen,8  ancoris  jactis,  quum 
fluctibus  complcrentur/'  neCefsa'rto  adversa  nocte"  in  ahum  proveet;o 

utinentcm  petjerunt 

XXIX.  Ej«m  nocte  aecidit,  ut  ecset  luna  plena  ;  qui  dies  mari- 
timos  asstus  maxi;.".-  in  0<scam  •  •'  '.it:  rHOstrisque  id 
erat  incognitum.  Ita  uno  tempore  ct  Irfngas  naves,  quibus  Csesar 
exercitum  transportandum  •'uravcra". .  ue  in  aridum  subduxe- 
rat,  jfestus  comglel  nerarias,  quae  ad  arrcoras  vrant  deligata*, 
tempestas  aiilietabat  ;  ncquc  ulla  nqstris'facultas  aut  administrandi, 
autauxiliandi  oabatur      Comjfiljuribus  iiavibu."  fractis,  reliqua  i 

*sent,  funibus,  a:  oris  rejiq.uii»qu'e  armamentis  amissis,  ad  na,  .  .;  ■' 

3um  inutiles,1  magna,  id  (juod  nccesse  erat  aecidcre,-  totius  c\(ic;- 

tus  perturbatio  facta  est  :  ncque  enim  naves  erant  aliiv,  quibus  re- 

irtari  pi  omnia  deei*ant,  quae  ad  reficiendas  eas  usui4  sunt ; 

— . _ '.j  __ ■ 

6.   Imprudentiea,  §142.  6.  Oompltrenn'      ''Rcgim  in  he  fill< d." 

7     Adveran  nocte,     "Thou»hili<    v.'.ght 
II     1.   Podi  dieni  quartum  quam.      \\-k~  unfavorable ." 

'■ ,  J: mi.  -j 

,  Rem.  1.  XXIX       1 .   Ad    ha   i 

"Since  the"  rc.-i 
4.  M;ipno  suicum  periculo.   Sm\-  here      igai] 
ot  j<  'li  gri  nt.  peril  to  them-  J 

This 
rtur- 
inmqgno sui  dim ptriculo  ''(AHunij:!,      ban 

ilic  attempt  ^  .    dnngerou  'In  which 

one,  :"    literally,      tbey  might 

•■their   atichoi  cvertht-h  197,  Rem   ! 

cast  "    .  I*.    I 


:>i  !;:•:   CELLO  GALLIC  ■ 

'*'■  t- 
et,  quod  omuibus  lonstabat,  hiemare  in  Gallia  oportere,  i'rumentum 
his  in  locis  in  hicinenAprovisum  non  orat.  * 

XXX.  Quibus  rebus  eognitis,  principes  Britannire,  qui  po3t  proc- 
laim factum1  ad  ea,  quae  juaserat  Csesar,facienda  convenerant,  inter 
se  collocuti,  quum  equites  ct  naves  et  fruruentuni  Romanis  de^sse 
intelligerent,  et  panckatr^i  m'ilituw  ex  castrorum  exiguitate  coguos- 

■  nt,  qufce  line  erant  etiam2  angustiora,  quod  sine  impediment^ 
<  giones  transportaverat,  optimum  factu  es.»e  duxerunt,3  re- 
bellione  facta,  frumento4  commeatuque  nostros  probibere  et  rem  iii 
hieinem  producere,  quod,  iia  superatis  aut  reditu4  interclusis,  nenii- 
ne»  postea  belli  inferajudi  causa  in  Britanniam  transiturum  oon- 
fidebant.  • 

XXXI.  Itaque,  rfirsus  conjuratione  facta,  paulatim  ex  castris 
discedere  ac  suos  clam  ex  agris  deducere  coeperunt.  At  Csesar,  etsi 
nondum  eorum  consilia  cognoverat,  tanicn  et  ex  eventu  navium  sua- 
rum,  et  ex  eo,  quod  obsides  dare  intermiserant,  fore  id,  quod  acci- 
dit,  suspicabatur.  Itaque  ad  oranes  casus  sufesidia  comparabat : 
namtt  frumentum  ex  agris  quotidie  in  castra  conferebat,  et  quas 
gravissime  afflictee  erant  naves,  earum«materia  atque  sere  ad  reliquas 
reftciendas  utebatur,  et  qua?1  ad  eas  res  erant  usui,2  ex  continenti 
comportari  jubebat.  Itaque,  quum  id  summo  studio  a  militibus  ad- 
ministraretur,  duodecim  navibus  amissis,  reliquis3  ut  navigari  com- 

♦  mode  posset,4  efiecit- 

XXXII.  Dum  ea  geruntur,  legione  ex  consuetudine  una  fru- 
mentasturu  missa,  quae  jappellabatur  septima,  neque  ulla  ad  id  tem- 
pus  belli  suspicioue  intorposita,  quum  pars  hominum  in  agris  re- 
maiieret,  pars  etiaiu>in  castra  ventitaret,  ii,  qui  pro  portis  castrorum 
in  statione  erant,  Cassari  renuneiaruut  pulverem  inajorem,  quam 
consuetudo  ferret,1  in  ea.parte  videri,  quam  in  partem  legio  iter 
fecisset.  Cresar,  id  quod  erat,- suspioatus  aliquid  novi  a  barbaris 
initum  eonsilii,3  cohortes,  qusc  in  stationibus  erant,  secum  in  earn, 
partem  proficisci,  duas  ex  reliquis  in,  stationem  succedere,  reliquas 

armari4  et  confosl.iin  sese  subse'qui  jussit.     Quum  paulo  longius  a 

bJ( '.' . 

2.  Usui"  §144. 

3.  Reliquis,  ".In,  or  by  means  of,  the 
rest,"  .      .       . 

4.  posset  is  impersonal. 

XXXII.  1.  Quain  consul  lido  ferre', — 
"Than  usual;"  §217- 

1.  Id  quod  erat,  "Which  was  the  fact;" 
— in  apposition  with  the  noun-sei- 
tenoe  following. 

8.   Cousilii,  £134,  Rem.-l. 

1.   Armnri,  "To  arm  themselves."        > 


•j.    In  lr.emem,  ••Forth"  winter." 

XXX.  1.  Factum,  gl8tf,:j,  c. 
•J     Btiam  anguutiora,    'jEven  narrower 

than  asual." 

'".  Optimum  facta  es-e  rluxeriint, — 
"Thought  that  it  was  best;"  literally, 
"be  i  i"  be  done,"  §179.  b. 

•1.   Fr#imenio,  §163. 

XXXI.  1.  Quae,  ku  ,'  "Whatever  was 
useful  for  t  hese  things." 


m 


\A\:VAi  QUARTCS.  «* 

castris  proces.sisset,  suos^aWio.-ibus  pre'uii  atque.a?gre  sustinere  et 
conferta  legio'ne  ex  onu  -tibus  tela  conjici  atiinium  advertit. 

Nam  quod,  ornni  ex  rcliijuis  partibus  aemesso  frumento,  para  una 
erat  reliqua,  suspicati  hosfes  hue  nostros  esse  venturos,  rioetu  in 
Bllyia  delituerant:  turn  dispersos,  depositis  armis,  in  mqjendo  oecu- 
patos  subito  adorti,  paucis  irrterfectis,  retiquos  ineertis  ordiuibus'1 
perturbaverant  :  simul  equitatu  atque  essedis  eireuindederant. 

XXXIII.  Genus  hoc  est  ex  essedis  pui;n;v  :  prime  per  omnos 
partes  perequitant,  ct  tela  conjiciunt,  atq-jfe  ipse  terrore  equorum  et 
strepitu  rotarum  ordines  plerumque  pertjirbant ;  et  quum  se  inter 
equiturn  turmas  insinuaverint.1  ex  essedis  desiliuut,  etpedibus  prcc- 
liantur.  Aurig;i>  interim  paulatim  ex  prcello  execdunt,  atque  ita 
currus  colloeant,  ut,  li  illi-  a  multitudine  hostium  preniantur,  ex- 
peditum  ad  suos  reeeptum  habeant.  Ita  mobilitatem  equiturn, 
stabilitatem  pedituni  in  prcoliia  prsestanb,  ao  tantum  usu  qnotidiano 
et  exercitatione  efficiunt,  uti  in  declivi  a>*.  praecipiti  loco  incitatos* 
equos  sustinere3  ct  breviJ  moderari  ac  flectere,  et  per  tenionem  per- 
currere  et  in  jugo  insistere  et  hide  se  in  eurrus  citissimc  recipere 
oonsuerint. 

XXXIV.  Quibua  rebus,1  pcrturbatis  nostris  novitate  pugnse, 
tempore  oppor^uniesimo  Cecsar  auxilium  tulit :  namquc  ejus  adventu 
hostes  constitcrunt,  nostri  se  ex  timore-  rcceperunt.  Quo  faclo,  ad 
lacessendum  et  ad  committendum  pru'linm  alicnum2  esse  tempus  ar- 
bitrates, suo  se'loco3  continuit,  et  hrevi  tempore  intermisso,  in  cas- 
tra  legiones  reduxit.  Dum  brcc  geruntur,  nostris  omnibus  occupa- 
tisj  qui  erant  in  agris  reliqui,  discesserunt.  Secutrc  Mint  eontinuos 
complures  dies  tempestates,  qurc4  ct  nostros  in  castris  continefent, 
et  hostem  a  pugna  prohiberent  Interim  barbari  nuncios  in  oitines 
partes  dimiserunt,  paucitatemque  nostrorum  milituni  suis*  prredica- 
verunt,  et  quanta  prreda;  facienda;  atque  in  perpetuum  sui  liber m- 
di6  faeultas  daretur/' si  Romanos  castris  expulissent,"  demonstravc- 
runt.  His  rebus  celeriter  magna  multitudine  peditatus  cquitatus- 
que  coacta,  ad  castra  venerurft. 

XXX1Y.      '.  tjuibus, rebus.    "  To  thes;- 
things,"  if    "tn  « .ur  men  in  this  con- 
dition ;" — remote  object  0,1  lulil. 
2.    Aliecum,  "Unfavorable." 
3     Loco,  ; 

•J.  Illi,  Li.  the  soldiers  who  ride  in  (ho,4.   Quas  contfberent,  "Hush  as  to  kei  ;  . 
chariots.  §210. 

3.  Uti— sustinere   consuerint,         Thai  •">.   3ai  liberandi,  £177.  Rem.  3. 
even    on    steep    and    rupped  ground  6     Daretar,  1214 

they    are   in   the   habit  of  checking  7.  Si  expulissent,    "If  they  should 
their  horses  when  at  full  speed."  "  8198,  a. 

4.  Hrevi,  ur.  tempore  or  tpaiio;  "Quick- 
ly," or  "within  a  short  space." 


5.    Incertit  ordinibus  expresses  the  cause 
of  the  confusion  ;   §186,  Rem.  J. 

XXXI IT.    1.  Insinuaverint,  £210.  Ran. 
3 


06   '  DE   DELLO  G.U.UC;). 

XXV.  r:;"- t.  etsi  idem,  quod  supefforibus  diebus  acciderat, 
{ovc  v  ent  ftostes  pulsi',  eeferitate  periculum  effuge- 

;  tanmn  :;  •  •  us  equites  circiter  trigiuta,  quos  Commius  Atrebiis, 
Ae  q*io  ante  dictum  est,  seoum  trftisportaverat,  legiones  in  acts  pro 

ria   contjfituik     Comm&so    proelio,  diutius  nostrorum    milituin 

is    ferre  non  potueimnt,    ac   terga  verterunt.     Quos 

tan  to  spatio1  sccati,  quantum'2  cursu  et  viribus  cfficere  potuerunt, 

complures  ex  iis  ocoiderunt ;  dcinde,  omnibus3  longe  lateque  afBictis 

incenaisque,  Be  in  castra  reeeperunt. . 

XXXVI.  Eodom  die  legati,  ab  hostibus  missi  ad  Cssarem  de 
pace,  sen  runt.  His  Caesar  numeriim  obsiduni,  quern  antea  impe- 
raverat,  dupiicavit,  eosque  in  continenteni  adduci  jussit,  quod,  pro- 
pi  aqua  die  oequinoctii,  iufirmis  navibus',  hie  mi  navigationeni  subjici- 
endum nou  e^istirnabai .  Ipse,  idoneam  tempestatem  nactus,  paulo1 
post  inediam  noeteiu  naves  solvit,  quae  o nines  incolumes  ad  continen- 
tem pervenerunt ;  sed  ex  bis  onerariae  duae  eosdem,  quos  reliquao, 
portus  capertr  nou  potuerunt,  et  paulo  iufra  delataa  suut. 

XXXVII.  Quibu.s  ex  navibus  quum  essent  ezpositi  milites  cir- 
citer CCC,  atque  iri.*castra  eoutenderent,  Morini,  quos  Caesar,  n 
Britanniam  profiots'cens,  pacatos . .  reliquerat,  spe  praedae  .adducti, 
primo  non  ita  magno1  riorum  numero  circumste'terunt,  ac,  si  sese 
interne:  nollent,  arma  ponere,  jusseruut.  Quum  illi  orbe  facto  sese 
dei'enderent,  oeleriter  ad  clamorem  hominum2  circiter  millia  VI  oon- 
veneuunt.  Qu;i  re  nuueiata,  Caasar  onmem  ex  castris  equitatum  suis 
auxilio"'  ntisit.  Interim  nostri  milites  impetum  bos'iuui  sustinue- 
runt,  atque  amplius  boris  quatuor  fortissime  pugnaverunt,  et,  paucis 
vulaeribus  acceptis,  complures  ex  iis  occiderunt.  Postea  vero  quam 
equitatus*  noster  in  conspectum  venit,  bostes  abjectis  armis  terga 
verteruut,  magnusque  eorum  numerus  est  occisus. 

XXXVIII.  Caasar  postero  die  T.    Labienum   legatuni   cum   iis 
mibus,  quas.ex  Britannia  reduxerat,  in  Morinos,  qui  rebeliiouem 

fecerant,  misit.  Qui  quum  propter  siccitates  paludum,  quo  se  re- 
c-iperent,1  non  haberent,  quo  perfugio2  superiore  anno  fuerant  usi, 
onines  fere  in  potestatem  Labieni'yenerunt.  At  Q.  Titurius  et  L. 
Cotta,  legati,  qui  in  Menapiorum  fines  legioncs  duxerant,  omnibus 

XXXV.     1.  Tanto  spatio,  §153.  iXXXVU.     1.   Non  ita  magno,    "Not  so 

'I.  Quantum,  "As."    The  antecedent  is      large  (as  it.  iniglit  have  been)." 


tanto  spatw. 
8.   Omnibus,  "Every  thing." 

XXXVI.   1.  Paulo,  §108. 
2.  Capere,  "To  reach." 


t.   Hominum  limits  millia, 
3.   Auxilio,  $H4. 

XXXVIII.     1.  Quo  si-  reciperent,  "(A 

place)  to  retreat  to:"  §210,  a. 
2.  Quo  perfugio.  i.e.  the  marbhes. 


R  QUINTDS. 


eorutn    agris   fastali  lefts  incensis,  quod 

Menapii  se  omnes  in  dc^isisSitiias  sllvas  abdiderant,  se  ad  Ctcsarerh 
receperunt.  Caosardn  Belgis  omnium  legionum  bib^erna  constituit. 
Eo  dux  omnino  civitates  ex  Britannia  pbsides  mj?erunt,  reliqmv 
n-gfexevunt.  His  rebus  gestis,  ex  litefia  Csesaris9!qierum  XX  sup- 
[uicatio  a  senajtu  decretn 


BELLO  GALLICO 
LIBEIi    V. 

I.     Lucio    Domitio,  Appio  Claudio    consulibus,    disoedens    ab 
hibernis  I'jesar  in  Italiam,  ut  quotannis  facere  consuerat,  legatis 
-  legionibus  prnsfecerat,  uti,  quam  pluriraas  possent,1 
-dificandas,  veteresque  rcficienda?  curarent.2     Earum 
lum  formamque  demonstrat.     Ad  eeleritatem  onerandi   subduc- 
esque3  paulo  fae.it  hmniliorcs,4  quam  quibmi^in  nostro  mari  uti 
mevimr.s;  atquc  id1'  eo  magi  -.roprtr  crebras    conamuta- 

ea  aMtunta^binus  magnos  il>i  fluetus  fieri  cognoverat :  ad  onera 
I  multitudinem  jumentornm  transportaridam  paulo  latiores,T 
uam  quibus  in  reliquis  utimur  maribus.     Has    omnefi    :ictuariass 
tnperat  fieri,  quam  ad  rem  multum  liumilitaH  adjuvat.     Ea.,  quae 
-unfc  usui9  ad  armaudas  naves,  ex'  Hispania  appoftari  jubet.     Ipse, 
onventibus   Gallia^   citerioris  pcractis,  in  Tllyricum  proficiscitur, 
Pi    tstis  fi*5timaui  partem  provinciae-  incursionibus  vastari 
udiebat.     Eo  quum  cmtatibue  milites  imperat,  certum- 

ue  in  locum  conveninj  jubet  Qua  re  nunciata,  Piruslre  legatos  ad 
vm  mittunt,  qui  doeeattlj10  '  uibil  <  urum  rcrurn  publieo  factum  con- 
;!i   .  -  paratos  esse  '  demonstrant  c  omnibus  rationibus  de  in- 

uriis  satisfacerc  '     Accepta  oratione  corum,  Ca;sar  obsides  imperat, 
d  certam  diem  adduci  jubet :  nisi  ita  feceriut,11  sese  bcllo 

S.   Ex  liter--  Casaris,    "  In  consequence,  of  Cesar's  despatches." 
N  O  T  K  S  . 

Quam   plarimaa    post>eat,    {203, 1 4.  Humiiiores,  $101,  b.# 
1.  5.  Quibus,  "Those  whirh  " 

fes  tcdificandas,  &c  .curarcni.  6.    Id,  .*c.  facit. 
"To  have  ship-?  built,  7.    Latior«B.  te.  Tacit.  {161,  b. 

S.  Kubdiictione-*, "Drawing  up  on  land      8.   Actuarial*  limits  fieri. 
The  anriont?  draw  up    their   Vessels  9.    Usui,  {111. 
on  land  when  they    were    not    usingjl"    Doeeanl,  |2l0,  ». 
'•hem, and  surrounded  them,  if  n>  -  •--  1 1.    Focorint,  §198,  a. 
.  with  fortifications. 

I 


«  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

«ivitatem  persecuturum  demonstrat.  Ilia  ad  diem  adductis,  ut  im- 
peraverat,  arbitros  inter  etvit^tes  dat'J  qui  litem  sostimeut,  poonam- 
que  constituant. 

IT.  His  confectis  rebus,  convontibusque  peractis,  in  citerioreia 
GalUam  revert  itur,  atque  iude  ad  exercitum'proficiscitur.  Eo  quum 
venisset,  circuitis  omnibus  hibernis,  singulari  militum  studio,  in 
■uinma  omnium  rerurn  inopia,  circiter  DC  ejus  generic,  cujus1  supra 
demonstravimus,  naves  et  longas2  XXVIII  in venit  instructas,  neque 
multum  abesse  ab  eo,3  quin  paucis  diebus  deduci  'possent.  Collau- 
datis  militibus,  atque  iis,  qui  negotio  praefuerant,  quid  fieri  velit,4 
«stendit,  atque  omnes  ad  portum  Itium  eon venire  jubet,-  quo  ex 
portu  coramodissimum  in  Britanni  im.transmissutn  esse  cognoverat, 
•irciter  millium  passuum5  XXX  a  coutinenti.  Huic  rei6  quod  satis 
•esse  visum  est  militum,7  reliquit :  ipse  cum  legionibus  expeditis  IV, 
ti  equitibus  DCCC  in  fines  Trevirorum  profieiscitur,  quod  hi  neque 
*d  concilia  veniebaut,  neque  imperio  parebant,  Germanosquc  Trans* 
rhenanos  sollicitare  dicebantur. 

III.  Haac  civitas  longe  plurimum1  totius  Galliae  equitatu'2  valet,, 
maguasque  habet  copias  peditum,  Rhenumque,  ut  supra,  dembnstra- 
vimus,  tangit.  In  ea  civitate  duo  de  priucipatu  inter  se  con'tende- 
bant,  Indutiomarus  et  Cingetorix:  ex  quibus  alter,  simul  atque  de 
Caesaris  legionumque  adventu  cognitum  est,  ad  cum  venit ;  se  suos- 
que  omnes  in  ofticio  futures,  neque  ab  amicitia  Populi  Romani  de- 
.fecturos  confirmavit,  quaeque3  in  Treviris  gererentur,  ostendit.  At 
Indutiomarus  equitatum  peditaturaque  cogere,  iisque  qui  per  aetatem 
in  armis  esse  non  poterant,  in  Silvam  Arduennam  abditis,  quae  ingenti 
magnitudine4  per  medios  fines  Trevirorum  a  flumine  Rheno  ad  ici-' 
tium  Remorum  pertinet,  bellum  parare  i  stituit.  Sed  postea  quam 
nonnulli  principes  ex  ea  civitate,  et  familiaritate  Cingetorigis  ad- 
ducti,  et  adventu  nostri  exercitus  perterriti,  ad  Caesarem  venerunt, 
«t  de  suis  privatiui  rebus  ab  eo  petere  coeperunt,  quoniam  oivitati8 
consulere  non  possent,6  Indutiomarus  veritus,  neab  omnibus  desere- 
retur,7  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittifc ;  '  Sese  idcirco  ab  suis  discedere, 


II.   1.  Cujus,  §129,  Rem.  3. 

2.  Longas,  *c.  naves. 

3.  Neque  multum  abesse-  ab  eo,  &c  . 
"And  that  they  were  far  from  being 
ready  to  launch  in  a  few  days  ;" — 
"that  they  were  not  far  off  from  this, 
but  that  in  a  few  days  they  might  be 
launched." 

4.  Velit.  §214. 

$.  Millium  pastuum  limits  transmissum, 

§132. 
6.  Huic  rei  may  limit  reliquit,  §144,   or 


talis. 
7.  Militum,    §134,    limits    the    relative 
noun-sentence  quod  sat  it  ease  visum  e»L 

III.     1.  Plurimum,  {150,  Rem.  Z. 

2.  Equitatu,  §161. 

3.  Quaeque,  "And  what."     Gererenlmr.. 
#414. 

4.  Iugenti  magnitudine,  $164. 

5.  Civitati,  §142. 
tt.  Pos.-eut,  §190. 

7.  Deaereretur,  §1W,  Rem.  2,  (b). 


..ItfER  QUINTUS.  9» 

»tque  :id  eurn  venire  nnluisse,  nuo8  faoiliua  ciyitatem  in  officio  con- 
tincret,  ne  omnia  no'bilitatis  aiscessu  plebs  propter  imprudentiain 
laberetur.  Itaque  esse  eivitatetnv  in  sua  potestate,  seque,  si  Cscsar 
pennitteret,  ad  cum  in  castra  venturum,  ct  Buas  eivitatisque  for- 
tunas  ejus  fidei  permist-urnin.' 

IV.  Csesir,  etsi  ihtelligebat,  qua  de  causa  ea  dicerentur,1  qute- 
que  cum  res  ab  iustituto  consilio  deterrcret.1  tatnen.  nc  testatem  iu 
Trcviri.s  eonsumere  cogeriwr,  omnibus  ad  ISritannicuni  bellum  re- 
bus comparatia,  Irjdutiomaruro  ad  se  cum  ducentia  obsidibna  venir« 
jussif.  His  adductis,  in  iis  filio  propinquisque  ejus  omnibus,  quoa 
nominatim  evi  caverat,  cotisola'tus  Indutiomarum  bortatusque  est, 
uti  iu  officio  permaueret:  u  i  kilo2  t  amen  sccius  principibus  Treviro- 
rum  ad  se  convocatis,  bos  singillatim  Cingetorigi  couciliavit:  quod 
quutn  "•  merito  ejus  ab  *e  fieri  intflligebat,  turn  ruagni  interesse4  ar- 
bitrabatur,  ejus  auctoritatcm  inter  suns  qua  in  plurimum5  valere, 
CUJus  tarn  cgregiam  in  se  Yoluntatem  perspexisset.  Id  factum  gravi- 
ter  tulit  Indutiomarus,  suatn  gratiam  inter  suos  minui ;  et,  qui  jam 
ante  inimico  iu  nosanimo6  fuisset.,7  multo  gravius  boc  dolore  exaisit 

Y.  His  rebus  constitutis,  Caisar  ad  portum  Itium  cum  legioni- 
bus  pervenit.  Ibi  cognoscit  XL  naves,  quffi  in  Meldis  factte  erant, 
teuipestate  rejoctas  cursum  tenQrenKm  potuisse,  atque  eodem,  unde1  , 
eraut  profectte,  revertisse  :  reliquas  paratas  ad  navigandum,  atqu»  y 
omnibus  rebus  instructas  invenit.  Eodem  totius  Gallia?  equitatm 
convenit,  numero  miilium  quatuor,2  priucipesque  omnibus  ex  .civi- 
taiibus  :  ex  q tubus  perpaucos,  quorum  in  se  fidem  perspexerat,  re- 
linqiu'ie  in  Gallu,  reliquos  obsidum  loco  secum  ducere  decreverat ; 
quod,  quum  ipse  abesset,  mofum  Gallire  verebatur. 

VI.  Erat  una  cum  ceteris  Dumnorix  j^Cduus,  de  quo  ab  nobis 
antea  dictum  est.  Hunc  secum  babere  in  priruis  eonstituerat,quod 
eum  cupiduiii1  rerum  uovarum,  cupidum  imperii,  magni  animi,^ 
magna?  inter  Gallos  auctoritatis  cognoverat.  Accedebat  buc,  quod 
jam  in  concilio  /Eduorum  Duinnorix  dixerat  '  sibi  a  Cacsare  regnum 
•iritalis  deferri :'  quod  dictum3  ^Edui  graviter  ferebant,  iteque  re- 
•USandl  aut  deprecandi  causa  legat»srad  C;t'sarem  mittere  audebaut. 


S    Quo,  J193,  Rem.  3. 


'I.   Inimico  anim<>,  $164,  Rem.  1. 
7     Fuissfc*,  J(*il0,  ». 


IV.   1     Dioerentnr,  §214. 

3.   Nihilo,  | 

'.    Quod —  lien,   "1  hat  t  )i  i h  wm  <i  tl 

Qiiinii     turn.  "Not  only, — but  also." 
4     HAgni  ioterfase,    "  Tb»t    it    was  ot 

pr>'»i  import&ace,"  \  137. 
A.  Quain  I'lurimum  fal-i  c,  "Br  as^re.it !  VI     1.    Eum  cupidlta,  «<    ctae. 

up  ssibie;"  ('-aTuil  a«  much  m  pot- 12.  Magni  iir.inii,  jl82,  Rem.  1. 

tible  '  )  {160.  Rem.  3.  '  '3    Quod  dictum.  "Which  kaying.' 


V.   1.   Unde.  J129,  Rtm.  10. 

1^.  Nnnuro  iiiilliuiti  qutttu  r,  "Of  four 
ill ■  u-iind  in  number  ;"  i'.«  numbering 
four  thousand,    jjltil, 


100  >UE  lUXLO  GALLH") 

Id  factum  ex  suit  hoepvtibus  Caesar  cognoverat.  Ille  oninibas  prime 
precibus  petcrc  couteudit,  ut  in  G.il/ia  relinqueretur  ;  parti  in,  quod 
insuetus  navigandi*  mare  tlmeret,5  partim,  quod  religion;' 
diceret6  impediri.  Posteaquam  id  obstinate  sibi  negjp-i  vidit,  oujoi 
spe  impetrandi  adempta,  torincipes  Gallia  sollicitare,  sevocare  sin- 
gulo3  hortarique  ccepit,  uti  in  contineoti  remanpreufc;  metn  Tern- 
tare,  *non  sine  causa  fieri',7  ut  Gallia  onini  nqbilitate  spoliaretur : 
id  esse  consilium  Csesaris,  ut,  quos  in  conspKcfaGallite  interficere 
vcreretur,  hos  omncs  in  Britanniam  transductos  necaret:'  fidem 
reliquis  interponere,  jusjurandum  poscerc,  ut,  qucd  esse  ex  usu  Gal- 
lia? intellexi&seut,8  communi  consilio  administrarent..  Haec  a  codit 
pluribus  ad  Csesarem  dtpferebantur. 

VII.  Qua  re  cognita,  Caesar,  quod  tautum  ciyitati  JSduoe  digni- 
tatis tribuerat,  coerceudum  atque  deterrendum,  quibuscumqjue  rebus 
posset,  Dumuorigem  statuebat,  quod  long"ius  ejus1  amentiam  progredi 
videbat,  prospiciendum,1  ne  quid  sibi  ae  reipublicro  nocere  posSet.* 
Itacjue  dies  circit~*r  XXV  in  eo  loco  commoratus,  quod  Corus  ve'ntus 
havigaticnem  imped iebat,  qui  magnam  partem  omnis  temporis3  in 
his  locis  flare  consuevit,  dabat  operant,  ut  in  oflicio  Dumnovigem 
contincret,  nihilo4  tamen  secius  omnia  ejus  consilia  cognosceret  -J' 
tandem,  idoneam  tempestatem  ntfetus,  milites  equitesqne  comscen- 
dere  in  naves  jubet.  At,  omnium  impeditis  animis,  Xfamnorix  cum 
equitibus  ^duorum  a  castris,  ihsciente  Cajsare,  domum  discedere 
coepit.  Qua  re  nunciata,  Ca&sar,  intermissa  profectiooe,  atque  omni- 
bus rebus  postpositis,  tiaagnam  partem  equitatus  ad  e.uni  insequeq- 
dum°  mittit,  retrahique7  imperat :  si  vim  faciat,  neque  parent,  iu.te.r- 
fici  jubet :  nihil  huno,  se  absente,  pro  sano  facturum  arbitratus,  (jui 
pra3sentis  imperium  neglexisset.8  Ille  enim9  revocatus  resistere  ac 
re  manu  defendcre  suorumque  fidem  imploraro  eoepit,  saepe  elami- 
tans  '  liberum  se,  liberccque  civitatis10  esse.'.    Illi,  ut  erat  impera- 


4.  Navigandi.  §135.  n..  mjury  to' himself  (Cfesar)  and  the  re- 

5.  Timeret  §190.  public."  Quid,  §  160.  Rem.  3. 

G.  Dieerct.  §190,  Rem.  1.  3.   Mngpam    partem    omnia    temporis, 

Non  -ine  causa  fieri,    '.*  That  it^nW     "Most  of  the  time."" 


A     Nihilo,  §1(38.      Nihil"  tamen  seciUgis 
a  very  strong  expression  :   "  Ya  not' 
a  whit  the  lc-s." 
Cognosceret    is  coordinate  with    ron- 


ii'it  wiihout    a   purpose:"  —  ("tria-tit 
did  not  happen  w.thout  cau>e.'!)     .' 

fi.   Quud — inte'lexissent,      "Whatever 
they  fhould  ascertain  to.be  advanta- 
geous to  Gaul."     The  completion    of |     fineret. 
the  action  is  here  referred  to.  .6    Insequendum,  §177. 

7.   Retrain,  tc.  euui».»  e   Duinnorix'. 

VII.     1.  Prospiciendum    {essr)  depends  8.   Neglexis$et   §21.0,C. 

on    statuebat    understood      "That  it  9.   Enim  introduces  the  proof   that  Cfle- 
must  be  seen  to."-  sar  was  uot  mistaken  in  nis  estimate 

2.   Ne  quid— posset,    "That  ho   should      of  Dumnorix. 
'not  have  jt  in  his  power  to    do    any  10.  Liberie  civitatis,  sc.  civem,  §133. 


.■ 
J,II5i:ii  QUIST0S.  101 

turn,  circuinsiatunt  bomiueru,  atque  intefrficiunt ;  ni  iEdui  equitea 
ad  CfBsareta  fcmnes  revcrtuntur. 

VIII.  His  rebus  gestis,  Labieno  in  continentc  cum  tribus  legi- 
dhibus  et  eqiMtum  millibus  duobus  relicto,  ut  portus  tueretur,  et 
rem  frum<Hitariam  provideret,  quceque  in  Gallia  gererentur,1  cog- 
nosceret,  consiliumque  projWrjipore  et  pro  re  caperet,  ipse  cum  quin- 
que  legionibua  et  pari  nunflpo  equitum,  quern  in  continenti  relin- 
quebat,*2  solis'occasu  naves  solvit;  et  leni  Africo  proveotue,  media 
circiter  uocte  vento  iuteruiisso,  cursum  non  tenuit,  et  longius  dela- 
tus  aestUj  orta  lueo.  sub  sinistra  Britanniam  relictam  conspexit. 
Tutu  rur.-us,  sestus  commutationem  secutus,  remis  contendit,  ut  o-.mi 
partem  insula;  caperet,  qua  optimum  esse  egressum  superiore  estate 
OognoVerah  Qua  in  re  aduiodum  fuit  militum  virtus  laudanda,  qui 
reetoriis  gravibusque  navigiis,  non  intermisso  retnigandi  labore,  lou- 
guruin  navium  cursum  ad&quarunt.  Accessum  est  ad  Britanniam 
omnibus  navibuv' nieridiano  fere  tempore  :  neque  in  qo  locd  hostis 
est  visus,  sed,  ut  postea  C;csar  ex  captivis  compcrit,  quum4  magna; 
man  us  eo  eonvenissent,  multitudine  navium  perterrita1,  (qua1  cum 
Unuotinis  privatisque,  quas  sui  quisquc  commodi5  fecerat,  amplius 
D-CCC0  uno  erant  visae  tempore,)  a  liture  discesserant,  ac  se  in  su- 
periora  loea  abdiderant. 

IX  Caesar,  exppsito  ezercitu,  et  loco  castris  idoneo  capto,  ubi 
■»x  captivis  cognovit,  quo  in  loco  bostiiim  copiae  consedissent,1  cobor- 
tibus  X  ad  mure  relictis,  et  equitibus  CCC,  qui  praesidio  navibua 
essi  in,'-  de  tertia  vigilia  ad  bostes  contendit,  eo  minus  veritus  navi- 
Ikih,3  quod  in  litore  molli  atque  aperto  deiigatas  ad  ancoram  rclin- 
qu.'bat.  et  praesidio1  navibus  Q.  Atrium  praelecit.  Ipse,  n^btu  pro 
mUlia  passunm  circiter  XII,  hostium'copias  conspicatus  est. 
Illi,  equitatu  atque  ussedis  ad  flumen  pi'ogressi,  ex  loco  superiore 
r«»a  probibere  et  prcelium  oommittere  coeperunt.  Kepulsi  ab 
equhatu,  se  in  silvas  abdiderunt,  locum  nacti  cgregie  et  natura  et 
open*  fnunituni,  quern  domestici  belli,  ut  videbatur,  causa  jam  aiite 
pnvpm  averant :  nam  crebris  arboribus  sucoisis  omnes  introitus  erant 
pwcolusi.  Ipsi  ex  .silvis  rari  propugrtabant,  noitrosque  ii.tra  muni- 
tions ingredi  probibebant.     At  mifites  legionis  VII,  testudiue  fac- 


VII  i.     I     (Jererontur.  §214. 


2.  1,    pari  tiuriicro  t  (jtiitum  (ei  nnmero) 

q  tern  in  cuotiiienu  reliuqttehat    The 

i  .    were     t!iu>    tq  'rt'ly    divided 

on     liuif    It-it  behind,  the  other    car 

lo  Uritain. 

t.  <  <•!.  mil.  is   iiav.lni",    ••  With    t!'    the 

i.l  Navibua,  \\AL 
t  in,  "Although."  I •».    Pricsidiu,  $1 U. 

1% 


•r>.    Sui  commodi.  rr.  o 


pliut  ocrinyen  fa  La  explanatory  of 
<j"<r,  "Auiouotiftg  to  moi  e  ilia  a  eight 
huudr  d." 

IX.    1.   Conscdi-sent,   fl    I 

2.    Prsr-idio  DHvibtll  essi'iit,  {111.  5-14 


102  DE  BE  LLC)  GALLIC  O        I 

ta,  et  aggere  ad  mnnitipncs  adject",  locum  ceperunt,  cesque  ex  silvis 


expulerunt,  paucis  vulnenbu;  accepts.  Sod  eos. fugientes5  longius 
C;esar  prosequi  vetuit,  et  quod  loci  naturain  ignoiflbat,  et  quod, 
magna  parte  diei  'eonsumpta,  muuitioui6  castroruui  ferupus  relinqui 
volebat. 

X.  Postridie  ejus  diei  raane  tripartita  milites  equitesque  in  ex- 
peditionem  misit,  ut  eos,  qui  fujjerant,  persequcfentur.  His  ali- 
quantum1  itineris  progressis,  quum  jam  extrwpi  essejjt  in  prospectu, 
equites  a  Q.  Atrio  ad  Caesarern  venerunt,  ennjpunciareut,2  '  superiore 
nocte,  maxima  coorta  tempestate,  prope  omnes  naves  afflictas,  atque 
in  litore  ejectas  esse;  quod  nequo  ancorse>''funesque  subsistereut,3 
n^que  nautae. gubernatoresque  vim  pati  tempestatis  posscnt  :  itaque 
ex  eo  concursu  navium  magnum  esse'ineommodum  acceptum.' 

XI.  His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  legiones  equitatumque  revocari 
atque  jtinere  desistere  jubet :  ipse  ad  Baves  revertitur  :  eadem  fere, 
quae  ex  nunciis  literisque  cognoverat,  coram  perspicit,  sic  ut,  amis- 
sis  cireiter  XL  navibus,  reliqua:  tamen  refici  posse  maguo  negotio 
viderentur.1  Itaque  ex  legionibus  fabros  delegit,  et  ex  contineuti 
alios  arcessiri  jubet ;  Labieno  scribit,  ut,  quam  plurimas  posset,2 
iis  legionibus,3  quae  sunt4  apud  eum,  naves  instituat.  Ipse,  etsi  res 
erat  multa;  operse  ac  laboris,  tamen  commodissimum 'esse  statuit, 
omnes  naves  subduci  et  cum  castris  una  munitione  conjungi;  In 
bis  rebus  cireiter  dies  decern  consumit,  ne  nocturnis  quideni  tem- 
poribus  ad,  laborem  militum  intermissis.5  Subductis  navibus,  cas- 
trisque  egregie  munitis,  easdem  copias,  quasanfe,  praesidio8  navibus 
reliquit:  ipse  eodetn,  unde  redierat,  proficiscitur.  Eo  quum  venis- 
set,  maiores  jam  undique  in  euiu  locum  copias  Britannorum  convene- 
raut,  sunima  imperii  bellique  adrninistrandi*  cominuni  consilio  per 
missa  Cassivellauno,  cujus  fines  a  maritimis  civitatibus  fluinen  divi- 
dit,  quod8 'appellator  Tamesis,  a  mari  cireiter  millia  passuum  LXXX. 
Huic  superiore  tempore  cum  reliquis  civitatibus  coutinentia   bella 


f>.  Eos  fugientft  is  object  of  prosequi.         structiens  which  is  very  rare  in  Cse- 
C    Mumtioni,  §144.  Bar  :  potsei    being  past   subjunctive, 

— the  regular  form    of  oblique    dis- 
X.    1     AliquantbDB.' §168.  course  alter  an    historical    t^nse — . 


4  2.  Ntinciarent,  $210. 
.  ?,.  tMibsisterent,  §190. 

XI  1.  ll^liquse  tamen  viderentur,  "Yet 
the  rest%eemed  capable  of  being  re- 
j.aiifd  with  great  bibor."  The  ante- 
cedent of  tamen  is  implied  in  a?nissis 
navibus,  §185,  1. 

■~A.  Quam  plurimas  posset,  $203:    §217. 

.3    lis  legionibus.  ablative  of  means. 

4.    Sunt, — a  bleuding  of  diffeient    con- 


while  sunt  takes  the  form  of  direct 
discourse. 

5.  Ad  laborem  militum  intermissis, 
'Intervening  to  the  labor  of  the  sol- 
diers;" i  e.  the  soldiers  working  <lay 
and  night. 

G    Pues.d.o,  £144. 

7.  Summa  imperii' bellique  adminis- 
trnndi,  -The  control  of  the  govern- 
ment and  ofVariying  on  the  war." 

8.  Quod,  §12»,  Rent.  o. 


LiBEJi  QUINTU 


1 M 


intercessorant  :  ^ed  uosir •  :  aJventu  |  ■  iuni  hunc  toti  hello 

imperioque  pnefeeerant.  V 

XII.      BritamEe  pars  interior   -1.  ii~  itiefilitur,  quos  natus  in    in- 
jtuni  dictint.  i1  uiari^aha  pars  ah  ii.s,  qui  prav 
nsa  ex   Beljris  brtinsBfcant :  qui   o nines   fere 
^JLipellantur,  quJJVas  orti  ex  civitatibus  eo 
lo  Ifia.ti'  ihi  reuiaiifcrftnr,  atque  agros  colerc  cce- 
MHnir:i   inajtituclo  creberriniaque    sedificia, 
magnua  Humerus.     Utuntur  aut 
uin    pondufl   examinatis,   pro  Dumuio. 


ttula  ipsa  memqjj 

dab  ac  belli  infes 

iis  uominil 

perveneruut,  e 

permit.      Ilomi 

fere  Gallicis  conUmilia 

8BTe  aut  taleis  ferreis,  a 


limini 
•onsim 


Nascitur  ibi  plumbum  albui  is  regionibus, in   irfari- 

timis,  ferrum*;  M>d  eju.-,  exigua    ■•     ■  :  :vre  utuntur   iraportato* 

Materia  cujusque  gem  '    ,4.  ia,  est  praetor  t'aguui  atque  abie- 

rein.      Leporcin  ct  gab  am    rem  gustare  fas  lion  putant  ;  haec. 

tamen  a  hint,  animi  voluptatisquc  eausa  '•'      Loca  sunt   temperatio-ra 
<|uam  in  Gallia,  rstnissioribus  frigoribus4 

XIII  Insula  nitura  triquetra,  oujus  unum  latus  est  contra  Gral- 
liam.  Ilujus  lateris  alter  angulus,  qui  est  ad  Cantium,  quo  fere 
omnes  i  \  Gallia  naves  appelluntur,  ad  orientem  solem  ;  inferior  ad 
meridiem  spectat.  Hoc  latus  tenet  cifciter  millia  passuum  D.  Al- 
teruui  vergit  ad  ffispaniam  atquo  occiuentem  solem,  qua  ex  parte 
est  Hibernia,  dimidip1  minor,  ut  aestimatur,  quaui  Britannia;  Bed 
pari  spatio2  trausmispus  atque  cj  Gallia  est  in  Britanniam.  Io  hoc 
medio  cursu  est  iusiAu,  quae  appellatur  Mona  ;  complures  practerca 
minores  objectai  insula  existimantur ;  d«  quibus  insulis  nonnulli 
soripseruwt,  dies  continuo^3  XXX  sub  bruma  esse  noetem.  Nos 
nihil  de  eo  perddntationibus  reperiebamus,  nidi  certis  ex  aqua  men- 
-uri>4  breviores  esse  quatn  in  contincnte  noctes  videbanius.  Ilujus 
-  longitudo  lateris,  ut  feet  illoruni  opinio/'  DCC  Baillium.  Ter- 
tium  est  contra  septemtriones,  cui  parti  nulla  est  objecta  terra  ;  *ed 


by   in 

wi  hi-  n  rcci 
Ii-  neminit 


\1I.   1.   Quos — dicunt, "Who. .they 
(radii  on  tells  were  boru  in    tb« 
land  itself."     Proditum%(  ettt  |    I  I 
personal  ;    "  that  it  has  been  liauded 
down  by  recol  i  c  I    pot    bj 

records 

ibus  ciYitaturn—nominibus  3. 
I  inn  c,\  itituni  4. 

mi   voluptatisquc  causa,    "  For 
the  sake  of  fancy  and  amasemenl  " 

I.    l.va)i--ioTiUa.s  frigoribus, 

1. 

■>))]     .     Dimtdio,  gli 

limit  -  tr  oder- 


I       "The  crossing  (Irom  ftritain 
ind)  is  a  crowing  oi  the 

i-  Irom  Gaul  »<>  Britain  ;" 
i,  e.  it  ia  the  same  distance  limn 
Britain  t<>  Ireland  as  from  Gam  m 
Britain; 

centinuos,  | ' 
Certis  ex  aqua  tuensuris,  l,Bj  accu- 
rate   water  neasarements"     riiese 
were  made  by  m 
or  hour  fi\n<~  tilled  wiih   --aier. 

I't      lei  t      Si 

opinii  i 

um,  ic.    lon^i 


:<l  I)K  CELLO  GALL1CO 

ejus  angnlus  Interim  maxune  ad  Gernianiam  spectat :  huic7  millia 
pallium  DCCC  in  longitudinem  esse  existimatur.  Ita  oninU  iusula 
est  in  circuitu  vicies  centum  milliuni  passuum.8 

XlVfc  Ex  his  omnibus  louge  sunt  humauissimi,  qui  Cantium  in- 
oolun  .  quae  regie-  est  maritiiua  oinnis,  ueque  multum  a  Galliea  dif- 
fering cunsuetudiue.  Interiores  plerique1  frumenta  non  serunt,  sed 
lacte  et  carrte  vivunt,  pellibusque  sunt  vestiti,  Omnes  vero  se  Bri- 
tanui  vitro  infieiunt,  quod  cxruleum  efficit  colorem,  atque  hoc2  hor- 
ridiore  sup*  in  pugna  adspectu:3  capilluque  sunt  proniisso,  atqae 
om it i  parte  corporis  rasa,  praeter  caput  et  labrain  superius.  Uxores 
eut  deni  duodeniqqe  inter  se  communes,  et  maxiine  t'ratres  cum 
fratribus  pareotesque  cutn  liberis;  sed,  si  qui  &unt  ex  bis  nati, 
eorum  babentur  liberi,  quo4  primuiu  vitg|  .  quasque  deducta  est. 

X\'  Equites  hostium  essedai  'iique  acriter*proelio  cum  equitatu 
nostnt  in  itinera  conflixerunt,  tamen  ut1  nostri  omnibus  paitibus 
superiores  fuerint,  atque  eo3  in  silvas  collesque  compulerint :  sedj 
compluribus  interfectis,  cupidius  insecuti,  nouuullos  ex  euis  amise- 
runt.  At  illi,  intermisso  spatio,  irnpi  udentibus  nostris  atque  oc- 
oupatis  in  inuuitione  castroruru,  subito  se  ex  silvis  ejeceruut,  irn- 
petuque  in  eos  facto,  qui  er&nt  in  statioue  pro  castris  collocati,  acri- 
ter  pugnaverunt :  duubu>que  missis  subsidio*2  cobortibus  a  Cifsare, 
atijiic  bis  primis  legionum  duarum,  quum  hse,  perexiguo  intermisso 
ioei  »|iatio  iuter  se,  constitisseut,  novo  getiere  puguas  perterritie 
nostris,  per  medios  audaoissime  perruperunt,  seque  iude  incolumes 
receperunt.  Eo  die  Q.  Laberius  Durus,  tribuiius  militum,  iuter- 
ficiiur.     Illi,  pluribus  immissis  cobortibus,  repelluntur. 

XV [.  Toto  boc  in  genere  pugtise,  quum1  sub  oculis  omnium  ae 
pro  castris  dimicaretur,  intellectual  est  nostros  propter  gravitatem 
aniioruni,  quod  neque  insequi  cedentes  possent,?  neque  ab  siguis  dis- 
eedere  auderent,  minus  aptos  esse  ad  bujus  generis  hostem  ;  .equites 
autem  magno  cum  periculo  proclio  dimicare,  propterea  quod  illi 
eti.itn  cuusulto  plerumque  cederent,  et,  quum  paulum  ab  legiouibus 
aostroa  removissent,  ex  essedis  desilireut,  et  pedibus3  dispari  prcelio 
cou'tenderent.     Eijuestris  autem  proelii  ratio  et  cedentibus  et  inse- 


7.  Huic,    gl43.      Miilia   is    subject   of 
<.   \  entum  millium,  ac.  insula;  §132. 

XIV     1.   Interiores  plerique.   "Most  oi 
those  wild  live  in  i tie  interior." 

i    Ilo-,  "ty  tins  means." 

S,   1!  rridiore  adspecta,    gl64,  Rem.  1 
bo  moo   cupdlv-  prumuso,    and   omm 


p  Tie  rasa. 
4.  Quo,  "To  whose  house." 

XV.  1.  Ut,  "So  that." 
2    Subsiiio,  J144. 

XVI.  1.   Q.nim,  "Since." 
I.   Pussent.  §190   . 

J    PttLbus,  §106. 


jBr  Vr.U>KK  QUIN'TUS.        J^  10.1 

quentibus4  par  atque!  idem  periculuni  inn  ^ccodebat  liuo,  ut 

nunquam  cniitVrti,  ed  r;>.;;i  nn.'inisque  iirtervallis  probliarenitur, 
stationesque  di  :   •roni.  atque  alios  alii  deincc]      i  .    ipe- 

•  rent,.integriaue  <t  recentes   dcfatigatis  suocederent 

XVII.     I'ustor..  .  is  bosvfis  in    oollibns   cdn?Hte* 

runt,  rarique  se  ostendere,  ?t    1  pridie   no  ;r<* 

proelio  !a<  ilic,  <j u o ::i    Cftsar  pab.u'andi 

causa  trea  legion*  tincin  oqukatjim  cum  C  TV- 

m.isisset,  repi  nto  ex  '>m  a  1  pabu  ;  dvolaven 

flic,  uti  abxsignis'ief  istere  Nostri,  acriter  in 

eos  iir.jictu  fa<  ji  lecerunt,  qu 

aubsidio3  ■•  infisi  equii  •  viderent,  prseci] 

hostes  egerunt :  luajrii  >|Uo*»ru!;i  numoro  iiito:  focto.  neque  sui  col- 
ligendi4  ueque  :i\\'<  edis  desiliendi  facultatem  dcde- 

runt.  Ei5  bac  t'u^-a  protintis,  qurc  undique  convenejrantj  nuxili.i 
discesserunt :  neque  post  id  tempus  unquam  summis°  ■nobiscum 
copii-  tntenderunt. 

Will.     Caesar,'  cognito  consilioi  eorum,  ad   flumen   Tatnesin    in 
fines  Gassivellauni  exercitum  du  d  flunien  uno  oranino  loep 

pcdipn*,1  atque  hoc  aigiv,  trausu-i  potest. t  lv>  quuui  venisset,  aci- 
inum  auvertit  ad  alteram  fluminitj  ripaui  magnas  esse  copia*  hostium 
instruotos:  ripa  auteni  erat  auctis  sudil&us  prsefixis  inuuita;  ejus- 
deuique  generis2  sub  aqua  defixeG  sudes  iuniino  tegebauturi  His 
rebus  cognitis  a  eaptivis  pi  ue,    Caesar,    prcemisso    eqnitatu, 

confefitini  legiones  stib.'-eqni  jutsit  Sed  ea*ceJeiitatc  atqutvcn  im- 
petu  mililcs  ierunt,  qunm  ;  capitc  solo4  ox  a  |ua  exstar<  i:t,  :;  ti  -:  * 
impetum  legionuuj  at c|jS  mi  Mistiucre  nun   post-cnt,   rip; 

ae  to  fugtc  maudareir . 

MX.     CassiyellaunuH,  u!  supra   demoiistrayimus,  i  ;a 

ntiouis,  dimi  ,  :i. .  iniilibu.s  - 

esscdariofuu]  re)  stra  servubujb,   pauliilumqm;  ex 

i>ia  excedebat,   locisqu      ..   peditis  ac  i»Uve>tribaij  bcsc   cn.-uku! 
•  tquc  iis  regionibus,1  qi  .orat,   pc 


i.   Ctagffibuf  r.t  inaequtnliiu 

u  :n  an  git- 
ut  <! 

XVI  i:     L.I'eJi! 

'     A'  sistercnt.    /  e.    cam<       live  <>f  moan-*  ox; .w 

_'.    lj  i-  I.iii  geneij- 
I      may  he  eitli    ■  \  - 

I  llMll    .-llilill 

• 
I.  Sui  Ci.llig  '.•,-■ 


100 


DK  HELLO  OALLICO 


atque  homines  ex  agris  in  silvas  compellebat:  et,  quum  equitatus 
noster  liberius  prredandi  vastandique  causa  se  fn  agros  effunderet, 
omnibus  viis  notis  semitisque  essedarios  ex  ailvis  emittebat,  et  mag- 
no  cufn  periculo  nostrorum  equitum  cum  iis  confligebat,  atque  boo 
metu2  latius  vagari  prohibebat.  -  Rolinquebatur,  ut  neque  longius 
ab  agmine  legionum  disced:-  Caesar  patereturj  et  tantum  in  agris 
rastandis  incendiiaque  faciendis  hostibus  noceretur,4  quantum  labor* 
atque  itinere  legionarii  milites  effieere  poterant. 

XX  Interim  Trinobantes,prope  firmissimaearum  regionum  civ- 
Ltas,  ex  qua  Mandubratius  adolescens,  Ctesarisfidem  secutus,  ad  eum 
in  con  tin  en  tern  Gallilm  vetverat,  (cujus  pater  Imanuentius  in  ea  civ- 
itate  regnum  obtinue'rat,  inlerfectusque  erat  a  Cassivellauno  ;  ipse 
mortem  vitaverat)  legates  ad  Caggfeem  mittunt,  pollicenturque 
*ese  ei  dedituros  atque  ituperata  facturos  :  petunt,  ut  Mandubratium 
ab  injuria  Cussivellauni  defendat,  atque  in  civitatem  mittat,  qui 
prsesit,1  imperiumque  obtineat.  His*  Caesar  imperat2  obsides  XL 
frumentumque  exercitui,  Mandubratiumque  ad  eos  ruittit.  llli 
imperata  celeriter  feceruut,  obsides  ad  numerutu  frumentaque  niis- 
erunt 

XXI.  Trinobantibufc  defends,  atque  ab  omni  -mill turn  injuria 
prohibit^,1  Cenimagni,  Segontiaci,  Ancalites,  Bibroei,  Cassi,  legati 
onibus  missis  sese  Caesari  dedunt.  Ab  his  cognoscit  non  longe  ex 
co  loco  oppidum  Cassivellauni  abesse,  silvis  paludlbusque  munitum, 
quo  satis  Magnus  hominum  pecrorisque  Humerus  convenerit.2  (Op- 
piduiu  autem  Britanni  vocant,3  quum  silvas  irapeditas  vallo  atque 
fossa  munierunt,  quo  incurxionis  hostium  vitandae  causa  convenire 
consuerunt.)  Eo  broficiscitur  cum  Iegionibus:  locum  reperit  egre- 
gie  natufa  atque  opere  munitum  ;  tamen  hunc  duabus  ex  partibus 
oppugnare  contendit.  Hostes,  paulisper  morati,  militum  nostrorum 
impetum  nun  tulerunt,  seseque  alia  ex  parte  oppidi  ejecerunt.  Mag- 
nus ibi  uumerus  pecoris  repertus,  mu'ltique  in  fuga  sunt  compreheB- 
•ii  atque  iuterfecti. 

XX IX.  Dum  Ikco  in  his  loci*  geruntur,  Cassivellaunus  ad  Can-' 
tium,  (juod  esse  ad  mare  supra  demonstravimus,  quibus  regionibus 


1.   Hoc  ractu=hujU6  periculi  tnofu. 

\  Diicedi  ~-i:  a  miliiibus ;  imper40$Al 
construction. 

i  Tantum  —  noceretur,  "So  much 
tl-» ins* jzc  w:ig  iloiio  "  Tantum  nrxy  be 
subject    of  noceretur,    or  equivalent 

;-,CCU8'\tiTC. 

XX.  I.  Qui  prffait,  "To  govern  them';" 
3210.  The  antecedent  is    Sfandubfa- 


lixni,  the  object  both  of  defendtt  ami 
mittat. 
2.  Hisimper  t,  'He  demands  of  them," 
(comiuauds  to  tbem). 

XXI.     1.  Prohibitis,  "Protected." 
2.  Convenerit;,  §"210,  c. 
A.  Oppidum  Tocant,    tc.    locum;  Jl6l, 
b. 


LIBEli  QUINTUS  107 

quatuor  reges  proeerant,  Cingetorix,  Carviliue,  Taximagulus,  Sego- 
nax,  nuncios  mittit,. atque  his  imperat,  uti,  coactis  omnibus  copii*, 

•  castra  naval ia  de  impuoviso  adoriantur  atque  oppugnent.1    li  quum 
ad  castra  venissent,  nostri,  cruptione  facta,  multiseorum  iuterfectis, 

•capto  etiam  nobili  duce  Lugotorige,  suos  incolumes  reduxerunt 
Cassivellaunus,  hoc  proelio  nunciato,  tot  detriments  acceptis,  vaFta- 
tiu  finibus,  maxime  etiam  permotus  defectione  civitatium,  legates 
per2  Atrebatem  Commium  de  deditione  ad  Cicsarem  mittit.  Cocsar 
quum  statuisset  hiemem  in  coutincnti  propter  repentinos  G-alliffl  mo- 
tus  agere,  neque  multuni  costatis  superesset,  atque  id  facile  extrabi 
posse  iutelligeret,  obsfdes  imperat,  ct,  quid  in  annos  singulis  veeti- 
galis;}  populo  Romano  Britannia  penderet,4  constituit :  interdieit  at- 

1  que    imperat5    Cassivellauno,   nc  Mandubratio,  neu  Trinobantibue 
noeeat. 

XXIII.  Obsidibus  acceptis,  extrroitum  reducit  ad  ID  arc,  navel 
invenit  refectas.  His  deducti.<,  quod  etcaptivorum  magnum  nuitterum 
habebat,  et  nonnullse  temperate  deperierant  naves,  duobufl  eommc- 
atibus  exercitum  reportare  instituit.  Ac  sic  aecidit,  uti  ex  tanto 
naviuni  numero,  tut  navigationibus,  ueque  boc,  neque  superiore  an- 
no, ulla  omnirmnavis,  qua"!  militcs  pprtarct,1  desideraretur  :  at  ex 
iis,  quffl  inanerex  eontioenti  ad  cum  remittercntur,*  prioris  commt- 
atus  exposUis  militibus,  et  quaa  postca  Labieuus  faciendas  eurave- 
rat,-!  numero  LX,  perpaucae  locum  caperent;  reliqus  fere  onmes  rc- 
jicereutur.  Quas  quum  aliquandiu^aesar  frustra  exspectasset,  ne 
anni  tempore  a  navigatione  excluderetur,  quod  aequinoctium  suberat, 
nccessario  angustius  milites  collocavit,  ac  sumnra  tranquillitate  coiir 
seciita,  seeuuda  inita,  quum  solvisset,  vigilia,  prima  luce  terrain  atti 
gh,  omnesquo  incolumcs  naves  perduxit. 

XXIV.  Subductis  navibua,  concilioque  Gallorum  S;«.marobrivae' 
peracto,  quod  eo  anno  frumentum  ia  Gallia  propter  siccitates  angus- 
tius- provenerat,  coactus  est  aliter  ac3  superioribus  aim  is  exercituro 


XXII.  1.  Adoriantur  atque  oppu;:nent, 
"  Approach  and  assault."  Jlddtifi 
denote*  i  be  stealthy  approach  with 
hostila  intent  ;  then  the  attack  at 
unawares ;  ojyu^nar*  expre^sec  an 
i  i  n  assault 
Per,  J159,  Rem.  6. 


alent  t>>  a  conditional  scnteuci','  Pro- 
vided it  carried  Boldiers."  See  Book 
II,  XXVII.  1. 

•J.  Uemitterentur,  ?  ee  Book  II,  XXV!'. 
1. 

3.  Quas  Labienus  faciendas  curaverat, 
"  Which  Laiiiei'us  had    bad    made.' 


.,    Vectigalis,  {134,  Rem.  1.  Observe  the  juxtapoaition  of  indica- 

4.  Penderet,  $214.  tive  and  Bubjuflptive. 

i>.   lotCtdic  i  atque  imperat,    "He  lay* 

hit  oflmmand  and  prohibition  on  Cas-JXXIY      1.   SamarobriTte,  $106.  Exc. 

BiVeUauiiUs."  J.  Angustius,      "More    scantily    than 

usual." 
XXIII.   1.  Quae  mili! r* portaret,  equir     3.   Aliter  a".  "Otherwise  than." 


]08  ;>E  BELLO  GALLl&O 

in  hibtrnis  ccdlocarc^fegionesque  in  jiiv.r  ■  civitaie?  distribuere  :  ex 
quibup  uaam  in  Morinos  ducendam4  C.  Fabio  legato  dedit ;  alter&ia 
in  Ketvio*  Q.  Oiccrnni :  tertian.'  in  Eesuoh  L  Roscio  ;  qnartam  in 
Labieno  in  confinio  TJteviroruni  hieraare  jussit;  trefc 
;0  JJ  vit  :   hi-;    M    -rassutn  quagstorctu,  et  L.  Muriatiu 

.  Trebuntiim  legates  praefecit.  Unum  legioueni,  quam 
pro::i  •!  •  trans  Padum  eor.soripserat.,  et  cohorfces  quinque  in  Eburo- 
nes,  quorum  pars  maxima  es-  inter  Mosain  ae  Rhenum,  qui  sub  im- 
perii Anibiorigis  et  Cativolcixerant,  inisit;  His  militibus  Q.  Titu- 
rium  Sabinuru  et  L  Aurunculeium  Cottatu  legates  prseesse  jussit. 
\a  I  lum  distributes  'egionibus,  faciiiimo  inopise  frumenta-' 

riiB&  £        •      '    ri  [)  ftimivTt;  atejue  iiarum  tamen  omnium  lct 

<         piaster  cam,  quam  L.  Roscio  in  pacatissimamer 
em  ducendam  dederat)  inillibus  pas-suum  centum 
cont  .-.     Ep*e  interea,  quoad  legion ea  eollocatas,  munitaque 

hil;  .-  ovjsset,*  in  Gallia  morarLeonstituit. 

XXV,     Erat  in  Carnuti;  u      amnio  loco1  natu's  fasgetius,  cuius 
in  sua  civitate  regnuin  >btmue>ant      Huic  Caisar,  pro  t-jut* 
virtia'te  at^ue  in  so-  benevoleum,  quod  .in  omnibus  bellis  singular! 
ejus  opera  fu«rat  usus,  majorum  locum  resf.ituerat.  ^JPertium  jam 
hunc.  annum  regnsuteui  inimn     |  multis  et.iam  ex  civitate  aue 

toribuSj  P ■.  fertur  ea  :es  ad  Civsarem.     Ille  yeritu^J 

quod  ad  plures  pertinebatj'rKJ3  civitja^  eor'uw  iuipul.su  deSoeret,  L 
Plancum  cum  legione  ex  Belgiq  oeleriter  in  Carnutes  proficisci  jubet,  i 
ibique  liitimar  tocme  opera  cogfiOy«¥i.t^  Tasgetiun)  inter fed*  ' 

•  iipieben$6.s  ad  se/mitterc.     Interim  ab  omnibus  leg;ti? 
qutBstoribu'-que,  quiinis  legiones  transdiderat.  certior  f actus 
.hiberna  perventum,5  loeuriique  bibernis6  esse  munitum. 

XXV  L.     Diebus  circitcr  XV,  quibus1  in  hiberna  ventum   est,  in- 
itium  repentini  tumultas  ae  defectidnis  ortum  est  ab  Ambiorige 
Cativolco  :  qui  quum  ad  fines  regni  s'ui  Sabino  Cottasque-  prassto  fti- 
isscnf,  frumeiuumque  in  hiberna  comportavisseut,  ludutiom 
viri  numiis  impulsi,  suos  concitaverunt,  subitoquc  nppressis'  ligua- 

toribus,  magna  manu  eastra  oppugnatum3  venefunt.    Quum  eeleriter 

A 

■1.  Dwrndam  exftrespei  purpose  :  ir^."  Cognoverit.  §-10.  b. 
uppliec]  in  thv  p,yo  follow- 15.  Perventum  ir.  esse. 
nces.  0     Hihe'mis.  ''..  144. ' 

:The  scarcity! 

XXVI.   1.  QuiUui.  -Fifteen  >l>xy.'.  after 

&c."   §107,  Rem.  2 
I.  Sabino  Cottsgque,    §14'2,   Hem.  8.— 
"Though  the}'  had  met  Sabinu*  •snl 
I     Cotta  " 

Oppugnatnra,  §17u 


<>. 

Iuopia 

l'rum 

i  t  ptov 

]>10!1» 

6. 

Co^Tl     • 

XXV     i . 

Loco. 

i 

III    --. 

Hem.  ?. 

g 

LIB  Ell  QUINTUS.    (  109 

"uostri  anna  cepu&ent,  vail  limbic  ascendissenff?  atque,  una  ex  parte 
Uispanis  equitibus  emissis,  eqnestri  prcclio  superiores  fuisseufc,  des- 
perata  re,  bostes  suos  ab  oppuJMatione  reduxerunt.  Turn  suo  more 
conclamavcrunt,  uti  aliqui  ex  nostris  ad  colloquium  prodirent;  'Ha- 
bere sesc,  qu;  uumuni  dicere  vejlent,  quibus  rebus  contro- 
versias  miuui  possaflgiperaroiit.' 

XXVII.  jMittft-uT1  ad  eos  colloquendi  causa  C.  Arpineius,  eques 
Romanus,  familiaris  Q.  Titurii,  et  Q.  Junius  ex  Hispania  quidam, 
qui  jam  ante  mUf  Cncsaris  ad  Anibiorigem  ventitare  consueverat 
apud  quos  Ambiorix  ad  hunc  modum  locutus  est :  'Sese  pro  Caesaris 
in  se  beneficiis  pha'ximum  ei  confiteri  deber<e,-  quod  ejus  opera  sti- 
pendie  liberates  esset,  quod  Aduatucis  finitimis  suis  pendere  con- 
suesset,  quodque  ei  et  fittus  et  fratris  filius  ab  Caosare  remissi  essent, 
quos  Aduatuci,  obsidum  numero  missos,  apud  se3  in  servitute  et 
catenis  tenuissent :  neque  id,  quod  fecerit4  de  oppugnatione  castro- 
ntm,  aut  judicio  aut  volunlate  sua  fecisse,  sed  coactu  civitatis ;  sua- 
esse  ejusmodi  imperia,  ut  nou  minus  baberet  juris5  in  se  multi- 
tudOj  quam  ipse  in  niultitudincin.  Civitati8  porro  banc  fuisse  "belli 
causa  m,  quod  repentinre  Gallorum  conjurationi  resistere  non  potu- 
erit  .  id"  se  facile  ex  bumilitate  sua  probare  posse,  quod  non  adeo 
sit  imperitus  rerum,8  ut  suis  copus  populum  llomanum  se  superarc 
posse  coufidat  :  sed  esse  GaliukWrjmmu'ne  consilium  ;  omnibus  biber- 
nis  Crcsaris  oppugnandis'J  bunc  esse  dictum  diem,  ne  qua  legio  al- 
teram lcgioni  subsidio  venire  posset ;  non  facile  Gallos  Gallis  negare 
potuisse,  praesertim  quuni  de  rccupe'-anda  coin  muni  libertate  con- 
silium initum  vidcretur.  Quibus  quoniam  pro  pietate10 satisfecerit, 
babere  se  nunc  rationem  officii  pro  beneficiis  Csesaris  ;n  monere, 
orarc  Titurium  pro  hospitio,  ut  suae  ac  militum  saluti1-  cousulat : 
magnam  nianum  Germanorum  conductarn  llbenum  transisse ;  banc 
affore  biduo.  Ipsorum  esse  consilium,1  •"•  velintne1*  prius,  quam  finit 
imi  sentiant,u'  cductos  ex  hibernis  milites  aut  ad.Ciceronem  aut  ad 
Labienuui  deducere,  quorum  alter  millia  passuurn'  oirciter  L,  alter 

\X.VII.   1.   Mittitar,  §126,  Rem.l,(U\   9.    Hibernis  oppugnandis,  gl-14. 
.'.    Confiteri  {se)  debere;  as    seae    .        x       I)     Pro  pietate,    "    or  the  sake  of    p:i- 
pressed  above,  it    is    omitted   befojL     triotism." 

debere:  so  frequent  a  rcjieiition  womKH.   Pro  beneficiis  Caesaris,    "  That  he 
be  inelegant  now  has  regard  for  his  duty   in 

refers  to  Adualun.  ni ieration  of  the  kindnesses  of   I 

ceril;  observe    fhe   change   to   aj.     sar.-' 
pnni.'iry  tense.  [12.    Saluli, 

6.  Juris.  $134,  Rem.  1.  t  18.   Ipsorum  esse  conbiliuta,    "  That  it 

Civitati.  214*.  is  their  business   to    decide;    fa   de- 

■.    i.e.    the  facl  that  the  Eburones      termination  belongs  to  themselves)." 
had  revolted  in  consequence  of  a  gen-!  14.   Velintne,  "Whether  they  will." 
eral  uprising  of  the  Gauls.  utiant,  \1' 

.   Rerum,  \\  5,  a. 


no 


DE  BELLO  GALLILO 


paulo  aniplius  ab  his  absit.  Illud  se  pollieeri,  et  jurejurando  con- 
firmare,  tutuni  iter  per  fines  suos  daturum  ;  quod  quuni  faciat,  et 
oivitati  scse  consulere,  quod  bibernis16  levetur,  et  Ca^sari  pro  ejus 
Hieritis  gratiam  referre.',    Hac  oratione  habita,  discedit  Ambiorix. 

XXVIII.  Arpineius  et  Junius,  quae  audierunt,  ad  legatos  defe- 
runt.  Illi,  repentina  re  perturbati,  etsi  ab  hoste  ea  dicebantur,  non 
tamen  negligenda  existimabant :  uiaximeque  hac  re  permovebantur, 
quod  civitatem  ignobilem  atque  humilem  Eburonum  sua  sponte 
populo  Romano  bellum  facere  ausam,1  vix  erat  credenduni.  Itaque 
ad  consilium  rem  deferunt,  magnaque  inter  eos  exsfstifc  controversia. 
L.  Auruoculeius  compluresque  tribuni  militum  et  piimorum  ordi- 
num  centuriones,  'nihil  temere  agendum,  neque  ex  bibernis  injussu 
Csesaris  discedendum  '-  existimabant:  '  quantasvis  magnas3  ctiam 
oopias  Germanorum  sustineri  posse  munitis  bibernis '  docebant : 
'Rem  esse  testimonio,4  quod  primuni  hostium  impetum,  multis  ultro5 
vulneribus  illatis,  fortissime  sustinuerint:  re  frumentaria  non  premi: 
interea  et  ex  proximis  hibernjs,  et  a  Csesare  conventura  subsidia  :' 
posfremo,  '  quid  esse6  leviuf  aut  turpius,  quam,  auctore  hoste,  de 
aummis  rebus  capere  consilium  V 

XXIX.  Contra  ea  Titurius  '  sero  facturos  '  clamitabat,  (  quum 
majores  hostium  manus,  adjunetis  Germanis,convenissent,  aut  quum 
aliquid  clamitatis  in  proximis  bibernis  esset  acceptum  :  brevem  con- 
sulcndi  esse  occasionem  :  Csesarem  arbitrari  profectimi  in  Italian!: 
neque  aliter  Carnutes  intefficiendi  Tasgetii  consilium  fuisse  captu- 
ros  ;  neque  Eburones,  si  ille  adesset,  tanta  cum  centemptione  nostri 
ad  castra  venturos  esse:  non  hostem  auctorem,  sed  rem  spectare: 
subesse  Rhenum  ;  magno  esse  Germanis  dolori1  Ariovisti  mortem  et 
superiores  nostras  victorias:  ardere  Galliam.  tot  contumeliis  acceptis 
sub  populi  Romani  imperium  redaetam,  superiore  gloria  rei  mili- 
taris  exstincta.'  Postremo,  '  quis  hoc  sibi  persuaderet,2  sine  certa 
re  Ambior.igem  ad  ejusmodi  consilium  descendisse  ?  Suani  senten- 
tiam  in  utramque  partem  esse  tutam  :  si  nil  sit  durius,3  nullo  jpe- 
riculo  ad  proximam  legioneni  perventuros;  si  Gallia  omnis  cum 
Germanis  consentiat,  unam  esse  in  celeritate  positam  salutem.  Cot- 
tae  quidem  atque  eorum,  qui  dissentireht,  consilium  quern  haberet4 

16.  Hibemis,  §163.  |6.  Quid  esse,  §?14,  Rem.  5. 

KXIX.    1.  Dolori,  §144. 

2.  Quis  hoc  sibi  persuaderet.  Observe 
here  a  variation'  from  the  general 
rule;  §214,  Rem.  5.  A  verb  of  ask- 
ing [interrogavit,)   must  be  supplied. 

3.  Si  nil  sit  durius,  "If  nothing  unu- 
sual- has  happened  ;" — (if  there  is 
nothing  more  difficult  than  usual). 


XXVIII.    1.   Ausam,  ec.  esse. 

2.  Discedendum,  §178. 

3.  Quantasvis  magnas.  A  very  strong 
expression.  "  Any  force,  however 
large." 

4.  Testimonio,  $144. 

5.  Ultro  illatis,  "Inflicted  on  the  other 
party." 


LIBER  QUISTUS.  Ill 

• 
exitum?     In  quo  si  non  prasens  periculum,  at  certe   longinqua  ob- 

sidione  fames  esset  pertimescenda.' 

XXX.  Hac  in  utramque  partem  disputatione  habita,  quum  a 
Ootta  primisque  ordinibus1  acriter  resisteretur,  "  vincite,"  inquit, 
;c  si  ita  vultis,"  Sabinua;  et  id  clariore  voce,  ut  magna  pars  raili- 
tum  exaudirot:  "Neque2  is  sum,"  inquit,  "  qui  gravissime  ex  vobis 
mortis  periculo  terrear  :?   hi  sapient,  et  si  gravius'  quid  acciderit,4 

te  rationetn  reposeent :  qui,  si  per  te  Itceat,  perendino  die  cum 
proximis  bibornis  conjuncti,  communem  cum  reliquis  belli  casuni 
sustineant,  ne  et  relegati  louge  ah  ceteris  aut  ferro  aut  fame 

iutereant." 

XXXI.  Consurgitur  ex  eonsilio;  eomprebendunt  utrumque  et 
orant,  *ne  Btfa  dissensions  et  pertinacia  rem  in  suuitnuni  periculum 
deducant  :  facilem  esse  rem,  sen  maneant.  sen  proficiscantur,  si 
modo  unum  oranes  scntiant  ac  probent ;  centra  iu  dissensione  nnl- 
lam  so  salutein  perspicere.'  Res  disputatione.  ad  raediam  noctem 
perducitur  :  tandem  dat  Cotta  permotus1  mauus  ;  superat  seutentia 
Sabini.  Pronunciatur  prima  luce  ituros :  consumitur  vigiliis  reli  • 
qua  pars  noctis,  quum-  sua  quisque  miles  circumspiceret,  quid  secum 
porta  re  posset,3  quid  ex  instrumento4  hibernorum  relinqucre  coge- 
retur.  Omnia  exeogitautur,  quare  nee  sine  periculo  maueatur,  et 
languore  niilitum  et*  vigiliis  periculum  augeatur.5  Prima  luce  sic 
ex  castris  proficiscuntuf,  ut,  qui  bus  esset  persuasum6  non  ab  boste, 
sed  ab  homine  amioissimo  Ambiorige  consilium  datum,  longissimo 

line  maximisquc  impedimentis.  . 

XXXII.  At  lr  -<<■>.  posteaquam  ex  nocturno  fremitu  vigilii^r^ue 
de  profectione  eorum  senseruht,  collocatis  insidiis  bipartite  in  silvis 
opportuno  atque  occulto  loco,  a  miHibus1  passuum  circitcr  duobus, 
llomanoriim  adventum  exspectabaut :  et,  quum  se   major  pars  ag- 


I.   HiVberet,  {214 ;   »c.  interrogavit.  •':.    Quare — augeatur.     All    the  reasons 

arc  ill  •u^ht  oyer  why  they  can  nei- 
XX  1.  Primis  ordinibus=prinioru.m  |  ther  stay  ntit  go  without  danger. — 
ordinum  ceuturionibus  .  ••All  things  are  thought  over, — both 

J.  Xerjue.  expresses  tin-  nbruptoea?  "f  why  they  oanuot  stay  without  danger, 
strong  feeling.  This  is  one  of  tin  and  (how)  lh.o  danger  is  increased  by 
few  instances  ia  which  Rresar  U8es  the  weariness  and  watching  of  the 
direct  discourse,  soldiers"  * 

'■'>.  Qui— terrear,  ''I  am  not  the  niiiiHn  6,  Ut  qutbus  easel  persunsam,  "As 
he  frightened,  &c  (persons  would  set  out  j  who  had  been 

4    Acciderit.  §198,  a.  persuaded."  A  merely  suppos'ed  case. 

'.XXI      1.   Permotus,    '•  Brought  orcrXXXll.     1.   A    miHibus,  &c,    "About 

by  >iicii_'  persuasion."  Ci  Uawas  noi       (wo  miles  off."    This  expression  may 

frightened,  be  resolved  by    supplying    castris, — 

Itturo,  "Sine  '■away  from  the  camp  by  about  two 

::.   Posset,  §214.  mill 

I    Ex  iostrumanto,  8 134,  Rem.  t. 


112  DE  BELLO  GALL1CO 

minis  in  magnam  convallem  demisiss'et,  ex  u,traque  parte  ejus  vallis 
subito  se  ostenderunt,  novissimosque  premere,  et  primos  probibere 
adscensu,  atque  iniquissimo  nostris2  loco  proefium  connuittere  etcpe- 
runt. 

XXXIII.  Turn  denium  Titurius,  ut  qui1  nihil  ante  providisset, 
trepidare,  concursare  cohortesque  drsponere;  bcec  tamen  ipsa  tiinide, 
atque  ut2  eum  omnia  deficere  viderentur  :  quod  plerumque  iin  a'cci- 
dere  consuevit,  qui  in  ipso  negotio  consilium  capere  coguntur.  At 
Cotta,  qui  cogitasset3  hcec  posse  in  itinere  accidere,  atque  ob  Paiii 
causam  profcctionis  auctor  non  fuisset,  nulla  in  re  communi  salutt 
deerat;  et  in  appellandis  cohortandisque  militibus  impemtoris  et 
in  pugna  militis  officia  prtcstabat.  Quumque  propter  longitudinem 
agminis  minus  facile  per  se  omnia  obire,  et  quid  quoque  loco  facien 
dum  esset,4  providere  posseut,  jusserunt  pronunciare,0  ut  impedi- 
menta relinquerent,  atque  in  orbem  consisterent.  Quod  consilium 
etsi  in  ejusmodi  casu*reprehendendum  non  est,  tamen  incommode 
aecidit :  nam  et  nostris  militibus0  spem  minuit,  et  hostesad  pugnam 
alacriores7  effecit,  quod  non  sine  summo  timore  et  desperatione  id 
factum  videbatur.  Pneterea  aecidit,  quod  fieri  necesse  erat,  ut 
vulgo  milites  ab  signis  discederent,  quse  quisque  eorum  carissima 
haberet,8  ab  impedimentis  petere  atque  abripere  properaret  clam  ore 
ac  fletu  omnia  complerentur. 

XXXIV.  At  barbaris  consilium  non  defuit :  nam  duces  eorum 
tota  acie  pronunciare  jusserunt,  '  ue  quis  ab  loco  discederet  :  illo- 
rum1  esse  prgedauij  atque  illis  reservari,  quascumque  Komani  reJi- 
quissent:2  proinde  omnia  in  victoria  posita  existiuiarent.'3  Erant  et 
virtute  et  numero  pugnando4  pares  ;  nostri  tamen  etsi5  ab  ducc  et  a 
fortuna  deserebantur,  tamen  omnem  spem  salutis  in  virtute   pone- 


2,  Nostris  limits  iniquissimo;   §112. 

XXXIII.    1.   Ut   qui,    &c,    "  As    (one 
would  do)    who  has  made  no  provis- 
ion before  hand ;"    a  supposed  case, 
hence  the  subjunctive. 
Ut — vider«ntur,    "  (In  such  a  way) 


pression.   See  Book  II,  XXVII,  1. 

XXXIV.   1.  Illorum,  §133.  The  leaders 
do  not  include  themselves    with    the 
soldiers  as  sharers  of  the  booty :   the 
direct  discourse  would  be  "  Veslra  est ' 
prceda  atque    vobis,  §c."     Hence    the 


that  all   his    senses   seemed   to   fail      use  of  illorum   and   illis   instead   of 
him."  !     suam  and  sibi,  which  would  have  been 


Qui   cogitasset,    "  Because   he   had 
thought;"  £210. 

4.  Quid  faciendum  esset,  "What  ought 
to  be  done." 

5.  Jusserunt  (centuriones)  pronunciare. 

6.  Militibus   may   be  remote  object   of 
minuit,  or  dative  of  disadvantage. 

7.  Alacriores,  §151,  b. 

8.  Haberet,   an  indefinite  general   ex 


used  had  the  leaders  included  them- 
selves. 

2.  Reliquissent,  "Should  leave;-'  §19S. 
a. 

3.  Existimarcnt,  §217,  Rem.  1. 

4.  Virtute,  numero,  pugnando,  all  abla- 
tives of  limitation,  §161,  the  first  two 
limiting  pugnando  pares. 

5.  Tamen  etsi.  more  emphatic  than  etsi. 


LIBER  QUINTUS. 


11? 


bant,  et,  quoties  qureque  cohors  procurreret,"  ab  ea  parte  lnagnxn 
hostium  numerua  eadebat.  Qua  re  animadversa,  Ambiorix  prouun- 
ciari  jubet,  ut  procul  to.\:\  conjieiaut,  meu  propius  accedant ;  et  quau 
in  partem  Itomani  impetuui  feeeriut,7  cedant :  levitate  armorum  et 
quotidiana  exercitatiope  nihil  iis  noeeri  posse  :8  rursus  se  ad  sign* 
recipientes'jrisequantur.1'' 

XXXV.  <SQno  prse'eepto  ab  iis  diligentissime  observato,  quuM 
quajpiam  cohors  ex  orbe  exces.'-erafc  atque  impetum  fecerat,  hostel 
velooissime "refugicbant  Interim  cam  partem  nudari  necesse  erat, 
et  ab  latere  aperto  tela  recipi.  Rursus,  quum  in  eum  locum,  und» 
orant  egresei,  reverti  cooperant,  ct  ab  iis,  qui  cesserant,  et  ab  iis,  qiri 
proximi  steterant,  circuniveoiebantur  ;  sin  autem  locum  tenere  vel- 

nt,'  noc  virtuti  locus  relinqucbatur,  neque  ab  tanta  multitudine 
oonjeeta  tela  conferti  vitare  poterant.  Tamen  tot  incommodia  con- 
flictati,  multis  vulneribus  aeceptis,  resistebant ;  et  magna  parte  dfei 
corisumpta,  quuui  a  prima  luce  ad  horam  octavam  pugnaretur,  uihib, 
quod  ipsis  esset  indignum,2  committebant.  Turn  T.  Balveutio,3  qui 
saperiore  anno  primum  pilum  duxerat,  viro  forti  et  magna?  auctori- 
tatis,  utrumque  femur  tragula  transjicitur :  Q.  Lucanius,  ejusdea 
ordinis,  fortissime  puguans,  dum  circumvento  filio  subvenit,  intes- 
flcitur. :  L.  Cotta,  legatus,  omnes  cohortes  ordinesque  adhortaus,  ia 
ndversum  os1  funda  vulneratur. 

XXXV  [.  His  rebus  permotus  Q.  Titurius,  quum  procul  Ambi- 
origem  suos  cohortantem  conspexisset,  interpretem  suum,  Cn.  Pom* 
peium,  ad  eum  mittit,  rogatum,1  ut  sibi  militibusque3  parcat.  Ille 
appellatus  respondit :  'Si  velit  secum  colloqui,  licere ;  sperare  a 
multitudine  impetrari  posse,  quod  ad  militum  salutem  pertineai; 
ipsi  vero  nihil  nocitum  iri,3  iaque  earn  rem  se  suam  fidem  inter- 
ponere.'  Ille  cum  Cotta  saucio  comniunicat,  'si  videatur,  pugna  wi 
excedant,  et  cum  Ambiorige  una  colloquantur :  pperare,  ab  eo  de 
nua  ac  militum  salute  impetrare  posse.'  Cotta  se  ad  armatam  hoa- 
tem  ituruin  uegat,  atque  in  eo  constitit. 


ft.    Procurreret,  $210,  Rem.  8. 

T.  Feeeriut,  §198,  a. 

S.   Nihil    iis    tioceri    posse,    "That  no 

damage  could  be  dune  them."  Nihil, 

|165:  fa,  1 1 4i. 
t»    Se  recipieutes,  $c.  Roraanos. 
10.    lnsequantur,  JJ17,  Rem.  1. 

XXXV.    I.   Vellenl,  {197,  Rem   4. 

2.  Quod  ipais  esset  indignum,  "Which 
would  be  unworthy  of  themselves  (if 
committed);  §197,  Iter*.  1,  b.--Jpti$. 

it 


$16'->,   Rem.  2. 

3.  Tito  Balventio,  {147. 

4.  In  adrersum  os,  "Full  in  the  tnoatfh 
(or  face)."  The  accusative  U  used 
with  reference  to  the  motion  of  tfe* 
stone — "into  his  faoe  turned  towards 
it." 

XXXVI.    1.  Rogatum,  J17I,  a. 
2.  Sibi  militibusque,  $142. 
i.   Nihil  nocitum  iri,    "  That   no  bora 
will  hs  done."  See  XXXI V,  8. 


114 


.DE  BELLO  GALL1CO 


XXXVII.  Sahinus,  quos  in  prscsentia  tribunes  militum  circum 
se  habebat  et  primorum  ordinum  centuriones,  se  sequi  jubet ;  et 
quuin  propius  Ambiorigem1  accessiseet,  jussus  arma  abjicere,  im- 
peratum  facit,  suisque,  ufc  idem  faciant,  imperat.  Interim,  dum  de 
conditionibus  inter  se  agunt,  longiorque  consulto  ab  Ambiorige  in- 
stituitur  sernao,  paulatim  circuinventus  interficitur.  "Turn  vero  suo 
more  victoriam2  conclaniant,  atque  ululatum  tollunt,  impetuque  in 
nostros  facto,  ordines  perturbant.  Ibi  L.  Cotta  pugnans  interfici- 
tur cum  maxima  parte  militum  ;  reliqui  se  in  castra  recipiunt,  unde 
erant  egressi :  ex  quibus  L.  Petrosidius  aquilifer,  quum  magna  mul- 
titudine  bostium  premerctur,  aquilam  intra  vallum  projepit,  ipse 
rjro  castris  fortissime  pugnans  occiditur.  Illi  33gre  ad  noctem  op- 
"iugnationem  sustinent:  noctu  ad  ununi  omnes,  desparata  salute,  se 
ipsi  interficiunt.  Pauci,  ex  prcelio  elapsi,  incertis  itineribus  per 
>;ilvas  ad  T.  Labienum  legatum  in  hiberna  perveniunt,  atque  eum 
de  rebus  gestis  certiorem  faciunt. 

XXXVIII.  Hac  victoria  sublatus  Ambiorix,  statim  cum  equi- 
tatu  in  Aduatueos,  qui  erant  ejus  regno*  finitimi,  proficiscitur ;  ne-. 
quenoctem  neque  diem  intermittit,  peditatumque  se  subsequi  jubet. 
Re  demonstrata,  Aduatucisque  concitatis,  postero  die  in  Nervios 
nervenit,  hortaturque,  'ne  sui  in  perpetuum  liberandi2  atque  ulcis- 
cendi  Romanos  pro  iis,  quasacceperint,  injures  occasionem  dimiV- 
tant :  interfectos  esse  legatos  duo,  magnamque  partem  exercitus  in- 
terisse  '  demonstrat;  'nihil  esse  negotii;,3  subito  oppressam  legio- 
nem,  quse  cum  Cicerone  hiemet,  interfici ;  se  ad  earn  rem  '  profite- 
tur  *  adjutorem.'     Facile  hac  oratione  Nerviis  persuadet. 

XXXIX.  Itaque,  confestim  dimissis  nunciis  ad  Centrones,  Gru- 
dios,  tievacos,  Pleumoxios,  Geiduoos,  qui  omnes  sub  eorum  imperio 
sunt,  quam  maximas  manus  possunt,  cogunt ;  et  de  improvise  ad 
Ciceronis  hiberna  advolant,  nondum  ad  eum  fama  de  Titurii  morte 
perlata.  Huic  quoque  accidit,  quod  fuit  necesse,  ut  nohnulli  mili- 
tes,  qui  lignationis  munitionisquc  causa  in  silvas  discessissent,1  re- 
pentino  xquitum  adventu  interciperentur.  His  circumventis,  mag- 
na manu  Eburones,  Nervii,  Aduatuci  atque  horum  omnium  socii  et 
clientes  legionem  oppugnare  incipiunt :  nostri  celeriter  ad  arma  con- 
ourrunt,  vallum  conscendunt.     JEgre  is  dies2  sustentatur,  quod  om- 


XXXVII.  1.  Ambiorigein,  §142,  RemA. 
2.  Victoriam,  §150,  Rem.  2. 

XXXVIII.  1.  Regno,  §142,  Rem.  3. 
2.  Sui  liberandi,  §177,  Rem.  g. 

■i.  Nihil  esse  negotii,     i(  That  it  is  no 


troublrfor  the  legion'to  be  suddenly 
overpowered  and  cut  to  pieces." 

XXXIX.   1.  Discessissent,  see  Book  II 

XXVII,  1. 
2.  Is  dies,  i.e.  the  assault  of'  that  day 


L1BEH  QUJSTUS.  Ufi 

nein  spem  hoste»iu  celeritate  pon  -bant,  atqu<  i  viciori- 

am,  in  perpctr  10  victorc?  eouWebaift. 

XL.  Mitiuntur  ad  Caesarem  eouf'esftn.ab  Citopou  -  litcric,  mag- 
nis  propositus  urtpmiis,  si  pertulissimt.]  *>b,sepsis  omnibus  viis,  missi 
intcrcipiuntu  a  ex  oa  hi  quam  munitipnis  causa  c 

portaverant,  turret  ^dmodum  CXA  ejfcitantur  incredibili  qeleritate : 
qua?  deesse  open1-'  videbantur,  perfieiuntur.  Hostes.  poster*)  die, 
fiiulto  itoaioribus  copiis  coactr?,  castra  op'pugnant,  fossa m  ooiupleut. 
Ab  nosh-is  cnAem  ratione,  qua  pridie,  resistitur :  hoc  idem  deincepk 
reliquis  fit  die&us.  Nulla  pars  nocturni  temporis  ad  laborem  inter- 
mittitur  :  uon  segris.  non  vulr.eratis  i'aeultas  quietis  datur  :  qusecum- 
que  ad  proximi  diei  oppugnationcm  opufi8  sunt, noctu  eomparantur: 
naultae  prseustae  s  gnus  muialium  pilorum  gpuier-us  institui- 

tur;  turres  contabulantur,  pinuae  lorioreque  ex'oraubus  attexun^ur. 
Ipse  Cicero  quum  tenuissiuia  valetudine4  esset,  ne'  i,*..i>uiiuui  qui- 
dfiiu  sibi  tenipus  ad  quieiem  reliuquebat,  ut  ultro5  militum  eoucursu 
ac  vocibus  sibi  pareere  cogeretur.     q 

XlA.  Tunc  duces  principeeque  Nervioruni,  qui  aliquem  sennonis 
aditum1  causanique  amicitiic  cum  Cicerone  habebant,  col'oqni  sese 
velle  dicunt.  Facta  potestate,  eadem,  quae  Ambiorix  cum  Titurio 
egerat,  commemorant.  * omnem  esse  in  armis  Galliam,  Germanos 
Rhenurn  transisse,  Caesaris  reliquorumque  hiberna  oppugnari.' 
Addunt  etiam  de  Sabini  mortc  Ambiorigem  ostentant  fidei  faci- 
undae  causa  :2  '  Erfare  eos  '  dicunt,  'si  quidquam  ab  his>3  prjesidii 
sperent,  qui^uis  rebus  diffidart ;  sese  tamen  hoc  esse  in  Ciccrcnem 
populumque  Romanum  ammo,4  ut  nihil  nisi  hiberna  recusent,  utque 
banc  inveterascere  consuetudinem  nolint :  licere  illis  incoluniibus' 
per  se  ex  hibernis  disccdere,  et,  quasctunqfte  in  partes  velint,  sine 
metu  prpficisci.'  Cicero  ad  hcoc  unum  modo  respondit  :  '.Non  sse 
suetudineni  populi  Romani  ullam  accipere  ab  hoste  armato  con  • 
ditionem  :  si  ab  armis  di.scedere  velint,  se  adjutore  utant ur,G  lega- 
tosque  ad  Cajsarcui  mitlant :  sperare  pro  ejus  juntitia,  quae  pctie- 
rint,  impetraturos.' 

XL.    i.   Si  pertuliseent,  "If  they  should  |2.   Fidei  faciumhe-  cmsa,  "For  the  pur- 
carry  them  through."  ■  •  of  producing  Ix.'lief"'  i  r.proving 
-.   Uperi,  §142.                                               what  they 

'    Opus,  JLBO,  Rem.  ].  8.   His.  Observe  that  the  demonstrative 

i    Tenutssima  vnletudine,  §164\itonj  5.       of  the  first  person  i-^  used,  according 

Though    ho    wr.s    in    very    fceHle      lo  ine  form    of  direct   discourse; — 

health.''  "from    these    fCsesar  and  the  r 

lira    is  here  an  adjective    limiting      v.  lion:  we  have  just  mentioned." 

conevrtu.  4.   Hoc  ammo,    "01 euch  disposition  ;  " 

XLI.    1.  Aditum.     This  resulted  from  5.    Incolum 

their  former  friendly  relations    with; 6.  Utautur,    "  Let  them   employ   him, 
Cicero.  fa  "  §217,  Bern.  1. 


110  DL   BELLO  GALLICO 

XLH.  Ab  hae  spe  repulsi  Nervii,  vallo  pedum  XI  et  fossa  pedum 
XV  hiberna  ciagunt.  Hasc  et  superiorum  annorum  con'suetudine1  a  4 
nostris  eognoverant,  et,  q'uosdam  de  eiercitu  nacti  captivos,  ab  his 
doeebantur:  ;-ed,  nulla  fsrramentoruui  copia,2  quae  sunt  ad  hunt) 
tisum  idonea,,  gladiis  cespitem  circumcidere,  mouibus  .sagulisque 
terrain  exhaurire  cogebantur  .  Qua  quidem  ex  re  hominum  multi- 
tude) cognosci  potuit:  nam  minus  horis  tribus  millium  X  in  circuitu 
suunitionem  perfecerunt :  reiiquisque  diebus  turres  ad  altitudinetn 
valli,  falces  testudinesque,  quas  iidem  captivi  docuerant,  parare  a$ 
latere  cocperunt. 

XLIII.  Septimo  oppugnationis  die,  maximo  coorto  vento,  fer- 
veutes  fusili  ex  argilla  glandes*  fundis  et  fervefaeta  jacula  in  casas,. 
anas  more  Gallico  stramentis  erant  tectse,  jacere  coeperunt.  Ha* 
celeriter  ignem  comprehenderunt,  et  venti.  magnitudiue  in  omuem 
ca8trorum  locum  distulerunt2  Hostes,  maximo  clamore  insecuti, 
quasi  parta  jam  atque  explorata  victoria,  turres  testudine'sque  agere 
et  scalis  vallum  ascendere  cocperunt.  At  tanta  inilitum  virtus  atque 
ea3  praesentia  animi  fuit,  ut,  quum4  undique  flamtna  torrerentur.  • 
maxiiiiaque  telorum  raultitudine  premorentur,  suaque  omnia  impedi- 
menta atque  omnes  fortunas  conflagrare  intelligerent,  non  modr> 
demigrandi  causa  de  vallo. decederet  nemo,  scd  pasne  ne  respicerei 
quidem  quisquam;  ac  turn  omnes  acerrime  fortissitneque  pugnarent. 
Hie  dies  nostrifc  lotige  gr^vissimus  fuit;  sed  tamen  hunc  habuit  even- 
turn,  ut  eo  die  maximus  hostium  numerus  vulneraretur  atque  inter- 
ficeretur,  ut5  se  sub  ipso  vallo  constipaverant,  recesSumque  primiu 
ultimi  non  dabant.  Paulum  quidem  intermissa  flamma,  et  quodam 
loco  turri  adacta  et  contingente  vallum,  tertise  cohortis  centurioneii 
ex  eo,  quo6  stabant,  loco  recesserunt,  suosque  omnes  removerunt ; 
nutu  vocibusque  hostes,  si  iatroire  vellent,7  vocare  coeperunt,  quo- 
rum progredi  ausus  est  nemo  Turn  ex  omni  parte  lapidibus  con> 
jectis8  deturbati,  turrisque  succensa  est. 

XLIV.     Erant  in  ea  legione  fortissimi  viri  centuriones,  qui  jam 
primisordinibusappropiuquarent,1'  T.Pulfio  et  L.  Varenus.   Hipep- 


XLII  1.  Superiorum  annorum  consue- 
tudiae,  «•  By  their  acquaintance  in 
foruittr  years. " 


t.  Nulla  ferrnmentorum  copia,  "There^.  Si  introire  vellent,  "  Tbey  began  k» 
being  no  supply  of  irou  fool.«i;"  3  l?li,-  invite  theih  to  come  in  if  they  chose  " 
Rem.  1.  '8.    Conjtctit;     participial     conjunctiva 


XLIII.  1.  Fer»entes  fusili  ex  argilla 
glandes,  "  Ked  hot  bulls  of  melted 
clay" 

i.   Distulerunt,  «e.  ignem.     , 

8.  Ea,  "Such." 


4.  Quum,  "Although.*' 

5.  Ut,   "Since." 

6.  Quo.  §'6b\ 


construction  : — "  by   stones   tbrowR 
from  every  side." 

XLIV.  .   1,  Qui  —  appropinquareni   ex- 
presses the  result  of fertistimi. 


LIBEK  QUINTUS.  11? 

petuas  inter  so  contitayersias  habebaut^  q^nam  auteferretur,-  omni^ 
busque  anil  is  de  loci*  summis  simultatil^fc^fcouteudebaiit.  Ex  ii> 
Pulfio,  quum  acerrimf^ad  munitions  PwilM|*ur>  "quid4  dubitas," 


inquit,  "  Varene  ?  aut  quem  locum  probanda?  virtutia  tuae  spectaa  ? 
hie  dies,  hie  dies  de  nostris  coutroversiU  judicabit."  Hree  qumn 
dixisset,  proedditj  extra  munitioner,  qtioeque  pars  hostium  eont'ortis- 
sinia  visa  est,  in  earn  trrumpit.  No  Vrarcnus  quidem  turn  vallo  suse 
continet,5  s*cd  omnium  veritus  cxistimatio'ueni  subsequitur.  Mediocri 
spatio  relicto,  Puifio  pilum  in  hostes  mitiit,  atque  unum  ex  muititu- 
dine  proeurrcntem  transjicit,  quo  percusso  et  exanimato,  hunc scutis 
protegunt  hostes,  in  ilium  tela  universi  conjieiunt,  neque  dant  rc- 
.■▼rediemli  facultatom  Transfigitur  scutum  Pulfioni,0  et  verutuni  in 
balteo  defigitur.  Avertit  hie  casus  vaginam,  et  gladium  educerc  co- 
lanti"  dextram  moratur  niauum  :  impeditum  hostes  circumsistunt. 
Succurrit  inimious  illi  Vareuus,  et  laborar.ti  subvenit.  Ad  hunc  go  ■ 
coufestim  a  Pulfioue  emnis  multitudo  convertit ;  ilium  veruto  trans- 
ixum  arbitrantur.  Occursat  ocius  gladio,  cominusque  rem  gerit 
Varenus,  atque,  uno  interfecto,  rcliquos  paulum  propellit  :  dum  cu- 
pidiut  instat,  iu  locum  dejectus  inf'erioreuis  coucidit.  Huic  rursus 
ciremtnvento  fert  subsidium  Pulfio,  atque  ambo  incolumes,  compluri- 
bus  interfectis,  summa  cum  laude  seee  intra  muuitiones  recipiunt. 
Sic  fortuna  in  contentione  et  eortamine  utruiuque  versavit,  ut  alter 
alteri  inimicus  auxilio  salutiquV*  ees'et^neque  dijudio'ari  posset,  uter 
utri  virtutc  anteferendus  videretur.10 

XLV.  Quanto1  erat  in  dies  gravior  atque  asperior  oppngutttio,  et 
naxime  quod,  magna  parte  militum  eonfeeta  vulueribus,  res  ad  pau- 
>it,atem  defensortito  pervenerat,  taiito1  crebriores  literal  nuaciique     1    I 

rem  mittebantur  :  quorum  pars  deprehensa  in  conspectu  i 

rurum  milituiu  cum  cruciatu  neoabatur.     Erat  unus  intuB  Nervim-, 

lOioine  Vertico,  loco  natus  honesto,  qui  a  prima2  ptisidione  ad  <'iec- 

ronem  perfugerat,  suanique^pi  thlem  praestiterat.     Hie  servo  spe  lib- 

ertatis  magnisque  persuadet  prcetniis,  ut  literas  ad  Caesarem  deferat 


.'.   Ahteferretur,  ?214.  within  the  rampant." 

t.   Simuitatibus.     The  plural  expr03s&4u3    l'u Irioni,  \ N7 
the   numerous   occasions    ou    which  7.   >     nanti,  "As  he  attempts ;"  (lo  him 
ihelrivalry  wa«  manifested: — '   wifhi    attempting); 
tin'  greatest  rivalry"    on  now.;,  uccaB  rem,  -Lower  thin  tl 

f    i.t  a  bole  or  hollow. 
1.   Quid,  "Why?"     The  ac  '         o  salutique,$144. 

the  i">  nl  which  an  action   or  motion  10.   Videretur,      '•  Which    one    seemed 
limes    also    the    pom-       worthy* of   being   preferred    to    the 
which  a  motion  i  :ich  ;       oilier;" 

J 154')     Henc.  .    the 

"ere  XLV.    1.  Quanto,  tanto,  §168. 

Varena.xquldem-.ontinet,*Wheu  _'    Prima  .  8. 

indeed  Varenua  d not  keep   him- 


11 8  DK  BELLO  GALLICO 

i 
Has  ille  in  jaculo  illigatas  effert,  et  Gallus3  inter  Gallos  sine  ulla 
suspicione  versatus,  ad  Caesarem  pervcnit.    Ab  eo  de  periculis  Cice- 
ronis  Iegionisque  coguoscitur. 

XL VI.  Caesar,  acceptis  Uteris  hora  circiter  undecima  diei,  statim 
nuncium  in  Bellovacos  ad'M.  Crassum  quaestorem  mittit,  cujus  hi- 
berna  aberant  ab  eo  raillia  passuum  XXV.  Jubet  media  nocte1  le- 
gionem  proficisci,  celeriterque  adse  venire.  Exiit  cum  nuncio  Cras- 
stis.  Alterura  ad  C.  Fabium  le'gatum  mittit,  ut  in  Atrebatium  fines 
legionem  adducat,-  qua  sibi3  iter  faciendum  pciebat.  Soribit  Labieno, 
si  reipublicae  commodo faeere  posset,  cum  legione  ad  fines  Nervio- 
rum  veniat:4  reliquam  partem  exercitus,  quod  paulo  aberat  longius, 
uon  putat  exspectandam  ;  equites  circiter  quadringentos  ex  proximi* 
hibernis  cogit. 

XL VII.     Hora  circiter  tertia  ab  antecursoribus  de  Crassi  adventu 
certior  factus,  eo  die  inillia  passuum  viginti  progreditur.     Crassum 
Samarobrivee  praeficit,  legionemque  ci  attribuit,' quod  ibi  impedi-    ' 
menta  exercitus,  obsides  civitatum,  literas  publicas  frumenturnque 
omne,  quod  eo  tolerandae  biemis  causa  devexerat,  relinquebat.  Fab- 
ius,  ut  imperatum  erat,  non  ita  multum1  inoratus,  in  itinere  cum  le- 
gion* occurrit.     Labienus,  interitu  Sabini  et  casde  cobortium  cogni- 
ta,2  quum  omnes  ad  eum  Trevirorum  copise  venissent,  veritus,  jie,° 
si  ex  hibernis  fuga>  similem  prpfectionem  iecisset,4  bostium  impetum 
sustinere  non  posset,  prresertiiih  quos  recenti  victoria  efferri' sciret,5 
literas  Caesari  remittit,  quanto  cum  periculo  legionem  ex  hibernis 
educturus  esset  :6  rem  gestam  iu  Eburonibus  perscribit :  docet,  om- 
nes equitatus  peditatusque  copias  Trevirorum  tria  millia  passuum 
longe7  ab  suis  castris  consedisse. 

XLVIII.  Cresar,  consilio  ejus  probato,  etsi,  opinione1  tfcium  le- 
gionum  dejectus,  ad  duas  redierat,  tameu  unum  communis  salutis 
auxilium2  in  celeritate  ponebat.  Venit-magnis  intineribus  in  Ner- 
viorum  fines.    Ibi  ex  captivis  cognoscit,  .quae  apud  Ciceronem  geran- 

■',.   Gallus,  predicate  nomiative,limitin^|3.  Ne,  $193,  Rem.  2.  Ne  non  is  equiva- 
versattis  ;  "  passiDg    a    Gaul    among      lent  to  ul. 

Gauls,  -without  any  suspicion."  4.  Si — fecisset,    "If  he  should  make." 

5.   Prce.-ertim  quos  sciret,    -'Especially 


XL VI.   1.   Media  nocte,  $167. 
•.'.    Ut—udducat    depends    on    nuncium 
mittit,    which  is -equivalent  to  a  verb 
.  of  cofnmaudin<jf. 
::.  Sibi,  §145. 
4.  Veniat,  §193,  Rem.  G. 


XLVII.  1.  Non  ita  multum,  '-Avery 
short  time ;"  (not  so  much  as  he 
might  have  delayed). 

2.   Cognita,  $12b\  Rem    1,  ['2).  safety 


when  he  knew  them  to  be  elated    by 

their  recent  victory." 
G.   Esset,  $214. 
7.  Tria  millia  passuum  louge,    "Three 

miles  distant." 

XLVIII      I.   Opinione,  §163.   "  Disap- 
pointed in  his  expectation.". 


short  time;"    (not   so    much    as    he  2.   Unum  communis    salutis    auxilium, 
might  have  delayed).  "The  only  hope  (help)  of  the  common 


LIBLK  QU1NTUS.  L19 

tur,  quantoque  in  periculo  res  sit.  Turn  cuidam  ex  equitibus  Gallis 
magnis  prremiis  persuadet,  uti  ad  Ciceronem  epistolam  deferat.  Hants 
Grcecis  conscriptam  Uteris  mittit,  ne,  intercepta  epistola,  nostra  ab 
hostibus  consilia  cognoscantur.  Si  adire  non  possit,  monet,  ut  tra- 
gulam  cum  epistola  ad  amentum  deligata  intra  munitiones  castrorum 
abjiciat.  In  literis  sorib.it,  '  se  cum  legionibus  profectum  celeritor 
kffore:'  hortatur,  *ut pristinam  virtutemretineat,'  Galium,  periouluro 
itus,  ut  crat  praeceptum,  tragulain  mittit.  Haec  casu  ad  turrim 
a'dbaesit,  nequd  ab  nostris  biduo  animadversa,  tertio  die  a  quodam 
jnilite  conspicitur :  dempta  ad  Ciceronem  defertur.  Ule  pe.rlectam8 
in  co'nvcntu  militum  recitat,  maximaque  ojnnes  lsetitia  afficit.  Turn 
fumi  incendiorum  prociil  ridebantur,  quffi  re$  omnem  dubitationem 
adventus  legionum  expulit. 

XLIX.  Galli,  re  cognjta  per  exploratores,  obsiJionem  relin'quunt, 
ad  Caisarem  omnibus  copiis  contendtlut ;  eaa  erant  armatorum  circi- 
ter,millia  LX.  Cicero,  data  facilitate,  Galium  ab  eodera  Vei'tioone, 
quern  supra  demonstravimus,  repetit,  qui  literas  ad  Ca^sarem  refe- 
rat:1  hunc  admonet,  iter  eaute  diligentorfque  faciat  :-  p'erscribit  in 
literis  '  liosfes  ab  se  disccssisse,  omnemque  ad  eum  multitudinem 
convertisse.'  Quibus  literis  circiter  media  nocte,  Caesar,  allatis,  suos 
facit  certiores,  eosque  ad  dimicandum  animo  confirmat:  posteru  die 
luce  prima  movet  castra,  et  circiter  millii  passuum  quatuor  progres- 
sus,  trans  vallera  maguam  et  rivuin  multitudinem  hostium  conspica- 
tur.  Erat  magni  periculi  res,  cum  tantis  copiis  iniquo  loco  dimicare. 
Turn,  quoniam  liberatum  obsidione  Ciceronem  soiebat,  eoque  onini 
no  remittendum3  de  celeritate  existimabat,  consedit,  et,  quam  aequis- 
simo  potest  loco,  castra  commnnit.  Atquc  baoc,  etsi  erant  exigua  per 
se,  vix  hominuni  millium  VII,4  praesertim  nullis  cum  impediments, 
tamen  angn-tiis  viarum,5  quam  maxinie  potest,  contrabit,  eo  consilio, 
ut  in  suml||am  eontemptionem  hostibus'1  veniat  Interim,  speculator- 
ibus  in  onines  partes  dimissfs^explorat,  quo  commodissime  itinere 
Valleni  transire  possit." 

L,  Bo  die,  parvulis  equestribus  pruliis  ad  aquam  factis,  utrique 
sese  suo  loco  continent;  Galli,  quod  ampliores  copias,  qure  nondum 
convenerant,  exspectabant ;  Caesar,  si  forte  thnoria  silftulatione  bos- 
tes  in  suum  locum  elJcere  possetJ  ut2  citra  vallem  pro  castris  proelio 


3.  Pcrlcctarrf,    "  After  first  reading    it   I.    Yu    hominum    millium   septcm,    like 
.  himself.'1  exigua  limits  trant,  5132.  Rem.  1. 

5.   Angustiis  viuruin,    " By  the  narrow- 
XLIX.    1.    Kcferat.  3210.  ncea  of  the  streets." 

2.  Facial,  J193,  Rent  6.  Hostibus,  JM7. 

3.  I'.oque  omnino  remittendum,     "And  7.   Possit,  J21  1. 
therefore  that  he  ought  to  relax  alto- 
gether from  his  (former)  speed."         L.   1.  Si  posset,  tc.  exspectabat,"Co9sar 


120 


DE  BE  LLC  G  ALU  CO 


contenderet ;  si  id  efficere  non  possefc,  ut,  exploratis  itineribus,  ini- 
nore  cum  perieulo  vallenj,  rivumque  transiret.  Prima  luce  hostiuu' 
equitatus  ad  castra  accedit,  proeliumque  cum  nostris  equitibus  coru- 
mittit.  Ctesar  cousulto  equites  ccdere,  seque  in  castra  recipere  ju- 
bet ;  simul  ex  omnibus  partibus  castra  altiore  vallo  muniri,  porta? 
que  obstrui,  atque  in  bis  administrandis  rebus  quam  maxime  con- 
cursari  et  cum  simulatione  timoris  agi3  jubet. 

LT.     Quibus  omnibus  rebus  bostes  invitati  copias    transducunt, 
aciemque  iniquo  loco  constituunt ;  nostris  vero  etiam  de  vallo  dedu 
ctis,  propius  accedunt,  et  tela  intra  munitiouem  ex  omnibus,  parti- 
bus  conjiciunt;  proeconibusque    circummissis,  pronunciari  jubent, 
'  seu  quis  Gallus  seu  Roraanus1  velit  ante  lioram  tertiam  ad  se  trans- 
ire,  sine  perieulo  licere;2post  id  tempus  non  fore  potestat'em  :'  ac 
sic  nostros  contempserunt,  ut,  obstructis  iu  speciem  portis  singuli 
ordinibus  cespitum,  quod  ea  non  posse    introruiupere  videbantur 
alii  vallum  manu  sciridere,  alii  fossas  complere  inciperent.     Turn 
Caasar,  omnibus  portis  erupt  ione  facta,  equitatuque  emisso,  celeriter 
bostes  dat  in  fugam,  sic,  uti  ouvnino  pugnandi  causa  resisteret  nemo  ; 
magnum  que  ex  eis  numerum  occidit,  atque  omnes  armis3  exuit. 

LIT.     Longius  prosequi  veritus,  quod    siWre  paludesque  intense- 
debaut,  neque  etiaui  parvulo  detrimehto  illorum  locum  relinqui  vide 
'^at,1  omnibus  suis  incolum-ibus  copiis,  eodem  die  ad  Ciceronem  per- 
-renit.     Xustitutas  turres,'2  testudines  hiunitinnesque  bostium  admi- 
ratur  :  producta  legione,  cognoscit  non  decimum  quemque  esse  relic- 
Lum  militem  sine  vulnere.     Ex«bis  omnibus  judicat  rebus,  quant, 
cum  perieulo  et  quanta  cum  virtute  siut3  res  administratis :   Cicero- 
nem pro  ejus  merito  legionemque  collaiidat :  centuriones  singillatim 
tribunosque  militum  appellat,  quorum  egregiam  fuisse  virtut,em  tes- 
timonio  Ciceronis  cognoverat.     De  casu.Sabini  et,  Cottse  •«er|Mi'ar  ex 
captiris  cognoscit.     Postero  die,  couci'one  habita,  rem  gestarsr   pr  »- 
ponit,  milites  consolatur  et  confirmat  r  q.uod  detrimentum  culpa  et 
temeritate  legati  sit  acceptum,  boc  aequiore  animo  ferendum  docet, 
quod,  beneiicio  deorum  immortalium  et  virtute  eorum  expiato   iu- 


was  waiting-to  see  whether  he  could. 
&c."  Si  is  here  interrogative,  and  ut 
expresses  a  result;  while  si  below  is 
conditional,  and  ut  expresses  a  pur- 
pose 

2.  Ut  citra,  &c,"So  that.  <lcc  *' 

3.  ConcursaH  and  agi  are  impersonal. 

LI    1.  Seu  quis  Gallus   sen   Romanus, 
;i  If  any  one,  either  Gaul  or  Roman, 

&c.'" 


2.  Licera.    "That  it  is  in  his  power  (to 
do  so)." 

3.  Armis,  §  1  GO. 
» 

Lll.     1.   Keqne — rideba*,    "And    also 
•  (because)    he  saw  that  their  position 

was  abandoned  with  no  trifling  loss." 
2.  Institutas  turres,    "The  towers  that 

had  been  built." 
■■',.  Slat,  §214. 


LIBER  QUINTUS.  121 

commodOj  neque  bostibus  diutina  Iaetatio,  neque  ipsis  longior  dolor4 
velinquatur. 

LIII.  Interim  ad  Labienuni  per  Itemos  incredibili  celcritate  de 
victoria  Ca?saris  fatna  perfertur,  ut,  quum1  ab  hiberuis  Ciceronis 
abessct  millia  passuuin  circiter  LX,  coque  post  boratn  nonani  diei 
Csasar  pervenissct,  ante  mediam  noctem  ad  portas  castrorum  clamor 
iriretur,  quo  clamore  significatio  victorias  gratulatioquc  ab  Reniis 
Labieno  fieret.2  Hac  fama  ad  Treviros  perlata,  Indutioinarus,  qui 
postero  die  castra  Labieni  oppuguaro  decreverat,  noctu  profugit, 
■opiasque'omnes  in  Treviros  reducit.  Ceesar  Fabium  cum  legione 
in  sua  remittit  hiberna,  ipse  cum  tribus  legionibus  circum  Saiuaro- 
brivam  trinis8  Eibernis  liiemarc  constituitj  et,  quod  tanti  motus 
•  Gallia)  exstiterant,  totam  biemem  ipse  ad  exercitum  manere  de- 
crevit.  Nam  illo  incommodo  de  Sabini  morte  perlato,  omnes  fere 
OalliflB  civitatos  de  bello  cousultabant,  nuncios  legationesque  in 
)  tunes  partes  dimittebant,  et,  quid  reliqui  consilii  caperent,4  atque 
initio  i.nitium  belli  fieret,  explorabant,  nocturnaque  in  locis  desertia 
concilia  habebant.  Neque  ulluiu  fere  totius  biemis  tempus  sine 
Bollicitudine  Cassaris  interccssit,  quin  aliquem  de  conciliis  ac  motu 
Q-allerum  nuncium  acciperet."'  In  bi.s  ab  L.  Roscio  legato,  quern 
legioni  XIII  praefecerat,  certior  est  factus,  '  maguas  Gallorum  copias 
earum  civitatum,  qua;  Armoric:e  appe'.lantur,  oppugnandi  sui  causa 
iVenisse  :  neque  longius1'  millia  passuum  VIII  ab  hibernis  suis 
abfuisse;  sed  nuncio  allato  de  victoria  Caesaris,  discessisse,  adeo,  ut 
fugae  similis  discessus' videretur.' 

LIV.     At  C;csar, principibus  cujusque  civitatis  ad  se  evocatis, 

alios  territando,  quum  se  scire,  qua;  fierent,1  denuncfciret,  alios  co- 

'.andd,  maguam  partem  Galliae  in  officio  teuuit.     Tamen  Senozes, 

ft  ct  vitas  in  primis  firm  a  et  magna?  inter  Gallos  auctoritatis, 

quem  Csesar  apud  eos  regeni  coi>*tituerat,  (cujus  frater 

.^onBBigu.-,  adventn    in  (Jalliam  Caesaris,  cujusque  majorea  regnum 

obtiaperant),  interfiecre  publico  consilio  coDati,  quum  ille  praisen- 

sisset  ae  profugisset,  usque  ad  fines  insecuti,  regno  domoque  expule- 

runt:  et,  mi&sis  ad  Caesarem  eatiefaciendi  causa  legatis,  quum  is 

'omnem  ad  se  senatum  venire  jussissct,  dicto  audientes  nbn  fuerunt. 

Tantum  apud  homines  barbaros  valuit'  esse  repertos  aliquos  princi- 


Longior  dolor,    "  Too  long  a  grief." 


out.  his  leceiving." 
t     I,  ngius,  §165,  Rem.  4. 


[LIV.   1.  Fierent,  §214. 


.'.111.    1.   Ut  quum,  'So  that  although. 

2.  Fieret,  Hook  II.  XXVI 1,  1. 

3.  Trims,  i  e.  one  t»  each  legion.  l2.   QdSB,  §120,  Rem.  6. 
•1.  Quid— caperent,    'What   other  de-  3    Adrcntu,  \\ 

sign  they  should  form."  1.   Tantum  valuit.    •  b'o  much  influence 

'».    Quin  (=^quo  non)  acciperet,  '-With        did  it  have.'    The  fo'lowing  infinitive 
K 


122 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


pes  belli  inferendi,'  tantamque  omnibus  voluntatum  commutatio- 
nem  attulit,  ut,  prseter  iE&uos  et  Renios,  quos  praccipuo  semper 
honore  Crcsar  habuit,  altero96  pro  vetere  ac  perpetua  erga  populum 
Ronianum  fide,  alteros  pro  recentibus  Gallici  belli  officiis,7  nulla 
fere  civitas  fuerit  non  suspecta  nobis.  Idque  adeo  baud  scio  miran- 
dumne  sit,8  quum9  compluribus  aliis  de  causis,  turn  maxime,  quod, 
qui  virtute  belli  omnibus  gentibus  prajferebantur,10  tantum  se  ejus 
opinionis11  deperdidisse,  ut  a  populo  Romano  imperia  perferrent,-;". 
gravissime  dolebant. 

LV.  Treviri  vero  atque  Indutiomarus  totiusbiemis  nullum  tem- 
pus  intermiserunt,1  quin  trans  Rhenum  legatos  niitterent,2  civitates 
aollicitarent,  pecunias  pollicerentur,  magna  parte  exercitus  nostri 
mterfecta,  multo3  minorem  superesse  dicerent  partem.  Neque  tamen 
ulli  civitati  Germanorum  persuaderi  potuit,  ut  Rbenum  transiret, 
quum4  '  se  bis  expertos '  dicerent,  '  Ariovisti  bello  et  Tencbtberorum 
transitu,  nori  esse  amplius  fottunam  tentandam.'  Hac  spe5  lapsus 
Indutiomarus,  nibilo0  minus  copias  cogere,  exercere,  a  finitimis  equos  ' 
parare,  exsules  damnatosque  tota  Gallia  magnis  prceiaiis  a-d  se  alli- 
cere  coopit.  Ao  tantam  sibi  jam  iis  rebus  in  Gallia  auctoritatem  ' 
eomparaverat,  ut  undique  ad  eum  legationes  concurrerent,  gratiam 
atque  amicitiam  publice  privatimque  peterent. 

LVI.  Ubi  intellexit  ultro  ad  se  veniri,1  altera  ex  parte  Senones 
Carnutesque  conscientia  facinoris  instigari,2  altera  Nervios  Aduatu- 
cosque  bellum  Romanis  parare,  neque  sibi  voluntariorum  copias  de- 
fore,  si  ex  finibus  suis  progredi  coepisset  ;3  armatum  concilium  iu- 
dicit,  (hoc  more  Gallorum  est  initium  belli,)  quo  lege  communi 
i>mnes  puberes  armati  convenire  consuerunt;  qui  ex  iis  novissimus 
venit,  in  conspectu  multitudinis  omnibus  cruciatibus  affectus  neca- 
tur.  In  go  concilio  Cingetorigem,  alterius  principem  factiqpis. 
generum   suum,  (quern   supra   demonstravimus,    Ctesaris   secutum 


sentence,  though  logically  dependent 
on  valuit,  is  grammatically  its  subject 

5.  Principes  belli  inferendi,  "  Leaders 
in  carrying  on  the  war." 

t5.  Alteros,  §127,  Rem.  6. 

7.  Gallici  belli  officiis,  "Services  in  the 
Gallic  war." 

8.  Mirahdumne  sit,  "  Whether  it  is  to 
be  wondered  at." 

,6.  Quum — turn,  "Not  only — butllso." 

10.  Qui  prcefcrebantUT  is  subject  of  do- 
lebant. 

11.  Ejus  opinionis,  "Of  that  prestige." 

LV.  1.  Nullum  tempus  intermiserunt, 
"Allowed  no  time  to  pass." 


2.  Quin  (=quo  non)  mitterent,  "With- 
out sending," 

3.  Multo,  §168. 

.4.  Quum,  "Since." 
5..  Spe,  §163. 
6.  Nihilo,  §168. 

LVI.  1.  Veniri,  sc.  a  finitimis  civitati- 
bus. 

2.  Senones  Carnutesque  instifiari.  The 
Senones  had  expelled  and  attempted 
to  kill  their  king  CaTarinus,  and  the 
Carnutes  had  .slain  their  king  Tas> 
getius,  both  of  whom  were  under 
Csesar's  protection. 

3.  Si  ooepisset,  "If  he  should  begin." 


LIBER  QUINTUS.  123 

d    ,  ,  •   ■    o  non  .liscessisse,)  hostem4  judicat,  bonaque  ejus  publicat. 
confcctMl  in  conc;lio  pronunciat,  arcessituni  se  a  Senoni- 
rnutibus  aliisque  conipluribus  Gallice  civitatibus,  hue5  iter 
>er   fines   Remorum,   eorumque   agros   populaturuni;   ac 
.   m    id    faciat,6  Labieni   oastra  oppugnatufum  :  quae    fieri 
Mpit. 
Labienus  quuin  ct  loci  nature  et  manu  rnunitissiruii  cas- 
i    ret,  de  suo  ac  legionis  periculo  nihil  timebat ;  ne  quam 
in  rei  bene  gerendai  dimitteret,  cogitabat.1      Itaque  a  Cin- 
atque  ejus  propinquis  orationc  Indutiomari  cognita,  quani 
i'  habuerat,  nuncios  mittit  ad  fiuitimas  eivitates,  equites- 
[ue  e.vocat :  iis  certUm  diem  convenieudi   dicit.     Interim 
lie  cuia  omni  equitatu  Indutiomarus  sub  castris   ejus 
r.  alias  ut  situm   castrorum  cognosceret,  alias  colloquendi 
rrit&ndi  causa :  equites  plerunique  omnes  tela  intra  vallum 
ant.     Labienus  suos  intra  niunitiones  continebat,  timoris- 
I     ioncm,  quibuscumque  poterat  rebus,  augebat. 
[II.     Quum  majore  in  dies  contemptrbne  Indutiomarus  ad  cas- 
eret,  nocte  una,  intromis»is  equitibus  omnium  finitimarum 
i.  .(uos  arcessendos  curaverat,1  tanta  diligentia  omnes  suos 
intra  castra  continuit,  ut  nulla  ratione  ea  res  cnunciari  aut 
ros  perfeiri  posset.     Interim  ex  consuetudine  quotidiana 
arus  ad  e:i>tra  accedit,  atque  ibi  magnam  partem  diei  con- 
juites  tela  conjiciunt,  ot  magna  cum  contumelia  verborum- 
d  pugnam  evocant.     Nullo  ab  \10stri9  dato  response,  ubi 
r,  sub  vesperum  dispersi  ac  disfcipati    discedunt.     Subito 
dualm*  p  rii,«  oniuein  equitatum  emittit;  prsecipit  atque 
profcrritia   hqstibus   atque   in  fugam   conjectis,   (quod 
'Viit  'accidit.  videbat,)-  unum    omnes  petaut4  Indutioruarum  ; 
(juem  prius  vulneret,    quam    ilium    interfectum    viderit/' 
ra   reliquurura  spatiuin   nactun/'  ilium  effugere    nolebat : 
oponit  iis,  qui  occiderint,  prsemia  :  submittit  cohortes  equi- 
jidio.     Comprobat  homijiis  consilium  fortuna,   et,    quum 

JIM,  l».  I     for."' 

M:igiifi  contumelia  Tcrborum,  "VTery 
;>iry  of    the  Honours    and       in>ulting  language." 

■'.   P&cipit    and    lMerdicit    are  limite  I 

jc-|«ctiv»lv  by  pctiint  and  vulntrrt. 
I     Petunt,  5193,  Hem.  fi. 
.  h. 
Mora  reli.juorum    epatium    nudum, 
"  Having  pained  tim< 
caused  by  killing  the  rest." 
7    Taulo,  §1(4. 


J206,  b. 

1     .-.'.it. .-it.     ■  'i\  us   forming 
toripc,    "From  Cingetorii  ' 


QuOf  s  curaverat. 

he  bad  caused  to    be  called 


124 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


unurn  omnes  peterent,  iu  ipso  fluminis  vado  deprebeirsus  Indutioma . 
rus  interficitur,  caputque  ejus'reiertur  in  castra:  redeunte 
quos  possunt,  consectantur  atque  occidunt.     Hac  re  cognita,  on 
Eburonum  et  Nerviorum,  quae  convenerant,  copine  discedunt  ;  ptiulo 
que7  habuit  post  id  factum  Cresar  quietiorem  G-alliam. 


DE  BELLO  G\LLICC 
LIBER    VL 


I.     Multis  de  causis  Caesar,  majorem  Gallise  motum  exi 
per  M.  Silanum^  C.  Antistium  Reginum,  T.  Senium,  legato,  de 
turn  babere  iustituit:  .simul  ab    Cn.    Pompeio1   proconsul-     pet;^ 
quouiani  ipse3  ad  urbem  cum  imperio  reipublicse  causa  rema  ien 
quos  ex  Cisalpina  Gallia  coDsulis  Sacramento  rogavisset,'1 : 
convenire  et  ad  se  proficisci  juberet  :5   magni6  interesse  etian 
liquum  tempus  ad  opinio'nem  Galliae7  existimans,  tantas  vide; 
facultates,  ut,  si  quid  esset  in  bello  detrimenti  acceptum,8  n 
id  brevi  tempore  sarciri,  sed  etiara  majoribus  adaugeri9  copits  },qS_ 
set.     Quod  quum  Pompeius  et  reipublicse  et  amicitise10  tf 
celeriter  confecto  per  suos  delectu,  tribus  ante  exactam  bic 
constitutisetaidductis  legionibus,  duplicatoque  earum  cohort 
mere,  quas  cum  Q.  Titurio  aniiserat,  et  celeritate   et   copiiJOd 
quid  populi  Roinani  disciplina  atque  opes  possent. 


NOTES.' 


1.  Ab  Cn.  Pompeio.     Ponipey    had|6. 
been  consul  the  year  before,  and  .va>|7„ 
governing  the  province  of  Spain  as 
proconsul.   'He  chose,  however,  to  re 
main  at  Rome,  for  the  ostensible  pur- 
pose'of  supplying  the  city  with  corn, 
while   his   lieutenant.*   were  sent  to 
command  in  Spain. 
Ipse,  "Himself,"  as  opposed  to  his 
legates.  jit. 

Remanent,    As  he  alleged  ;  §210,  c 
Quos — rogavisset,    "Whom    he    hadJ9. 
enrolled  with  the  consul's  oath;"  i.e. | 
whom  he  had  sworn  in  the  year   be  j 
fore,    while  consul.     Rogare   is    the*' 
term  used  for  administering  the-oathjK 
to  a  soldier— "asking  "    him  to<take 
it.  The  Romans  retained  the  shadow 
of  civil  liberty  long  after    they    had 
lost  the  substance. 
Juberet,  £193,  Rem.  6. 


Magni,  §137. 

Ip  reliquum  tempus  ad  opini 
Galliee,  "  That  it  was  of  : 
port.ince  for  the  future  opini 
Gauls."  Facultates  videri  i 
of  interesse.  The  Gauls  wou 
rally  be  elated  by  the  succe- 
biorix  in  destroying  the  fori 
Ootla  and  Sabinus 

Esset  acceptum,  "Should  b 
ed;"  §198,  a. 

Adaugeri,    ll  More  than  made  up  ;' 
literally,   "Made  greater  than  ever." 
The  loss  is  here  put,  by    m. 
for  the  person  sustaining  it. 
.  Et  reipublicoe  et  amicitice 
set,    "  Had  paid  this  tribut 
the  state  and  tofriendship;' 
done  this  thing  for  the  sake 
the  public  good  and  of  his  frier  ■■• 
for  Cresar. 


LIBER  SEXTUS.  125 

II.  Interfecto  Indutiomaro,  ut  docuimus,  ad  ejus  propinquos  a 
Treviris  imperium  defertur.  Illi  finitimos  Germanos  sollicitare  et 
pecuniam  polliceri  non  desistunt :  quum  ab  proximis  inipetrare  non 
possent,1  ulteriores  tentant.  Inventis  nonnullis  civitatibus,2  jure- 
jurando  inter  se  confirmant,3  obsidibusque  de  pecunia  cavent  :4  Ani- 
biorigem  sibi  societate  ct  foedere  adjungunt.  Quibus  rebus  cognitisr 
Caesar,  quum  undique  belluui  parari  videret,  Nervios,5  Aduatuoos, 
Menapios,  adjunctis  Cierbenanis  omnibus  Germanis,  esse  in  arniis, 
Senones  ad  imperatum  non  venire,  et  cum  Carnutibus  finitimisque 
civitatibus  consilia  communicare,  a  Treviris  Germanos  crebris  lega- 
tiouibus  sollicitari;  maturius  sibi6  de  Joello  cogitandum  putavit. 

III.  Itaque  nondum  bieme  confecta,  proximis  IV  legionibu* 
coactis,  de  improviso  in  fines  Nerviorum  oontendit,  et,  prius  quara 
illi  aut  convenire  aut  profugere  possent,1  magno  pecoris  atque  homi- 
num  numero  capto,  atque  ea  prfeda  militibus  concessa,  vastatisque 
agris,  in  deditiouem  venire  atque  obsides  sibi  dare  coegit.  Eo  celer- 
iter  eonfecto  negotio,  ruraus  legiones  in  hiberna  reduxit.  Concilia 
Gallia;  primo  vere,  uti  instituerat,  indicto,  quum  reliqui  praeter 
Sentmes,  Carnutes  Trevirosque  vemssent,  initium  belli  ac  defectionis 
boc'2  esse  arbitratus,  ut  omnia  postponere.3  videretur,  concilium  Lu- 
tetlam  Parisiorum  transfert.  Confines  erant  bi  Senonibus,  civita* 
temque  patrum  memoria  conjunxerant ;  sed  ab  boc  consilio  abfuia- 
se4  existimabantur.  Hac  re  pro  suggestu  pronunciata,  eodem  die 
cum  legionibus  in  Senomes8  proficiseitur,  magnisque  itineribus  eo 
pervenit. 

iy.  Cognito  ejus  adventu,  Acco,  qui  princeps  ejus  consilii  fue- 
rat,  jubet  in  oppida  multitudinem  convenire;  conantibus,1  prius 
quam  id  effici  posseb,2  adesse  Romanos  nunciatur;  necessario  sen- 
tentia  desistunt,  legatosque  deprecandi  causa  ad  Caesarem  mittunt ; 
adeunt  per  ^Eduos,  quorum  antiquitus  erat  in  fide  civitas.  Liben- 
ter  Cfesar  petentibus  ^Eduis  dat  veniam,  excusationemque  accipit ; 


II.  it.  Quum — possent,    "  Since    they 
couM  not  obtain  help." 


Inventis  nonnullis   civitatibus,    i.  e  13-  Postponere,  "That  he  might  seem  t© 


that  -were  willing  to  help  them. 
t.  Confirmant,  sc.  amicitiam  or  foeaus. 
4.  Obsidibusque    de    pecunia    cavent, 

11  Amd  provide  by   hostages   for   the 

payment  of  the  money." 


2.  Hoc,  i.e.  their  neglect  to  attend  tht 
council. 


Nervios.    This  tribe  had  been  nearly  i     viri. 


deem  every  thing  else   of  aecondary 
importance." 

Ab  hoc  consilio  abfuissc,  "To  havr 
had  nothing  to  do  with  the  plot' 
of  the  Senones,  Carnutei,   and  Tre- 


exterminatcd  (see  Book  II,  28),    yet 
it  was  ready  to  try  again  the  fortune 
of  war. 
•i.  Sibi,  $146. 

III.    1.  Possent,  §206,  b,  (2). 

k-2 


5.  In  Senones,  "Against  the  Senones.' 

IV.   1.  Conantibas,   M  While  they  were 

endeavoring  to  do  to." 
3.  Posset,  $206,  b,  (2). 


126 


I 


DE  BELLO  QALLICO 


quod  sestivuni  tempus  instantis  belli,  non  quaestionis3  esse  arbitra- 
batur.  Obsidibus  iinperatis  centum,  hos  iEdMB  custodiendos  tradit. 
Eodem  Carnutes  legatos  obsidesq"ue  mittunt,  usi  deprecatoribus4 
Renris,  quorum  erant  in  clientela  :  eadem  ferunt  responsa.  Peragit 
concilium  Caesar,  equitesque  imperat  civitatibus. 

V.  Hac  parte  Gallioe  pacataj totus  et  mente  et  animo1  in  belluin 
Tr«virorum  et  Ambiorigis  insistit.  Cavarinum2  cum  equitatu  Sen- 
onum  secum  proficisci  jubet,  ne  quis  aut  ex  bujus  iracundia  aut  ex 
eo,  quod  meruerat,  odio3  civitatis  motus  exsistat.  His  rebus  consti- 
tutis,  quod  pro  explorato  babebat,  Ambiorigem  proelio  non  esse  con- 
csrtaturum,  reliqua  ejus  consilia  animo  circumspiciebat.  Erant 
Menapii  propinqui  Eburonum  finibus,  perpetuis  paludibus  silvisque 
umniti,  qui  uni  ex  Gallia4  de  pace  ad  Csesarem  legatos  nunquam 
miserant.  Cum  iis.  esse  bospitium  Ambiorigi5  &ciebat :  item  per 
.Treviros  venisse  Germanis6  in  amicitiam  cognoverat.  Htec  prius 
illi"  detrabenda  auxilia  existimabat,  quam  ipsum  bello  lacesseret  ;8 
ne,  desperata  salute,  aut  se  in  Menapios  abderet,  aut  cum  Trans- 
rbenanis  congredi  cogeretur.  Hoc  inito  consilio,  totius  ex^vcitus 
impedimenta  ad  Labienum  in  Treyiros  mittit,  duasque  legioues  ad 
cum  proficisci  jubet :  ipse  cum  l.egionibusexpeditis  quinque  in  Men- 
apios proficiscitur.  Illi,  nulla  coacta  manu,  loci  praesidio  freti,  hi 
silvas  paludesque  confugiunt,  suaque  eodem  conferunt. 

VI.  Caesar,  partitis  copiis  cum  C.  Fabio.  legato  et  M.  Crasso 
i|ua3store,  celeriterque  effectis  pontibuS,-  adit  tripartito,  aedificia. 
vicosque  incendit,  magno  pecoris  atque  bominum  numero  pp.titur. 
Quibus  rebus  coacti  Menapii,  legatos  ad  eum  pacis  petendoo "  causa 
mittunt.  Ille,  obsidibus  acceptis,  bostium  se  babiturum  numcro 
confirmat,  si  aut  Ambiorigem  aut  ejus  legatos  finibus  suis  recepis- 
.sent.1  His  confirmatis  rebus,  Commiudi  Atrebatem  cum  equitatu 
oustodis  loco  in  Menapiis  relinquit ;  ipse  in  Treviros  proficitfftur. 

VII.  Dum  haec  a  Caesare  geruntur,  Treviri,  maguis  coactispedi- 
tatus  equitalusque  copiis,  Labienum  cum  una  legione,  quae  in  eorum 
finibus  biemabat,  adoriri  parabant :  jam  que  ab  eo  non  longius  biduj 


8.  Instantis  belli  non  quffistionis  esse, 
"  Was  (the  time)  for  active  war,  not 
for  judicial  investigation ;"  $133. 

I.  Deprecatoribug,    "As  intercessors." 

V.  1.  Totus  et  mente  et  animo,  "With 
his  whole  heart  and  soul;" — a  very 
strong  expression.  Totus  limits  in- 
siitit. 

ii.   Cavarinum  ;  see  Book  V,  54. 

'>.   Odio.     The  adherence  of  Cavarinus 


to  Caesar  gate  his  own  people  abund- 
ant reason  to  hate  him  ;  though  it  is 
not  likely  that  Caesar  would  call  such 
hatred  deserved. 

4.  Ex  GaUia,by  metoiiomy  for  ez  Gallis. 

5.  Ambiorigi,  §143. 

6.  Gcrmanis,.§147. 

7.  Illi,  §163,  Rem.  3. 

8.  Lacesseret,  §206,  b. 

VI.    1.  Si  recepissent,  §198,  a.  • 


UvER  SEXTO'S  .    t  127 

via"  aberant,  quum  duas  veuisse  legiouea  missu  Caesaris1  cognoscunt. 
Tositis  castris  a  ruillibus  passuuin  XV,-  auxilia  Germanorum  exspec-' 
'are  constituent.  Labienus,  hostium  eoguito  consilio,  sperans  temer- 
itate  eorum  fore  aliquam  dimicandi  facultatem,  prnesidio  cohortium 
V  irnpedimcntis'  rclicto,  cum  XXV  cohortibus  magnoque  equitatu 
contra  hostium4  profioiscitur,  ct,  M  passuum  intermisso  spatio,  uastra 
f-nmmunit. .  Efat  inter  Labienum  atquc  hostem4  difficili  transitu 
liumen  ripisque  proeruptis  :5  hoc  aequo  ip.se  transire  in  animo  liabe- 
bal,  neque  bostes  t.ransituro  existimabftt.  Augebatur  auxiliorum 
quotidie  spes  Loquitur  in  consilio  palam,  <  quoniam  Gberuiani  ap- 
propinquare  dicantur,  sese  suas  exetcitusque  fortunas  in  dubium 
non  dcvocaturuui,  ot  postero  die  prima  luce  castra  moturum.'  Ce- 
loritcr  h&c  ad  bostes  defcruntur,6  ut  ex  rnagno  Gal lo rum  equitatua 
auiaero  nonuullos  Gallicis  rebus  raw  re  natura  cogebat.  Labienus 
Tioctu,  tribunis  militum  primisque  urdinibus7  coactis,  quid  sui  sit 
c  >n.silii,s  proponit,  et  quo  facilius  bostibus  timoris  det  suspicionem, 
majore  strepitu  et  tumultu,  quam  popnli  Romani  fert  consuetudo, 
Castra  moveri  jiibet.  His  rebus  fugie  simileni  profectioncm  efficit. 
Haec  quoque  per  cxploratmes  ante  lucem,  in  tanta  propinquitate8 
castrorum,  ad  bostes  deferuntur. 

VIII.  Vix  agmen  novissimum  extra  munitioner  procesBerat, 
quum  Galli,  cohortati  inter  se,  '  ne  speratam  praidam  ex  manibus 
ilimitterent;  longum  esse,1  pertorritis  Romania,  Germanorum  aux- 
ilium  exspeetare  ;  neque  suam  pati  dignitatem,  ut  tautis  copiis  lam 
oxiguam  manum,  prscsertim  'fugienUinr  atque  impeditam,  adoriri 
don  audeant ;'  flumen  transire  et  iniquo  loco  proolium  eommittere 
non  dubitant.  Quae  fore-  suspicatus  Labienus,  ut  omues  citra  flu- 
men  eliceret,  cadem  usus  simulationc  itineris,  placide  progredieba- 
tur.  rf  um,  pr-Binis&is  paulum  impcdinie-ntis'tftque  in  tumulo  quo- 
daw^ollocatis:  "  Ilabetis,"3  inquit,  "  milites,  quam  pctistis,  facul- 
tate^t  hostem  impedito  atque  iniquo  loco  tenetis :  prtwstate  eandem 
:  o&is  diicibus  virtutem,  quam  lepenumero  imperatori  preeatitistis : 
:idesse  eum  et  ha^c  coram  ceruere,  existimate.''     Simul    signa  ad 


VII.   1.  Missu  C;esans,  see  ch.  f>.  |8.  Quid  sat  sjt  tfQnsiln,»ee  Book  I.  XXI 

1     A  inillihus  passuuni  quindecini.    it.       10 

a  Caesare   millibus    (§108)    passuum  9    Jn    tanta    propinquitate   cuetroruin, 
quindrcim.  "Since  the  camp  was  so  near." 

■'•    Impediment™,    remote    object  of   re 

lirl"  VIII >    1.  Longum  esse,    "That  it  was 

I     Hostem     Observe  the  interchange  of      too  long. ,r 
the  singula*  with  the  pJu^aL  2.   Qua;  fore,    "  That  this  would    hap 

pis  prrerupti*,  §164.  pen 

feruntur,  "One  reported.''  3.  H<t),rtit.     Another  instanc  of  direct 

l'riniis    ordiuibut-=primorum    0  OOurae :   CaaamafB  it  only  whgie 

nam  centurionibus.  great  animation  is  to  be  expressed 


r28 


DS  BELLO  GALLICO 


ho'stem  converti  aciemque  dirigi  jubet,  et  paucis  turmis  prsesidio* 
ad  impedimenta  dimissis,  reliquos  equites  ad  latera  disponit.  Ce- 
lariter  nostri,  clamore  sublato,  pila  in  hostes  immittunt.  Illi  ubi 
praeter  spem,6  quos6  fugere  credebant,  infestis  signis  ad  se  ire  vide- 
runt,  impetum  modo  ferre  non  potuerunt,  ac  primd  concursu  in 
fugam  eonjecti,  proximas  silvas  petiverunt :  quos  Labienus  equitatu 
consectatus,  magno  numero  interfecto,  compluribus  captis,  paucis 
post  diebus  civitatem  recepit :.  nam  Germani,  qui  auxilio4  veniebant, 
percepta  Trevirorum  fuga,  sese  domum  contulerunt.  Cum  iis  pro- 
pinqui  Indutiomari,  qui  defectionis  auctores  fuerant,  comitati  eos, 
ex  civitate  excessere.  Cingetorigi,  quern  ab  initio  permansisse  in 
officio  demonstravimus,  principatus  atque  imperium  est  traditum. 

IX.  C.sesar,  postquam  ex  Menapiis  in  Treviros  venit,  duabus  de 
causis  Ehenum  transire  constituit :  quarum  erat  altera,  quod  auxilia 
oontra  se  Treviris  miserant  j1  altera,  ne  Ambiorix  ad  eos  receptum 
haberet.  His  constitutis  rebus,  paulum2  supra  eum  locum,  quo  ante 
exercitum  transduxerat,  facere  pontem  instituit.  Nota  atque  insti- 
tuta  ratione,  magno  militum  studio,  paucis  diebus  opus  efficitur. 
Firmo  in  Treviris  prsesidio  ad  pontem  relicto,  ne  quis  ab  iis  subito 
raotus  oriretur,  reliquas  copias  equitatumque  transducit.  Ubii,  qui 
ante  obsides  dederant,  atque  in  deditionem  venerant,  purgandi  sui3 
causa  ad  eum  legatos  mittunt,  qui  doceant4  *  rieque  ex  sua  civitate 
auxilia  in  Treviros  missa,  neque  ab  se  fidein  lsesam :'  petunt  atque 
orant,  *  ut  sibi  parcat,  ne  communi  odio  Germanoruni5  innocentes 
pro  nocentibus  poenas  pendant :  si  amplius  obsidum  velit,  dare  'c 
pollicentur.  Cognita,  Caesar,  causa,  reperit  ab  Suevis  auxilia  missa 
esse  ;  Ubiorum  satisfactionem  accepit ;  aditus  viasque  in  Suevos 
perquirit. 

X.  Interim  paucis  post  diebus  fit  ab  Ubiis  certior  Suevos  omnes 
ununt  in  locum  copias  cogere,  atque  iis  nationibus,  quae  sub  eorum 
aint  imperio,  denunciare,  uti  auxilia  peditatus  equitatusque  mittant. 
His  cognitis  rebus,  rem  frumentariam  providet,  castris  idoneum 
locum  deligit,  Ubiis  imperat,  ut  pecora  deducant,  suaque  omnia  ex 
agris  in  oppida  conferant,  sperans,  barbaros  atque  imperitos  hdm- 
ines,  inopia  eibariorum  adductos,  ad  iniquam  pugnandi  conditionem 
posse  deduci.:  mandat,  ut  crebros  exploratores  in  Suevos  mittant, 


4.  Prsesidio,  $144. 

5.  Praeter  spem,  "Contrary  to  their  ex- 
pectation." 

6.  Quos,  "That  those  who."     Quos  cre- 
debant is  subject  of  irt. 

IX.  1.   Quod  miserant  is  predicate  nom- 
inative after  trat. 


Pamlum,  §153. 

Sui  purgandi,  §177,  Rem.  3. 

4.  Doceant,  J210,  a. 

5.  Germanorum  is  objective. 

6.  Dare.  Observe  that  a  complementary 
infinitive  is  used  hare  instead  of  an 
infinitive  sentence. 


v  ; 

LIBLK  SEXTDS.  1-'-' 

quaxjue  apud  eos  gerantur,*  cognoscant.  Illi  imperata  faoittnt,  et, 
paueis  diebus  intermissis,  referunt,  *  Suevos  omnes,  posteaquam  cer- 
tiores  nuncii  de  exercitu  Romanorum  venerint,'-'  cum  omnibus  su:s 
pociorunjque  copiis,  quas  coegissent,  penitus  ad  extremes  fines  sese 
recepisse  :  silvam  esse  ibi  infinite  magnitudine,  qua;  appellator' 
Bacenis;  hanc  longe  introrsus  pertinere,  et,  pro  nativo  muro  objec- 
tam,  Cheruscos  ab  Suevis  Suevosque  ab  Choruscis,  injuviis  incursi- 
onibus(]ue*  probibere  :  ad  ejus  iuitium  silvoe  BuftVOS  adventum  Ro- 
manorum exspectare  constituisse.' 

XI.  Quoniain  ad  hunc  locum  perrentum  estj  non  alienum1  *'s>"'  » 
videtur  de  Galliae  Gernianiaeque  moribus,  et  ijiio'2  differant8  etc-  na- 
tiones  inter  sese,  proponere.  In  Gallia  non  solum  in  omnibus  civl- 
tatibus  atque  in  omnibus  pagis  partibusque,  sed  paene  etiam  in  sin- 
gulis  domibus  factiones  «unt :  eirumque  factionum  principes  sunt, 
qui  snmniam  auatoritatem  eorum  judicio  habere  existimantur,  quo- 
rum ad  arbitrium  judiciumque  summa  omnium  rerum  consiliorum- 
que  redeat.4  Idque  ejus  rei  causa  antiq'uitua  iustitutum  videtur, 
ne  quia  ex  plebe  contra  potcntiorem  auxilii5  egeret :  suos  eniuiquis- 
que  opprimi  et  circnmveniri  non  patitur,  ucoue,  alitor  si  faciant/' 
ullam  inter  suos  babent  auoforitatem.  Hrec  eadem  ratio  est  in 
Minima7  totius  Gallia;  :  nuinque  onirics  oivitates  in  partes  divisSD 
sunt  duas. 

XII.  Quuin  Cfesar  in  Gallia m,  vc nit,  alterius  faetionis  principes 
prant  .-Edui,  alterius  Sequani.     Hi  qu'um  per  so  minus  valerent, 

1  summa  auctoritas  antiquitus  erat  in  j^Eduis,  raagnoeque  eorum 

t  clientelae,  Germanos  atque  Ariovistum  hi bi  adjunxerant,  ens- 

ad  ne  magnis  jacturis  pollicitationibusque  perduxerant.    r'r< 

^fci^ompluribu*  factis-seoundis,  atque  omni'uobilitate    .vlcunn 

nP^tfccta,  tantum  potentia  antecesseraut,  uC'magnam  partem   clien- 

U)  .Ivluis  ad  sc   trausducercnt,  obside^que  ab  iis  principum 

filios  acciperent,  et  publice  jnrare  cogerent,  nihil  ae  contra  Sequarios 

-ilii  inituros;  et  partem  finitimi  agri,  per  vim  oceupatatoi,  posf-i- 

ilereut,1  Galliocque  totius  principatnni  obtinerent.     Qua  necessitate 


v.   1.  Quse  gerantur,  §214.  1 4.  yu-.rum — rodent,    "  To yfha>e. , 

Vcni'iint.  £217.  ment  ami  decision  the  dtterc.ii 

Appellatur  :  tbe  author  b  assertion.       of   all    measures  and  pram 
.    Iiijurp;' iiicursionibuyque,  {ltf3    Ah      red." 
Suevu  and  ub  Chrrvtcit  limit  the  com    6    Auxilii,  \\Zl>,  d 
j'OiinJ  verbal  expression  injuriit  irc-  f>    Alii  er  ^  i  feciaijt,    i.e.    Derrnil 
curtionihusquc  prohi  ••  imposed 

7.    Suiuma,   >*(  mi." 

A     1.   Ali(.-nui;i,    "Foreign  to  the  sub- 
ject," "irrelevant    '  XII.    I.  Posslderent,    "Wen-  holding/' 
.  "In  wlm;                   |I81.  from  pott'dto  and  not  pomitio,  i 
I,  liitlerant,  J2M  meant  u>  take  poMesaion 


130  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

adductus  Divitiacus,  auxilii  petendi  causa  Roinam  ad  senatuni  ,pro- 
fectus,2  infecta  re  redierat.  Adventu  Caesaris  facta  commutatione 
rerum,  obsidibus  .JMuis  redditis,  veteribus  clientelis  restitutio  no- 
vis  per  Caesarem  comparatis,  (quod  hi,  qui  se  ad  eorum  amicitiam 
aggregaverant,  meliore  conditione  atque  sequiore  imperio  se  uti  vi- 
debant),  reliquis  rebus  eorum,s  gratia  dignitateque  amplificata,  Se- 
quani  principatum  dimiserant.  In  eorum  locum  Remi  successerant ; 
quos4  quod  adaequare  apud  Caesarem  gratia  intelligebatur,  ii,  qui 
propter  veteres  inimicitias  nullo  modo  cum  ^Eduis  conjungi  poterant, 
se  Reinis  in  clientelam  dicabant.  Hos  illi  diligenter  tuebantur.  Ita 
et  novam  et  repente  collectam  auctoritatem  tenebant.  Eo  turn  statu 
res  erat,  ut  longe  principes  haberentur  iEdui,  secundum  locum  dig- 
nitatis Remi  obtinerent. 

XIII.  In  omni  Gallia  eorum  hominum,  qui  aliquo  sunt  numero1 
atque  honore,  genera  sunt  duo  :  nam  plebes  psene  servorum  babetur 
loco,  quae  per  se  nihil  audet,  et  nulli  adhibetur  consilio.  Plerique,2 
quum  aut  aere  alieno  aut  magnitudine  tributorum  aut  injuria  poten 
iiorum  prerauntur,  sese  in  servitu^m  dicant  nobilibus:  in  hos  eaden* 
omnia  sunt  jura,  qriae  dominis3  in  servos.  Sed4  de  his  duobus  gener- 
ibus  alterum  est  Druidum,  alterum  equitum.  Illi  rebus  divinis  in- 
tersunt,  sacrificia  publica  ac  privata  procurant,  religiones  interpre- 
tantur.  Ad  hos  magnus  adolescentium  ntfmerus  disciplinae  causa 
concurrit,  magnoque  ii  sunt  apud  eos  honore.  Nam  fere5  de  omni- 
bus controversiis  publicis  privatisque  constituunt ;  et  si  quod  est  ad 
raissum  facinus,  si  caedes  facta,  si  de  hereditate,  si  de  finibuscont 
vexsia  est,  iidem  decernunt;  praemia  po3nasque  constituunt :  si  qui 
aut  privatus  aut  publious  eorum  decreto  non  stetit,  sacrificiis  inter- 
dicunt.  Haac  poena  apud  eos  est  gravissima.  Quibus  ita  est  inter- 
dictum,  ii  numero  impiorum  ac  sceleratorum  habentur  :  iis  omnes 
decedunt,  aditum  eorum  sermonemque  defugiunt,  ne  quid  ex  conta- 
gione  incommodi  accipiant :  neque  iis  petentibus  jus  redditur,  neque 
honos  ullus  communicatur.  His  autem  omnibus  Druidibus  praeest 
unus,  qui  summam  inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem.  Hoc  mortuo,  si 
qui6  ex  reliquis  excellit  dignitate,  succedit :  at,  si  sunt  plures  pares. 


not  used  by  Csesar.  [XIII.     1.  Aliquo   numero,  §164, 


Romam  profectus.     See  Book  I,  cb 
XXXI. 

3.  Ueliquis  rebus  eorum,.  "  Their  con- 
dition in  other  respects  being  im- 
proved ;"  literally,  "  their  other  af- 
fairs beiag  enlarged."  The  predicate 
amplijtcala,  though  belonging  alike  to 

•  rebus,  gratia,    and   dignitate,    agrees 
with  the  nearest  noun. 

4.  Quos=et  eos,  subject  of  odcequare. 


any    consideration,"    who    are    e'    " 
counted. 

2.  Plerique,  ie.  of  the  plebs. 

3.  Dominis,  §1'43. 

4.  Sed,    "  But  to   continue  the  narra- 
tive." 

5.  Fere  usually  stands  after  the  limited 
word,  but  here  precedes  omnibu$. 

6.  Si  qui  is  more  indefinite  than  si  quia. 
Compare  Book  I,  XLVIIJ,  12. 


LIBER  SEXTUS.  131 

suffragio  Pruidum  allegitur,"  nonnunquaui  etiani  armis  de  principatu 
contendunt.  Hi  certo  anni  tempore  in  finibus  Carnutuin,qu?e  regio 
totius  Gallioe  media  habetur,  considunt  in  loeo  consecrate  Hue  om- 
nes  undique,  qui  controversias  habent,  conveniunt,  eorumque  decre- 
tisque  judiciis  parent.  Disciplina  in  Britannia  reperta,  atque  inde 
in  Galliam  translata  esse  existimatur.  Et  nunc,  qui  diligentiue 
earn  rem  cognoscere  volunt,  plerumque  illo  discendi  causa  profici?- 
cuntur. 

XIV.  Druides  a  bello  abesse  consuerunt,  neque  tributa  una  cum 
reliquis  pendunt ;  militia;  vacationem  omniumque  rerum  habent  im- 
munitatem.  Tantis  excitati  prjoiniis,  et  sua  sponte  multi  in  discipli- 
nam1  conveniunt,  et  a  parcntibus  propinquisquc  mittuntur.  Mag- 
num ibi2  numerum  versuum  ediscere  dicuntur  :  itaque  annos  non- 
nulli  vicenas  in  disciplina  permanent.  Neque  fas  esse  existimant 
ea3  Uteris  mandare,  quum4  in  reliquis  fere  rebus,  publicis  privatisque 
rationibus5  Gratis  Uteris  utantur.     Id  mihi  duabus  de  causis  insti- 

**tuisse  videntur  ;  quod  neque  in  vulgum  disciplinam  efferri  velint, 
neque  eos,  qui  discant,  literis  confisos,  minus  memoriae  studere. 
Quod  fere  plerisque  accidit,  ut,  prresidio  literarum  diligentiam  in 
perdiscendo  ac  memoriam  remittant.  In  primis  hoc  volunt  persua- 
dere,  non  interire  animas,  sed  ab  aliis  post  mortem  transire  ad  alios: 
atque  hoc  maxime  ad  virtutem  excitari6  putant,  metu  mortis  neg- 
lecto.  Multa  praeterea  de  sideribus  atque  eorum  motu,  de  mundi  ae 
terrarum  magnitudine,  de  rerum  natura,  de  deorum  immortalium  vi 
ac  potestate  disputant,  et  juventuti  tradunt. 

XV.  Alterum  genus  est  equitum.  Hi,  quum  est  usus,  atque  ali- 
■Bbdjjellum  incidit,  (quod  ante  Cajsaris  adventum  fere  quotannis 
♦c^iiere  solebat,  uti  aut  ipsi  injurias  inferrent,  aut  iliatas  propulsa- 
rent)  omnes  in  bello  versa'ntur  :  atque  eorum  ut  quisque  est  genere 
copiisque  amplissimus,  ita  plurimos  circum  se**ambactos  clientesque 
habent.     Hanc  unam  gratiam  potentiamque  noverunt.1 

XVJ.  Natio  est  omnis  Gallorum  admodum  dedita  religionibus  ; 
atque  ob  earn  causam,  qui  sunt  affecti  gravioribus  morbis  quique  in 
procliis  periculisque  versantur,  aut  pro  victimis  homines  immol.mt, 

'  se  immolaturos  vovent,  administrisque1  ad  ea  sacrifioia  Druidi- 
mjj^s  utuntur;  quod,  pro  vita  hqminis  nisi  hominis  vita  reddatur,  non 

,  Icgitur,  sc.  prueses.  [6.  Excitari,  se.  homines. 

XIV.    1.  In    di?c;plinam,    "  To  attcncVXV.    1.  Hanc — norerunt,    'This  is  the 
their  instruction."  only  popularity  and  political  influence 

2.    I  hi,  i.e.  in  their  schools.  with  which  they  are  acquainted." 

■"..   Ea,  it.  the  contents  of  these  verses. 

4.  Quum,  "Although."  XVI.     1.  Administris,      ••  As    their    a- 

6.   i;  Uionibus,  "Transactions."  gents." 


1 3*2 


t)E  BELf.O  QALLICO 


:  liter2  dcoruru  imrfortalium  numen  placari  arbitrantur  :  pub- 
liceque  ejusdem  generis  habent  instituta  sacrificia.  Alii  irumani 
magnitudine  simulacra  babent,  quorum  contcxta  vimioibus3  membra 
vi,vis  homifiibus  coin  pi  en  t,  quibus  sticcensis,  cireuinveuti  flamraaex- 
aiiimaatuf  homines.  Supplicia  eorum,  qui  in  furto  aut  in  latrociiiid 
aut  aliqtta  noxa  sint  comprebensi,4  gratiora  diis  immorfalibus  esse 
arbitrantur  ;  sed,  quum  ejus  generis  eopia  deficit,  etiam  ad  irmocen- 
tium  supplicia  descendunt. 

XVII.  Deum  maxime  Mercurium1  eolunt :  hujus  sunt  plurima 
simulacra,  buoc  omnium  inventorem  artium  ferunt,  bune  viantni 
atque  itinerum  ducenuhuuc  ad  quajstus  pecuniaa  niercaturasque  ba- 
bere  vim  maximam  arbitrantur.     Post  hunc,  Apollinem  et  Marteni. 

.in  et  Mincrvam  :  de  bis  earidem  fere  quam  reliquoe  gentes 
opiuionein;  Apollinem  raorbos  depellere,  Mincrvam  operuin 
icioriim  initia  tradere ;  Jovem  inoperiuui  coelestiutn  tenere; 
Martem  bella  regeie.-  Huic,  quum  proelio  dimicare  coustituerunt, 
ea,  qua?  bello  oeperint,2  plerumque  devovent.  Qnuni  superaverunt. 
animalia  capta  immolant,  reltquas  res  in  unuru  locum  confcrunt. 
Multis  in  civitatibus  barum  re  rum  exstructos  tumulos  locis  conse- 
eratis  conspicari  licet :  neque.  .«a3pe  accidit,  ut  ncglecta  quispiara 
religbmo,  aut  capta  upud  se  occultare,  aut  posita  toltere3  auderet  ; 
Tavissimumqur  ci  rci  suppliciiira  cum  eruoiatu  constitutuui  est. 

XVIII.  Galli  se  omnes  ab  Dite  patre  prognatos  predicant,  idque 
•b  Druidibus  proditum  dicunt.     Ob  earn  causam  spatia  omnis  tem- 
poris1  uon   nuraero    dierum,    sod   noctium   finiunt;  dies  natales   e1 
mcnsiurn  et  annorum  initia  sic  observant,  ut  noctem  dies  subsccjua 
tnr.2      In  reliquis  vitra  institutis  hoc  fere  ab  reliquis  diffcrunt,  qnrM 

2.   AliUr.     The  use  of   aliu-s  and   aliter\     their  own  gods  to  whom  it  seemed  U 
does  not  correspond  with  our  use  ofj     hare  aDy  resemblance.   The  Mercurj 


'  thcr  and  otherwise,  which  in  English 
exclude  the  thing  with  which  the 
comparison  is  made1.  Thus  the  ei- 
pres-ion  "itinerc  exquisitn  per  Divi- 
ti.cum.  qu6d  ex  aliis  ei  maximam  ti- 
dem  hkWebut  "  (Book  I,  41.),  if  liter 
ally  rendered,  makes  incorrect  Eng 
lish,  as  LHvitiucus  was  not  one  of  the 
other*,  according  to  our  idiom. 

3.  Viminiotei,  the material;  $160. 

4.  Sint  comprehensi,  §-10,  b. 


in  this  place  is  probably  the  Odi«*bi 
Wodeu  "  (whence  our  Wctlae'sdayJ 
"of  the  northern  nations;  Apolloj 
the  god  Belenus  :  Mars,  the  god 
Thor"  (whence  Thursday);  "Jupittfr, 
the  Gal'ic  god  Tar  in  orTaranin  ;  and 
Minerva  is  perhaps  the  goddess  of 
the  liiogn." — Zompt. 
2.  Qu*  bello  ceperiut,  "  Which  they 
shall  have  taken." 


:;.  A\;t  nhptajj  &c... "Either  to  hide  with 
himself   wh*t  lie  had  captured    (and 
XVI f.     1.  Merrurium.       "  Thie    cannot!     convert  it  to  his  own   use),  or    carry 
have  been  the  Mercury    of  the    Ro        off  what  had  been  placed   (in  one  of 


man*  :  and  it  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  both  Greeks  and  Romans,  when 
they  became  acquainted  with  a  new 
divinity  in  a  foreign  country,  forth- 
with identified  it  with  t  lie  one  among 


the  consecrated  mounds) 

XVIII.    I.   Fpatiu  omcis  temporis,  "All 

periods  of  time  " 
2.    Ut    noctem   dies   subsequatur.      The 


LIBER  SEXTUS.  133 

,-ucs  liberos,  nisi  quuni  adoleverint,  ut  mAus  militice  sustinere  pos- 
.  int,3  palam  ad  se  adire  non  patiuntur;  filiumque  puerili  setate  in 
publico,  in  conspectu  patris  assistere  turpe  ducunt. 

XIX.  Viri,  quantas  pecuniae  ab  uxoribus  dotis  nomine  accepe- 
runt,  tantas  cz  suis  bonis,  oestimatione  facta,  cum  dotibus  communi- 
cant.    Hujus  omnis  pecuniae  conjunction  ratio  habetur,  fruetusque1 

crvnntur :  uter  eorum  vita  superarit,'-'  ad  eum  pars  utriusquo  cum 
ructibus  superiorum  temporum  pervenit.  Viri  in  uxores,  sicut  in 
liberos,  vitas  necisque  babent  potestatem.  Et  quum  pater  familisc 
llustriore  loco  uatus,  decessit,  ejus  propinqui  conveniunt,  et,  do 
norte  si  res  in  suspicionem  venit,  de  uxoribus  in  servileni  modum3 
]ufCstionem  babent,  et  si  compe'rtum  est,4  igni  atque  omnibus  tor- 
tis  excruciatas  interficiunt.  Funera  sunt  pro  cultu  Galloruni5 
u.agnifica  et  sumptuosa;  omniaque,  qua?  vivis  cordi  fuisse  arbitran- 
tur,  in  igneni  inferunt,  etiam  animalia:  ao  paulo  supra  hanc  memo- 
riam  servi  et  clientes,  quos  ab  iis  dilectos  esse  constabat,  justis  fu- 
ueribus  confectis,  una  cremabantur. 

XX.  Quse  civitates  commodius  suam  rem  publicam  administrare 
tiniantur,  babent  legibus  sanctum,1  si  quis  quid  de  re  publica  a 

finitjniis  rumore  ac  fama  acceperitj  uti  ad  magistrdtum  deferat,  neve 
cum  quo  alio  communicet  :•  quod  saepc  bomines  temerarios  atque  im- 
peritos  falsis  rumoribus  terreri  et  ad  facinus  impclli,  et  de  summis 
rebus  consilium  capere  cognitum  est.  Magistratus,  quse  visa  sunt, 
occultant ;  quceque  esse  ex  usu  judicaverint,2  multitudini  produnt. 
DejyPutblica  nisi  per  concilium  loqui  non  conceditur. 

Gcrraani  multum  ab  tiac   consuetudine   differunt :  nam 
xe  Druides  babent,  qui  rebus  divinis  pra^sint,1  neque  sacrifioiis 
t.2     Deorum  numero  eos  solos  ducunt,  quos  cernunt,  et  quo- 
rum aperte  opibus  juvantur,  Solem  et  Vulcanum3  et  Lunam  :  rcli- 

e  fai ".1  ^juidem  acceperunt.     Vita  omnis  in  venationibus  atque 

, . , — _ — + 

Gauls,  like  the  Jews,  reckoned   from!     the  style  of  living  among  the  Gauls." 
sunset  to  sunset. 
S.    Ui — potiin  —  the  result   ofXX.   1.  Sanctum  agrees  with  the  noun- 

adoh  sentence  uti  deferat,  the  object  of  ha- 


bent.  "They  have  established  by  law 
that  whoever  has  heard  anything  &c. 
shall  tell  it  to  the  magistrates." — 
(J'tis,  quid,  and  quo,  nre  indefinite 


XIX.   1.  Fructus,  "The  interest." 

2.   1'ier  eorum  vita  ( §  1 G 1 )   snperarit, 

'•Whichever  of  them  lives  longest." 

Observe  that  in  uter,  eorum  and  eum,  i     §89. 

the  more  worthy  gender  ]  1  'udicaveriut,  §210,  (b) 

8.  In    tcrvilom   modum.      Amonj; 

Romans  a  slave  might  be  examined  XXI.   1.  Pnesint,  §210,  a. 

by  torture .  but  it-was  unlawful  so  to^2.  Sacrifices  non  stu<"ert„   "Theytrive 


examine  a  freeman. 

Si  compertum  est,  sc.  qu<»d  orat  sus- 
l>cctum. 

Pro  cultu  Gallorum,    "Considering 

L 


but  little  attention  to  sacrifices."     It 
is  not  implied  that  they  neglect  them 
altogether. 
Vulcanum^  the  impersonation  of  fir*. 


134 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


in  studiis  rei  militaris  consistit :  ab  parvulis4  labori  ac  duritiae  stu- 
dent. Qui  diutissimc  iinpuberes5  pernianserunt,  maximam  inter 
euos  ferunt  laudem :  hoc  ali  staturain,  ali  hoc  vires  nervosque  con,- 
firmari  putant.  Intra  annum  vero  vicesimum  feininae  hotitiam  ha- 
buisse  in  turpissimis  habent  rebus :  cujus  rei  nulla  est  occultatio, 
quod  et  proniiscue  in  fluminibus  perluuntur,6  et  pellibus  aut  parvis 
rhenonum  tegimentis  utuntur,  magna  corporis  parte  nuda. 

XXII.  Agriculturac  non  student ;  majorque  pars  victus  eorum 
in  lacte,  caseo,  came  consistit :  neque  quisquam  agri  modum  certum 
aut  fines  habet  proprios,  sed  magistrates  ae  principes  in  annos  sin- 
gulos1  g'entibus  cognationibusque  hominum,  qui  una  coierint,2 
quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est  agri3  attribuunt  atque  anno  post 
alio4  transire  cogunt.  Ejus  rei  multas  afferunt  oausas :  ne  assidua 
consuetudine  capti,  studium  belli,  gerendi  agricultura5  commutent ; 
ne  latos  fines  parare  studeant,  potentioresque  humiliores  possessioni- 
bus  expellant ;  ne  accuratius  ad  frigora  atque  aestus  vitandos6  aedi- 
ficent;  ne  qua  oriatur  pecuniae  cupiditas;  qua  ex  re  factiones  dis- 
sensionesque  nascuntur :  ut  animi  sequitate  plebem  contineant,  quum 
suas  quisque  opes  cum  potentissimis7  aaquari  videat. 
»  XXIII.  Civitatibus  maxima  laus  est  quam  latissimas  circum  se 
vastatis  finibus  solitudines  habere.  Hoc  proprium1  virtutis  exists 
inant,  expulsos  agris  finitimos  cedere,  neque  quemquam  prope  audere 
consistere  :  simul  hoc  se  fore  tutiores  arbitrantur,  repentinao  in- 
cursionis  timore  Bublato.  Quum  bellum  civitas  aut  illatum  defen- 
dit,  aut  infert,  rnagistratus,  qui  ei  bello  praesint,2  ut  vitae  necisque 
habeant3  potestateni,  deliguntur.  .  In  pace  nullus  communis  est  ms 
istratus,  sed  principes  regionum  atque  pagorum  infer  suos  jus  dio^fe? 
controversiasque  minuunt.  Latrocinia  nullam  habent  infamiam, 
quae  extra  fines  cujusque  civitatis  fiunt ;  atque  ea  juventutis  exer- 
cendae  ac  desidiae  minuendae  causa  fieri  praedicant.  Atque,  ubi 
quis4  ex  principibus  in  concilio  dixit,  '  se    ducem   fore,   qui   sequi 


4.  Ab  parvulis,  "  From  earlj  child- 
bood."  ■ 

5.  Impuberes,  "Unmarried." 

6.  Perluuntur,"They  wasb  themselves," 
"bathe." 

XXII.  1.  In  singulos  annos,  "  For  a 
year  at  a  time." 

2.  Qui  coierint  is  viewed  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  rnagistratus  ac  principes 
rather  than  from  that  of  the  author ; 
while  visum  est,  indicative,  places  in 
a  strong  light  the  absolute  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  chiefs. 

3.  Agri  limits  quantum. 


4.  Alio,    "To  another  place." 

5.  Agricultura,  §162. 

6.  •  Vitandos  agrees    with   the   nearest 
uoun. 

7.  Potentissimis=opibus  potentissimo- 
rum. 

XXIII.  1.  Proprium,  {151,  (b). 

2.  Qui  praesint,    §210,   Rem.  I,   (latter 
part). 

3.  Ut  habeant  expresses  the  resultaimed 
at  in  qui  prcesint,  "So  as  to  have." 

4.  Ubi  quis.  The  indefinite  quis  is  used 
cfter  ubi  as  well  as  si,  ne,   num,   ec, 


LIBER  SEXTUS.  136 

velint,  profiteauiur  ;6  consurgunt  ii,  qui  et  causani  et  bominem  pro- 
bant,  suumque  auxilium  polliceutur,  atque  ab  multitudine  collau- 
dantur:  qui  ex  lis  socuti  non  sunt,  in  dcsertoruin  ac  proditorum 
numero  ducuutur,  omniumque  iis,  reruni  postea  fides  derogatur. 
Hospites  violate  fas  non  putant ;  qui  quaque  de  causa  ad  eos  ven- 
erint,6  ab  injuria  probibeut,  sanctosquc  babent ;  iis  omnium  domus 
patent,  victusque  communicatur. 

XXIV.  Ae  fuit  antea  tempus,  quum  Germauos  Galli  virtute 
superareut,  ultro  bella  inferrent,  propter  hominum  multitudinem 
agrique  inopiam  trans  Rbcnum  colonias  mitterent.     Itaque  ea,  quw 

L  fertili.-sima  sunt,  Germanise  loea  eircum  Uercyuiam  silvam,  (quam 
Eratostheni  et  quilmsdam  Grsecis  fama  no  tain  esse  video,  quam  ilM 
Orcyniam  appellaut,)  Volcffi  Tectosages  oeeupaverunt,  atque  ibi 
consederunt.  Qua)  gens  ad  hoc  tempus  iis,  sedibus  sese  coiitinet, 
sumniamque  babet  justitias  et  bellica:  laudis  opinionem  ■?  nunc  quo- 
que  in  eadem  inopia,  egestate,  patientia,  qua  Germani,  permanent, 
eodem  victu  et'cultu  corporis  utuntur  ;  'Gallis  autem  provincial  pro- 
pinquitas  et  transmarinarum  rerum  notitia  multa  ad  copiam  atque 
usus  largitur."  Paulatfm  assuefacti  superari,  multisque  victi  proc- 
liis,  ne  se  quideni  ipsi  cum  illis  virtute  comparand 

XXV.  IIujus  Hercyniaa  silva;,  qua)  supra  demonsfcrata  est,  lati- 
tudo  novem  dierum  iter  expedito1  patet  :  non  enim  alitor  finiri  pot- 
est, neque  mensuras  itinerum  noverunt.  Oritur  ab  Helvetiorum  et 
Xemetum  et  Rauracorum  fiuibus,  rcctaque  fluminis  Danubii  rcgione2 

l  pcrtinet  ad  fines  Daoorum  et  Anartium  :  hinc  so  ilectit  sinistrorsus/1 
jHfceisis  ab  flumine  regionibus,  miiltarumque  gentium  fines  propter 
rKgriitudincm- attingit :  neque  quisquam  est  bujus  Germanic,4  qui 
-e  aut  adisse  ad  initium  ejus  silva)  dicat,5  quum  dierum  iter  LX 
rit,fi  aut,  quo  ex  loco  oriatur,  acceperit.7  Multa  in  ea  gen- 
i  ra  ferarum  nasoi  constat,  qua;  reliquis  in  locis  visa  non  sint  :s  ex 
quibus,  quflB  maxime  differant  ab  ceteris,  et  memorise  prodenda  vide- 
antur,  brec  sunt. 

■  -    Velint,  g210,  b;  proliteantur,  §217,jXXV.  .  1.  Expedito,  "Foraman  irith- 
Rcm.  i.  out  baggage.'1 

aerint,  §2  2.   Recta— rcgione,    'In  a  etraigbt  line 

(following  the  direction)  of  the  river 
CXIV.     1.  Summiun-epinioiicm,  "  Tbe|     Danube." 
highest    reputation    for   justice  is,  i.$.  northward. 

warlike  glory."  1     Hujus  Germania,    "Ihthigpart    ol 

luli.'i— Inrgitnv.      "  Furnish    many      Germany;" — a  subjunctive  genitive. 
js  for  abundance  and  utility."—       limiting  quitqitam. 
The  agreement  of    the  verb  with  the  5.    l>icat,  §210,  b. 

eral  nominatiTcs.tbough  *i    Quum    processerit,     l*Altbougli   he 
very  common  in  Latin,  i^  not  alio*  <■       may  bare  pnic" 
ble  in   English.  7.  Acetptrit  is  coordinate  with-  dint- 

Visa  Bittt,differa«it,Yideantar,$210.c. 


130 


DE  EELLO  GALLICO 


XXVI.  Est  bos  cervi  figura,1  cujus  a  media  fronte  inter  aures 
unum  cornu  exsistit,  excelsius  magisque  directum  his,  quae  nobis 
nota  sunt,  cornibus.  Ab  ejus  sumroo,  sicut  palniae,2  rami  quam 
late3  diffunduntur.  Eadem  est  feminae  marisque  natura,  cadem 
forma  magnitudoque  cornuum. 

XXVII.  Sunt  item,  qure1  appellantur  alces.  Harum  est  con- 
similis  capreis  figura  et  varietas  pellium  ;  sed  magnitudiae  paulo 
antecedunt,  mutilfoque  sunt  cornibus,2  et  crura  sine  nodis  articulis- 
que  habent ;  neque  quietis  causa  procumbunt,  neque,  si  quo  afflictse 
casu  conciderint,  erigere  sese  aut  sublevare  possunt.  His  sunt  ar- 
bores  pro  cubilibus  :  ad.eas  se  applicant,  atque  ita,  paujum  modo 
reclinatae,  quietem  capiunt :  quarum  ex  vestigiis  quam  est  animacl- 
versum  a  venatoribus,  quo  se  recipere  consuerint,3  omnes  eo  loco 
aut  a  radicibus  subruunt,  aut  acciQunt  arbores  tan  turn,  utsumma  . 
species4  earum  stantium  relinquatur.  Hue  quum  se  consuetudine 
reclinaverint,  infirmas  arbores  pondere  affligunt,  atque  una  ipsfe 
concidunt. 

XXVIII.  Tertium  est  genus  eorum,  qui  uri  appellantur.  Hi 
sunt  magnitudine  paulo  infra  elephantos  ;  specie  et  colore  et  figura1 
tauri.  Magna  vis  eorum,  et  magna  velocitas  :  neque  homini,  neque 
ferae,  quam  conspexerint,2  parcunt.  Hos  studiose  foveis  captos  in- 
terficiunt.  Hoc  se  labore  durant  homines  adolescentes,  atque  hoc 
genere  veuationis  exercent ;  et,  qui  plurimos  ex  his  interfecerudt, 
relatis  in  publicum  cornibus,  quas  sint3  testimonio,  magnam  ferunt 
laudem.  Sed  assuescere  ad  homines  et  mansuefieri,  ne  parvuli  qui- 
dem  excepti,4  possunt.  Amplitudo  cornuum  et  figura  et  specjgfr, 
multum  a  mostrorum  bourn  cornibus5  difiert.  Haec  studiose' coy? 
quisita  ab  labris6  argento  circumcludunt,  atque  in  amplissimis  epulis 
pro  poculis  utuntur. 

XXIX.  Caesar,  postquam  per  Ubios  exploratores  comperit  Sue- 
vos  sese  in  silvas  recepisse,  inopiam  frumenti  veritus,  quod,  ut  supra 


XXVI.  1.  Eos  cervi  figura,  §164,  Rem. 
2.  * 

2.  Palmae,  sc.  a  sumrno. 
•  3.   Quam  late.     The  use  of  quam  with 
the  positive  is  comparatively  rare. 

XXVII.  1.  Qute,  §129,  Rem.  5.  Caesar 
had  evidently  seen  none  of  these  an- 
imals ;  hence  the  absurd  description 
given  of  them.  The  seriousness  with 
which  such  a  writer  relates  these 
things,  shows  the  readiness  of  the 
ancientato  credit  any  s'ory, however 
marvelous. 

2.  Cornibus,  §161. 


3.  Consuerint,  §214. 

4.  Summa  species,    "  The  general  "ap 
pearance." 


XXVIII.  1.  Specie, colore,  ngura,gl6 

2.  Quam  conspexerint,  §210,  b  ; 
they  have  once  got  a  sight  ef   him." 

3.  Qu»  sint,  §210,  a. 

4.  Ne  parvuli   quidem   excepti,~    "Not 
even  when  caught  very  young." 

5.  Cornibus^amplitudine  et  figura   et 
specie  cornuum. 

6.  Ab  labris,   "On'the  rim,"  the  part 
touched  by  the  lips. 


M  : 


LIBER  SEXTU§.      f  ,  137 

demonstravirnus,  minim e  omnes  Germani  agricultural  student,  con- 
stituit  non  progredi  longius ;  sed,  ne  omnino  metum  reditns  sui  bar- 
baris1  tollerct,  atque  ut  eorum  auxilia  tardaret,  reducto  exercitu, 
partem  ultimam  pontis,  qua;  ripas  Ubiorum  contingebat,  in  longitu- 
dinem  pedum  CC  rescindit;  atque  in  extremo  ponte  turrim  tabula- 
torum  quatuor  constituit,  prajsidiumque  cobortium  XII  pontis  tuendi 
causa  ponit,  magnisque  eum  locum  munitionibus  firmat.  Ei  loco 
prcesidioque  C.  Yolcatium  Tullum  adolescentem  praefecit :  ipse, 
quuni  maturescere  frumenta  inciperent,  ad  bellum  Ambiorigis  pro- 
fectus,  [per  Arduerfham  silvam,  qua*  est  totius  Galliaa  maxima,  atque 
ab  ripis  Rheni  finibusque  Trevirorum  ad  Norvios  pertinet,  millibus- 
que  amplius  D  in  lougitudiuein  patet,]  L.  Minucium  Basilum  cum 
>>inni  cquitatu  proemittit,  si  quid  celeritate  itineris  atque  opportuni- 
tate  temporis  proficerc  possit  ;2  monet,  ut  ignes  fieri  in  castris  pro- 
hibeat,  ne  qua  ejus  adventus  procul  significatio  fiat :  sese  confestim 
.-ubsequi3  dicit. 

XXX.  Basilus,  ut  imperatum  est,  facit;  celeriter  contraque  om- 
nium opinionem  confecto  itinere,  multos  in  agris  inopinantes  depre- 
bendit ;  eorum  indicio  ad  ipsum  Ambiorigem  contendit,  quo  in  loco 
'•urn  paucis  equitibus  esse  dicebatur.  Multum,1  quum2  in  omnibus 
rebus,  turn  in  re  militari  potest  fortuna.  Nam  sicut  magno  accidit 
casu,  ut  in  ipsum  incautum  atque  etiam  imparatum  incideret  prius- 
'  que  ejfes  adventus  ab  bominibus  videretur,3  quam  fama  aut  nunciis 
Jl  affeftetur  ;4  sic  magna;  fuit  fortune,6  omni  militari  instrumento 
quod  circ\>m  se  habebat,  erepto,  rhedis  equisque  comprehensis  ipsum 

tg^re6  mortem.  Sed  boc  eo  factum  est,  quod,  redificio  circumdato 
a,  (ut  sunt  fere  domicilia  Grallorum,  qui  vitandi  aostus  causa  ple- 
rumque  silvarum  ac  fluminum  petunt  propinquitates,)  comites  fam- 
ifflPresque  ejus  angusto  in  looo  paulisper  equitum  nostrorum  vim 
sustinucrunt.  His  pugnantibus,  ilium  in  equum  quidam  ex  suia  in- 
tuiit :  fugientem  silva)  texerunt.  Sic  et  ad  subeundum  periculum 
et  ad  vitandum7  multum  fortuna  valuit. 

XXIX     !.   Barbaris,  §163.      A  prepo-j     all   (other)   things"     Not    only    is 
^pition,  ab,  de,  or  ex,  is  usually  ex-J     "other"   frequently   used    in  Latin 
pressed  with  tollo.  where  we  omit  it,    (see  XVI,  2  )  but 

Si  quid  possit  is  rather  interrogative      it  is   frequently  omitted    where   we 
than  conditional  :-"(To  see)  whether      use  it. 
he  can  accomplish  anything."  3.    Vidtrttur  is  coordinate  with  vncide- 

■-'ubsequi.     The  infinitive  present  is      ret. 

used  for  a  future  when   the   certain  4.  Afferretur,  |206.  b.  (2). 
performance  of  an  action,  or  attain-|5.   Magnm  fortunse,    §144.     "  A   great 
ment  of  a  wish,  is  referred  to.  piece  of  luck." 

......         Ar   ,  \s-  Ipsum  effugere  is  subject  of  fuit. 

\\\.   1.   Multum,  J150,  Rem.  3.  7.  Subeundum,    vitandum.     Both  these 

2.  Quum  omnibus  rebus,  "Not  only  in;     gerundives  have  ft   causative  sense  ■ 


138  DE  BELLO  GALL1CO 

XXXI.  Anibiorix  coplas  suas  judiciohe  non  conduxerit,1  quod 
proelio  dirnicandum  non  existiinarit,2  an  tempore  exclusus,3  et  repen- 
tino  equitum  adventu  prphibitus,  quuin  reliquum  exercitum  subse- 
qui  crederet,  dubium  est :  Bed  certe,  clam  dimissis  per  agros  nun- 
eiis,  sibi  quemque  consulere  jussit :  quorum4  pars  in  Arduennam 
silvam,  pars  in  continentes  paludes  profugit ;  qui  proximi  Oceanum5 
fuerunt,  hi  insulis  sese  occultaverunt,  quas  sestus  efficere  consue- 
runt :  multi,  ex  suis  finibus  egressi,  se  suaque  omnia  alienissimis 
crediderunt.  Cativolcue,  rex  dimidiae  partis  Eburonuin,  qui  una 
cum  Ambiorige  consilium  inierat,  retate  jam  corffectus,  quum  labo- 
rem  aut  belli  aut  fugae  ferre  non  posset,  omnibus  precibus"  detesta- 
tus  Ambiorigem,  qui  ejus  consilii  auctor  fuisset,  taxo,  cujus  magna 
in  Gallia  Gernianiaque  copia  est,  se  exanirnavit. 

XXXII.  Segni  Condrusique,  ex  gente  et  numero  Gerrnanoruni, 
qui  sunt  inter  -Eburones  Trevirosque,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  miserunt 
cratum,  '  ne  se  in  hostium  numero  duceret,  neve  omnium  Germano- 
rum,  qui  essent  citra  Rhenuni,  unam  esse  causam  judicaret :  nihil1 
se  de  bello  cogitasse,  nulla  Ambiorigi  auxilia  misisse.'  Caesar,  ex- 
plorata  re  quaestione  captivorum,2  si  qui  ad  eos  Eburones  ex  fuga 
convenissent,  ad  se  ut  reducerentur,  imperavit :  si  ita  fecissent,  fine?: 
eorum  se  violaturum  negavit.  Turn  copiis  in  tres  partes  distributis, 
impedimenta  omnium  legionum  Aduatucam  contulit.  Id  castelli 
nomen  est.  Hoc  fere  est  in  mediis  Eburonum  finibus,  ubi  Titurius 
atque  Aurunculeius  hiemandi  causa  consederant.  Hunc  quum  reli- 
quis  rebus3  locum  probabat,  tum'quod  superioris  anni  munitiones 
integrae  manebant,  ut  militum  laborem  sublevaret.  Praesidio  im- 
pedimentis  legionem  XIV  reliquit,  unam  ex  iis  tribus,  quas  pro^'* 
ime  conscriptas  ex  Italia  transduxerat.  Ei  legioni  castrisque  Q. 
Tullium  Ciceronem  prasficit,  ducentosque  equites  attribuit. 

XXXIII.  Partito  exercitu,  T.  Labienum  cum  legionibus  tribus 
ad  Oceanum  versus1  in  eas  partes,  quae  Menapios  attingunt,  proficis- 
ci  jubet :  C.  Trebonium  cum  pari  legionum  mimero  ad  earn  regio- 
nem,  qua3  Aduatucis  adjacet,  depopulandam  mittit :  ipse  cum  reli- 
cs uis  tribus  ad  flumen  Saaldem,  quod  influit  in  Mosam,3  extremasque 

6.  Precibus,  i.e.  for  evil,  "curses." 

XXXII.  1.  Nihil,  §155. 

2.  Captivorum  ia  objective. 

3.  Reliquit  rebus,  causal  ablative.  For 
the  usual  construction,  see  §159, 
Rem.  2. 

XXXIII.  1.  Ad  oceanum  versus,  by 
tmesis  for  adversus  oceanum.  ' 

2.   Quod  influit  in  Mosam.    Caesar's  Qe 


"  both  in  causing  him  to  be  exposed 
to  danger,  and  in  causing  him  to  es- 
cape it." 

XXXI.  1.  Conduxerit,  §214. 

2.  Existimarit,  §190,  Rem.  1. 

-3.  Exclusus  and  prjhibitus  are  coordi- 
nated with  judicio  as  expressions  of 
cauBe. 

4.  Quorum,  §129,  Rem.  7. 

5,  Oceanum,  5142,'  Rem.  41 


LIBER,  SEXTU8.     %      "  139 

ArJuennse  partes  ire  constituit,  quo  cum  paucis  equitibus  profectum 
Ambiorigem  audiebat.  Discedens,  post  ditem  septiuium  scse  revcr- 
surura  confirniat :  quam  ad  diem  ei  legioiyj>«iquse  in  prsesidio  relin- 
quebatur,  frumentum  deberi  sciebat.  «  Labienum  Trebouiumque 
hortatur,  si  reipublicne  commodo3  facere  possint,  ad  earn  diem  rever- 
tantur ;  ut,  rursus  communicato  consilio,  exploratisque  bostium 
vationibus,  aliud  belli  initium  capere  possent. 

XXXIV.     Eratj  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  nianus  certa  nulla,  non 

oppidum,  non  presidium,  quod  *e  armia  defenderet  j1  sed'  in  omnes 

partes  dispersa  multitudo.     Ubi  cuique  aut  vallis  abdita,  aut  locus 

silvestris,  aut  palus  impedita  spem  prsesidii  aut  salutis  aliquam  of- 

ferebatj  consederat.     Haec  loca  vicinftatibus'2  erant  nota,  magnam- 

que  res  diligentiam   requirebat,  uon    in   summa   exercitus    tuenda, 

vnullum  enim  poterat  universis  ab  perterritis  ac  disperses  periculum 

accidere,)  sed  in   singulis   militibus  eonservandis  ;  quae   tamen   ex 

parte3  res  ad  salutem  exercitus  pcrtinebat.     Nam4  et  praedse  cupid- 

itas  multos  longius  evocabat,  et  silvse  incertis  occultisque  itineribus 

confertos  adire  probibebant.     Si  negotium  confici  stirpenique  bomi- 

nutn  sceleratorum  interfici  vellet,  dimittenda3  plures  manus,   didu- 

cendique  erant  milites :  si  contiriere  ad  sign*  manipulos  vellet,  ut 

instituta  ratio  et  consuetudo   exercitus   Romani  postulabat,   locus 

ipse  erat  prajsidio  barbaris,  neque  ex  occulto  insidiandi  et  dispersos 

circumveniendi  singulis  deerat  audacia.     At  in  ejusmodi  difficulta- 

tibus,  quantum  diligentia  provideri  poterat,  providebatur  ;  ut  potiu* 

in  nooendo  aliquid  omitterefctxr,5  etsi  omnium  animi  ad  ulciscendum 

ardebant/'  quam  cum  aliquo  detrimento  militum  noceretur.     Caesar 

^frftnitimas  civitates  nuncios  dimittit,  omnes  ad  se  evocat  spe  pra)da 

-ad  rl^ripiendos  Eburones,  ut  potius  in  silvis  Grallorum   vita,  quam 

■nanus  miles7  periclitetur  ;  simul  ut,  magna  multitudine  circum- 

fusa,  pro  tali  facinore  stirps  ac  nomen  civitatis  tollatur.     Magnus 

undique  numerus  celeriter  convenit. 

XXXV.     Hfec  in  omnibus  Eburonum  partibus  gerebantur,  dies- 

•    ography  is  here  at  fault :  the  Scheldt:     some  damage  (to  the  enemy)    rather 

does  not  flow  into  the  Mcuse.  than  to  harm  them  at  the  expense  of 

.  UeipublicaB  commodo,  "With advan-      hi*   soldiers.''     Literally,    "  bo  that 

tage  to  the  state."  something  was   left   off  in   injuring 

(the  enemy),  rather  than  it  wa«   in- 

XXXIV.   1.   Defenderet,  J2 10,  b.  I     jured    (to   them)    with   lo&s   of    his 

ciuitatibus=vicinis.  soldiers."    Noceretur  is  connected  by 

x  parte,  "lu  part.-'     Every  soldier j     quam  to  omitlerctur. 

surprised  and  cut  off  weakened    the  0.  Ad  ulciscendum   ardobant,    "  Were 

army.  burning  for  revenge." 

■  explains  in  singulis,  $c.  7.  Legionctrius  miles,    by  metouomy  for 

•r..   It  potius  otnitteretur,    quam    uoce-      legionarii  mililis  vita. 
retur,  "So  that  he  preferred  to  forego 


140 


-tihi.;r;i 


BELLO  GALLICO 


que  appetebat  septimqjajraiein  ad  diem  Cassar  ad*  impedimenta  legi- 
onemque  reverti  constiWHJrat.  Hie,  quantum  in  bello  fortuna  pos- 
sit,  et  quantos  afferat  casus,  cognosci  potuit.  Dissipatis  ac  perterritis  ' 
hostibus,  ut  denionstravimus,  manus  erat  nulla,  quae  parvam  mode- 
causam  timoris  afferret.1  Trans  Rhenum  ad  Germanos  pervenit 
fama,  diripi  Eburones,2  atque  ultro3  omnes  ad  prasdam  evocari. 
Cogunt  equitum  duo  millia  Sigambri,  qui  sunt  proxinii  Rheno,  a 
quibus  receptos  ex  fuga  Tenchtheros  atque  Usipetes  supra  docui- 
mus:  transeunt  Rhenum  navibus  ratibusque,  XXX  niillibus  passuum. 
infra  eum  locum,  ubi  pons  erat  perfectus,  praesidiumque  ab  Caesarc 
relictum  :.primos  Eb.uronum  fines  adeunt,  multos  ex  fuga  dispersos 
excipiunt,  magno  pecoris  numero,  cujus  sunt  cupidissimi  barbari, 
potiuntur.  Invitati  praeda,  longius  procedunt :  non  hos  palus,  in 
hello  latrociniisque  natos,  non  silvee  morantur :  quibus  in  locis  sit 
Caesar,  ex  captivis  quaerunt ;  profectum  longius  reperiunt,  omnem- 
que  exercitum  discessisse  oognoscunt.  '  Atque  unus  ex  captivis, 
"  quid  vos/'  inquit,  "  hanc  miseram  ac  tenuem  sectamini  praedam, 
quibus  licet  jani  esse  fortunatissimis  ?4  Tribus  horis  Aduatucam 
venire  potestis  :  hue  omnes  suasfortunas  exercitus  Romanorum  con- 
tulit :  proesidii  tantum5  est,  ut  ne  murus  quidem  cingi  possit,  neque 
quisquam  egredi  extra  munitiones  audeat."  Oblata  spe,  Grermani, 
quam  nacti  erant  praedam,  in  occulto  relinquunt ;  ipsi  Aduatucam 
contendunt,  usi  eodem  duce,6  cujus  haic  indicio  cognoverant. 

XXXVI.  Cicero,  qui  per  omnes  superiores  dies  praeeeptis1  Cse- 
saris  summa  diligentia  milites  in  castris  continuisset,2  ac  ne  calonem 
quidern  quemquam8  extra  munitionem  egredi  passus  esset,  septimo 
die  diffidens  de  numero  dierum  Caesarem  fidem  servaturum,  qua 
longius  eum  progressum  audiebat,  neque  ulla  de  ejus  reditu  fama 
afFerebatur ;  simul  eorurh  permotus^vocibus,  qui  illius  patientiam 
paene  obsessionem  appellabant,  siquidem  ex  castris  egredi  non  liceret; 
nullum  ejusmodi  casum  exspectans,  quo,  novem  oppositis  legionibus 
maximoque  equitatu,  dispersis  ac  paene  deletis  hostibus,  in  millibus 
passuum  III  offendi  posset  ;4  quinque  cohortes  frumentatum  in  proxi- 


XXXV.  1    Qasa  afferret,"To  produce." 
1.  Diripi  Eburones  is  equivalent  accu- 
sative, limiting  the  verbal  phrase  ad 
Germanos    pervenit  fama—Gemani 
adiverunt. 

3.  Ultro=ad  libitum,  "Any  one  who 
pleased  was  invited  to  come  and 
plunder  for  himself."  ' 

4.  Fortunatissimis,  §174,  Rem.  3. 

5.  Tantum,  "So  little." 
0.  Duce,  §  127,  Rem.  1. 


XXXVI.  1.  Prteceptis,  "  According  to 
orders." 

2.  Qui — continuisset,  "Though  he  had 
kept."  Qui,  like  quuin  is  followed  by 
the  subjunctive  when  it  has  a  con- 
cessive  force. 

3.  Quemquam.  Quisquam  is  sometimes 
used  as  an  adjective  with  a  personal 
appellative. 

4.  Quo  posset,  §210,  b.  "  By  which 
any  evil  could  befall  within  three" 
miles." 


LIBER  SEXTUS*  ^x.  141 


I 

ins  Oitu. 


imas  segetes  rnisit,  quas  inter  et  castra  unu^Lftbiuo  collis  inteierat. 
Complures  erant  in  castris  ex  legionibus  Wfn  relicti ;  ex  quibus, 
qui  hoc  spatio  dierum  convaluerant,  circite*  CCC  sub  vexillo  una 
littuntur  :  magna  praeterea  multitudo  caloaum,  magna  vis  jumento- 
rum,  quae  in  castris  subsederat,  facta  potestate,  sequitur. 

XXXVII,  Hoc  ipso  tempore  et  casu  Germani  cquites  interveni- 
unt,  protinusque  eodem  illo,  quo  venerant,  cursu  ab  decumana  porta 

i  castra  irrumpere  conautur  :  ncc  prius  sunt  visi,  objectis  ab   ea 

■  arte  silvis,  quam  castris  nppropir.quarent,1  usque  eo,  ut,  qui   sub 

;all6  tenderent2  mercatores,  recipiendi  sui  facultatem  non  babercnt. 

opinantes  nostri  re:  nova  perturbantur,  ac  vix  primum   impetum 

ohors  in  statione  sustinot.     Circumfunduntur  ex  reliquis   hostes 

/;;rtibus,  si  quern  aditum  reperire  possent.3     iEgre  nostri'  portas 

uentur,  reliquos  aditus  locus  ipse  per  se  munitioque  defendit.    Totis 

repidatur  castris,  atque  alius  ex  alio  causam  tumultus  quacrit :  ne- 

jue  quo  signa  ferantur,  neque  quam  in  partem   quisque  conveniat, 

provident.     Alius  capta  jam  castra  prouunciat ;  alius,  deleto  cxer- 

•itu  atque  imperatorc,  victores  barbaros  venisse  contendit :  plerique 

novas  sibi  ex  loco  religiones  fingunt,  Oottaeque  et  Titurii  calamita- 

teni,  qui  in  eodem  occidarint4  castello,  ante  oculos  ponunt.     Tali 

lore  omnibus  perterritis,  confirmatur  opinio  barbaris,5  ut  ex  cap- 

1 1  audierant,  nullum  esse  intus  presidium.     Perrumpere  nituntur, 

seque  ipsi  adbortantur,  nc  tantam  fortunam  ex  manibus  dimittant. 

XXXVIII.  Erat  aeger  in  praesidio  relictus  P.  Sextius  Baculus, 
[Ul  primum  piluin  ad  Caesarem1  duxerat,  cujus  mentionem  superior- 

ibus^froeliis  fecimus,2  ac  diem  jam  quiutum  cibo  caruerat.  Hie,  dif- 
fros*3suai  atque  omnium  saluti,  inermis  ex  tabernaculo,  prodit : 
unininere  hostea,  atque  in  summo  esse  rem  discrimine  :  capit  ai  m„  a 
prbximis,  atque  in  porta  consisjit.  Consequuntur  bunc  ceuturiones 
ejus  cobortis,  quae  in  statiune  erat :  paulisper  una  proclium  eustinent. 
linquit  animus  Sextium,"  gravibus  acceptis  vulncribus :  yogie,  per 
manus  tractus,4  servatur.  Hoc  spatio  interposito,  reliqui  sese  confir- 
niant  tantum,  ut  in  muuitionibus  consistere  audeant,  speciemque  de« 
feDsorum  praebeant. 

XVII.    1.  Appropinquarei.  .XXYIII.    1.  Ad  Cacsarem=apuu  Cffi- 

sarem. 
rent=in  tentoriia,e8sent    Th»-  2.   Mentionem   fecimus.     Sec  Book  II, 
;•  ■!  cu.mp  followers  were  not       25  ;    III,  6. 

-tay  in  the  camp,  but  iinquit  animus  Sextium, "Scxtiui 

I  them  on  the  outs-He!     faints." 

irt.  J.   Tor  manus  tractus,   "  Dragged  from 

Si  posscnt,   "(To  nee)  whether  thej       I  mdto  hand,"  or  perhaps,  "through 
d."  the  ranks  "  of  combatants. 

4.   Occiderint,  ^TO,  c. 
6.   Barbaris.  {147.  *^^ 


142  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


XXXIX.  IntexiM^onfecta  frunientatione,  milites  nostri  clanio- 
rem  exaudiunt ;  jjH^urrunt  equites,  quanto  res  sit  in  periculo,  cog- 
noscunt.  Hie  verotmlla  niunitio  est,  qua?  perterritos  recipiat  i1  modo 
conscripti  atque  usus  militaris  imperiti  ad  tribununi  militum  centu- 
rionesque  ora  convertunt :  quid  ab  his  prgecipiatur  exspectant.  Ne- 
mo est  tarn  fortis,  quin  rei  novitate  per.turbetur.2  Barbari,  signa 
procul  conspicati,  oppugnatione  desistunt :  redisse  priino  legiones 
credunt,  quas  longius  discessisse  ex  captivis  cognoverant  :  poste,a, 
despecta  paucitate,  ex  omnibus  partibus  impetum  faciunt. 

XL.  Calones  in  proximum  tumulum  procurrunt :  bine  celeriter 
dejecti,  se  in  signa  mauipulosque  conjiciunt :  eo  magis1  timidos  per* 
terrent  milites.  Alii,  cuneo  facto,  ut  celeriter  perrumpant,  censent,2 
quoniam  tam  propinqua  siut3  castra  ;  et,  si  pars  aliqua  circumventa 
ceGiderit,  at4  rcliquos  servari  posse  confidunt :'  alii,  ut  in  jugo  eon- 
sistant,  atque  eundem  omnes  ferant  casum.  Hoc  veteres  non  probant 
milites,  quos  sub  vexillo  una  profecto's  docuimus.  Itaque  inter  se 
cohortati,  duce  C.  Trebonio,  equite  Romano,  qui  eis  erat  propositus, 
per  medios  hostes  perrumpunt,  incolumesque  ad  unum  omnes  in  cas- 
tra  perveniunt.  Hos  subsecuti  calones  equitesque  eodem  impetu, 
militum  virtute  servantur.  At  ii,  qui  in  jugo  constiterant,  nullo 
etiam  nunc  usu  rei  militaris  percep.to,  neque  in  eo,  quod  probave- 
rant,  consillo  permanere,  ut  se  loco  superiore  defenderent,  neque 
cam,  quam5  profuisse  aliis  vim  celcritatemque  viderant,  imitari  pot 
uerunt ;  sed,  se  in  castra  recipere  conati,  iniquum  in  locum  demis 
erant.  Centuriones,  quorum  nonnulli  ex  inferioribus  ordinibus  rel- 
iquarum  legionum  virtutis  causa  in  superiores  erant  ordines  bujus 
legionis  transducti,  ne  ante  partam  rei  militaris  laudem  amitterent, 
fortissime  pugnantes  eonciderunt.  Militum  pars,  horum  virtute 
submotis  hostibus,  prseter  spem  incolumis  in  castra  pervenit  ;  pars 
a  barbaris  circumventa  periit. 

XLI.  Germani,  desperata  expugnatione  castrorum,  quod  nostros 
jam  constitrsse  in  munitionibus  videbant,  cum  ea  praeda,  quam  in 
silvis  deposuerant,  trans  Rheuum  sese  receperunt.  Ac  tantus  fuit 
etiam  post  discessum  hostium  terror,  ut  ea  nocte,  quuni  C.  Volusenus 
missus  cum  equitatjj  ad  castra  venisset,  fidem  nonfaceret,  adesse  cum 
incolumi  Ccesarem  exercitu.  Sic  omnium  animos  timor  praeoccupav- 
i  rat,  ut,  pnene  alienata  mente,  deletis  omnibus  copiis1  equitatum  tan- 


* 


XXXIX.    I.  Recipiat,  §210,  a. 
'2.  Quin  perturbetur,    "  As   not   to  be 
alarmed." 

XL.     1.  Eo  magis,  "The  more ;"  §168. 
2.  Censent,  "They  derfrmine."  Hence 


m 


the  final  sentence  as  a  complement. 

3.  Sint,  §190. 

4.  At,  "At  least." 

5.  Quam  is  subject  of  profuisse. 

XLI.    1.  Omnibus   copiis,      "  All    his 


LIBER  SEXTUS.  Htf 

turn2  se  ex  fuga  recepisse  dicerent,  neque,  injAumi  exercitu,3  G-er- 
raanos  castra  oppugnaturos  fuisse  contende^MU  Qucm  timorem 
Cresaris  adventus  sustulit. 

XLII.  Reversus  ille,  eventus  belli  non  ignorant,  unum,  quod  co- 
hortcs  ex  statione  et  praosidio  essent  emissae,  questus,  'nc  miniino 
qnidem  casu1  locum  relinqui  debuiBse,'3  multum3  fortunam  in  repen- 
tino  bostium  adventu  potuisse  judicavit;  multo  etiam  araplius,  quod 
prene  ab  ipso  vallo  portisque  castrorum  barbaros  avcrtissent.4  Qua- 
rum  omnium  rerum  maxime  admirandum  videbatur,  quod  Germani, 
qui  eo  consilio  Rhenum  transicrant,  ut  Ambiorigis  fines  dcpepula- 
rcntur,  ad  castra  Romanorum  delati,  optatissimum  Ambiorigi  benc- 
ficium  obtulerant. 

XLIII.    Caesar,  rursus  ad  vexandos  bostes  profectus,  magno  coacto 

numero1  ex  finitimis  civitatibus,  in  omnes  partes  dimittit.     Omnea 

vici  atquc  omnia  redificia,  qua;  quisque  conspexerat",  incendebantur  : 

jira:da  ex  omnibus  locis  agebatur  :'2  frumenta  non  solum  a  tanta  lnul- 

titudine  jumentorum  atque  bominum  consumebantur,  sed  etiam  anni 

tempore  atque  imbribus  procubuerant ;  ut,  si  qui  etiam  in  pnesentia 

iccultassent,3  tamen  Hi  deducto  exercitu,  rerum  omnium  inopia 

pereundum  videretur.4   Ac  saape  in  eum5  locum  ventum  est,  tanto  in 

omnes  partes  diviso  equitatu,  ut  modo  visum"  ab  se  Ambiorigem  in 

fuga  captivi,  nee  plane  etiam  abisse  ex  conspectu  oontendercnt,7  ut, 

spe  oonsequendi  illata,  atque  infinito  labore  suscepto,  qui  se  summam 

ab  Cresare  gratiam  inituros  putarent,s  paene  naturam  studio  vince- 

iperque  paulum  ad  summam  felicitatem  defuis'se  videretur, 

■r  ille  latcbris,  aut  saltibua  se  eriperet,  et  noctu  occultatus  alias 

regioncs  partesque  peteret,  non  majore  equitum  pnesidio,  quam  quat- 

1  is  vitam  suam  committere  audebat. 

XI.I"yBkjWi  modo  vastatis  regionibus,  exercitum  Cresar  duarum 

rtiurh  aamno  Durocortorum  Remorum  reducit,  concilioquc  in 

eum  locum  Galliae  indicto,  de  conjuratione  Senonum  et  Carnutum 


(other)  forces  "  drive  off  booty,"  and  was  originally 

2.   Tantum,  "Only."  applied  to  cattle. 

8.   Tncolumi  exercitu  is  conditional.       '   3.  Si  qui  occultassent,    "If  any  should 

*  succeed  in  hiding." 

XLTI.    1.   Casu,  £48,  Rem.  I.  |4.  lis  (§146)  pereumlum  videretur,  "It 

i  depends  on  dicens  im-       secnied  that  they  must  perish." 
plied  in  questu*.  6.   Eum,  "Such." 

8.   Multum,  g  1 50,  Rem.  3.  6.  Modo  visum,    "Had  just  a  moment 

4.  Quod-avertissent,  "In  that  they  had1     before  been  seen." 

repulsed."  7.    Ut  contender ent  expresses  the  result 

of  in  eum  locum  ventum  est ;  while  ut 
vincerent,  $c,  expresses  the  result  of 
ut  contenderent. 


XLIII.  1.  Coacto  numero.  The  con- 
junctive construction  might  have 
been  used  here. 

2.   Agebatur.    Freedom  a  fere  means  'to 


Qui    putarcnt,      "  Because     tliey 
thought." 


144 


DE  BELLO  QALLICO- 


qurcstionem  habere  instituit ;  et  de  Accone,  qui  princeps  ejus  con- 
silil  fuerat,  gravi<$8  seritentia  pronunciata,  more  majorum1  suppli- 
cium  surnpsit.  Nonnulli,  judicium  veriti,  profugerunt :  quibus2 
quutu  aqua  atque  igni3  interdixisset,  Illegiones  ad  fines  Treviroruin, 
II  in  Lingonibus,  VI  reliquas  in  Senonum  finibus  Agendici  in  hi 
bernis  collocavit;  frumentoque  exercitu  proviso,  ut  instituerat,  in 
Italiam  ad  conventus  agendos  profectus  est. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 
LIBER    VII. 


I.  Quieta  Gallia,  Caesar,  ut  constituerat,  in  Italiam1  ad  con- 
ventus agendos  proficiscitur.  Ibi  cognoscit  de  Clodii  csede  :2  de 
senatusque  consulto  eertior  factus,  ut  omnes  juniores  Italic  conjura- 
rent,3  delectum  tota  provincia  habere  instituit.  Ess  res  in  Galliani 
Trausalpinam  celeriter  perferuntur.  Addunt  ipsi  et  afiingunt  ru- 
moribus  Galli,  quod  res  poscere  videbatur,  '  retineri  urbano  niotu 
Cresarem,  neque  in  tantis  dissensionibus  ad  exercitum  venire  posse.' 
Hac  impulsi  occasione,  qui  jam  ante  se  populi  Romani  imperio  sub- 
jectos  dolerent/  Iiberius  atque  audacius  de  bello  consilia  inire  in- 
cipiunt.  Indictis  inter  se  principes  Gallue  conciliis  silvestribus  ac  j 
remotis  locis  queruntur  de  Acconis  morte ;  hunc  casum  ad  ipsos  re-  i 
cidere  posse  demonstrant;  miscrantur  communem  Gallise  fortunam  ; 
omnibus  pollicitationibus  ac  praomiis  deposcunt,  qui  belli  initium 
faciant,5  et .  sui  capitis  periculo  Gralliam  in  libertatem  vindicent. 
'Ejus  in  primis  rationem  habendam,'6  dicunt,  '  priusqu&ni  eorum 
clandestina  consilia  efferantur,7  ut  Cossar  ab  exercitu  intercludatur. 
Id  esse  facile,  quod  neque  legiones,  absente  inipenttore,  audeant  ex 
hibernis  egredi,  neque  imperator  sine  prassidio  ad  legiones  pervenire 

XLIV.  1.  More  majoru«D,2.e.by  scourg- [p.  Quibus,  §147. 
ing  to  death;  the  barbarous  punish-**;.  Aqua  et  igni,  g  163. 
ment  of  the  early  liomans. 

NOTES. 


1.  1.  In  Ttaliam,  i.  e.  Cisalpine   Gaul. 

2.  De  Clodii  cade.  The  murder  of  Clo- 
dius  by  the  elaves  pf  Milo  occurred 
in  the  year  B.C.  63. 

S,  Conjurarent,,  "Should  take  the  oath 
in  a  body." — "As  the  dangers  were 
urgent,  there  was  no  time  for  admin- 
istering the  oath  (sacramentum)  indi- 
vidually.    The  juniores  here  are   all 


the    men    between   17   and    47  " — 
Zumpt. 

4.  Qui  dolerent,  §210,  b. 

5.  Qui  faciant,    "(Persons)  to  make  ;" 
•    §210,  a. 

6.  Ejus  in  primis  rationem  habendam, 
"  That  this  should  be  their  "first  ob- 
ject." 

7.  Efferantur,  §206,  h,  (1). 


{ 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS. 


145 


poesit :  postremo  in  aoie  praestare  interfici,  quajfcnon  veterem  belli 
gloriam  libcrtatemque,  quam  a  majoribus  aeceperint,  recupcrare.' 

II.  His  rebus  agitatis,  profitentur  Carnutes,  '  se  nullum  pericu- 
luui  communis  salutis  causa  recusare,  principesque1  ex  omnibus  bel- 
lum  facturos  pollicentur ;  et,  quoniam  in  pnesentia  obsidibus  inter 
se  cavere  non  possint,  ne  res  efferatur,2  ut  jurejurando  ac  fide  sancia- 
tur,3  pctunt,  collatis  militaribus  signis,  (quo  more  eorum  gravissimao 
cserimoniaj  continentur,4  )  ne,  facto  initio  belli,  ab  reliquis  deseran- 
tur.'r>  Turn,  collaudatis  Carnutibus,  dato  jurejurando  ab  omnibus, 
qui  adcrant,  tempore  ejus  rei  constituto,  ab  concilio  disceditur. 

III.  Ubi  ea  dies  venit,  Carnutes,. Cotuato  et  Conetoduno  duci- 
bu=,  desperatis  hominibus,1  Genaburn  dato  signo  concurrunt,  cives- 

jue  Romanos,  qui  negotiandi  causa  ibi  constiterant,  in  his  C.  Fusium 
Oitam,  houestum  equitem  Romanum,  qui  -rei  frumentarias  jussu  Ca> 
sajris  praserat,  interficiunt,  bonaque  eorum  diripiunt.  Celeriter  ad 
Tinnes  Gallia?  civitates  fama  perfertur;  nam,  ubi  major  atque  illus- 
trior  incidit  res,  clamore  per  agros  regionesque  significant ;  bune 
ilii  deinceps  excipiunt,  et  proximis  tradunt;  ut  turn  accidit :  nam, 
qua;  Genabi  oriente  sole  gesta  essent,2  ante  prhnam  confectam  vigil- 
iam  in  finibus  Arvernorum  audita  sunt ;  quod  spatium  est  millium 
circiter  CLX. 

IV.  Simili  ratione  ibi  Vercingetorix,  Celtilli  filius,  Arvernus, 
summse  potcntias  adolescens,  (cujus  pater  principatum  Gallia;  totius 
jbtinuerat,  ct  ob  earn  causam,  quod  regnum  appetebat,  ab  civitate 
•rat  iuterfectus,)  convoc'atis  suis  clientibus,  facile  incendit.1  Cog- 
lito  ejus  consilio,  ad  arma  concurritur:  ab  Gobanitione,  patruo  suo, 
reliquisque  principibus,  qui  hanc  tentandam  fortunam  non  existima* 

t,  expellitur  ex  oppido  Gergovia :  non  destitit  tamen,  atque  in 
agris  habet  delectum  egentium  ac  perditorum.  Hac  coacta  manu, 
quoscumque  adit  ex  civitate,  ad  suam  ^enteniiam  perducit:  horta- 

.  ut  communis  libertatis  causa  arma  capianij  magnisque  coactis 
copiis,  adversaries  suos,  a  quibus  paulo  ante  ejpt  ejectus,  expellit  ex 
civitate.  Rex  ab  suis  appellator;  dimitt-it  quoquoversus  legationes ; 
)btestatur,  ut  in  fide  maneant.  Celeriter  sibi  Senones,  Parisios, 
Pictones,  Cadurcos,  Turonos,  Aulercos,  Lemovices,  Andes  reliquos- 


II.  1.  Principes  ex  omnibus,  "First  of 
fill ;"  both  in  time  and  zeal. 

2.  Ne  res  efferatur  limits  veriti  under- 
stood, which  expresses  the  cause  of 
avert  non  possint.  ""ur  fear  the 
thing  may  get  out." 

3.  Ut  lanciatur  limits  prlunt. 

4.  Quo-continentur,  "In  which  custom 
their  moat  solemn  rites  are  compre- 

M 


hended." 

III.  1.  Hominibus,  §127,  Rem.  8. 

2.  Gesta  essent,  £210,  c  ;,  or  §214.  in 
finibus  Arvernorum  audita  tunt  being 
equivalent  to  Arvsrni  audiverunt. 

IV.  1.  Incendit,  te.  eos. 


146 


DE  BELLO  (7ALLICO 


que  omnes,  qui  Oceanum  attingunt,  adj.ungit :  omnium  consensu  ad 
eum  defertur  imperium.  Qua  oblata  potestate,  omnibus  his  c'mta- 
tibus  obsides  imperat,  ccrtum  numerum  militum  ad  se  celeriter  ad- 
ducijubet;  armorum  quantum  qmeque  civitas  domi  quodque  ante 
tempus  efficiat,2  constituit ;  in  primis  equitatui  studet.  Summa; 
diligentirc  summam  imperii  severitateni  addit :  magnitudine  sup- 
plicii  dubitantes  cogit ;  nam,  majore  commisso  delicto,  igni  atque 
omnibus  tormentis  necat ;  leviore  de  causa,  auribus  desectis,  aut 
singulis  effossis  oculis,  domum  remittit,  ut  sint  reliquis  documento, 
et  magnitudine  poena;  perterreant  alios. 

V.  His  suppliciis  celeriter  coacto  exercitu,  Lucterium  Cadur- 
cum,  sumraaj  bominem  audacirev  cum  parte  copiarum  in  Rutenos 
mittit :  ipse  in  Bituriges  proiiciscitur.  Ejus  adventu  Bituriges  ad 
iGduos,  quorum  erant  in  fide,  legatos  mittunt  subsidium  rogatum, 
quo  facilius  bostium1  copias  sustinere  possint,  iEdui  de  consilio2 
legatorum,  quos  Caesar  ad  exercitum3  reliquerat,  copjas  equitatus 
peditatusque  subsidio  Biturigibus  mittunt.  Qui  quum  ad  flumcn 
Ligerim  venissent,  quod  Bituriges  ab  JEduis  dividit,  paucos  dies  ibi 
morati,  neque  flumen  transire  ausi,  domum  revertuntur,  legatisque 
nostris  renunciant,  '  se  Biturigum  perfidiam  veritos  revertisse,  qui- 
bus4  id  consilii5  fuisse  cognoverint,  ut,  si  flumen  transissent,6  una  ex 
parte  ipsi,  altera  Arverni  se  circumsisterent.'  Id  eane  de  causa, 
quam  legatis  pronunciarunt,  an  perfidia  adducfci  fecerint,  quod 
nihil"  nobis  constat,  non.videtur  pro  certo  esse  ponendum.  Bituri- 
ges eorum  discessu  statim  se  cum  Arvernis  copjungunt. 

VI.  His  rebus  in  Italiam  Csesari  nunciatis,  quum  jam  ille  urba- 
nas  res  virtute  Cn.  Pompeii  commodiorem  in  statum  pervenisse  in- 
telligent, in  Transalpinani  Galliam  profectus  est.  Eo  quum  ven- 
isset,  magna  difficultate  afficiebatur,  qua  ratione  ad  exercitum  per- 
venire  posset.1  Nam  si  legiones  in  provinciam  arcesseret,  se  ab- 
sente  in  itinere  proeljo  dimicaturas  intelligebat :  si  ipse  ad  exerci- 
tum contenderet,  ne  iis  quidem,  qui  eo  tempore  pacati  viderentur, 
suam  salutem  recte  committi2  videbat. 

VII.  Interim  Lucterius  Cadurcus,  in  Rutenos  missus,  earn  civi- 
tatem  Arvernis  conciliat.     Progressus  in  Nitiobriges  et  Grabalos, 


2.  Quantum,  quodque  efficiat,  "  How 
mtfch,  and  what,  each  state  shall 
do." 

V.  1.  Hostium,  i.e  Arvernorum. 

2.  De  consilio,  "In  accordance  with  the 
advice." 

3.  Ad  exercitum==apud  exercitum. 

4.  Quibus,  §143. 

5.  Consilii,  §134. 


6.  Si  flumen  transissent,  "If  they  should 
cross;  §198,  a. 

7.  Nihil,  |l55. 

VI.  1.  Qua— posset  (^814)  limits  mag- 
na difficultate  afficiebatur, =nesciit,  or 
dubitavit. 

2.  Commiiii,  present  for  future  ;  or 
posse  may  be  supplied. 


1,1  HER  SEPTIMUS.  1  17 

ab  utrisque  obsides  accipit,  at  magna  coacta  manu,  in  provinciam 
Xarboneni  versus  eruptioneru  facere  contendit.  .Qua  re  nunciata, 
Caesar  oninibus  coirsiliis1  antevertenduni  existiniavit,  ut  Narbonem 
proficiscereiur.  Eo  quum  venisset,  timentes  confirmat,  praesidia  in 
Rutenis  provincialihuB,  Volcis  Areceniicis,  Tolosatibus,  circumque 
Narbonem,  quae  loca  bostibus  erant  finitima,  constituit :  partem 
oopiarum  ex  provincial  suppleuicntumquc,  quod  ex  Italia  adduxerat, 
in  Helvios,  qui  fines  Arvernorum  contingunt,  convent  re  jubet.  - 

VIII.     His  rebus  eomparatis,  repressd  jam   Lucterib  et  remoto, 

quod  intrare  intra  pnesidia  periculosum  putabat,1  in   Helvios  proii- 

eiscitut  :-   etsi  mons   Oevebfia,  qui  Arvern<>*  ab  Belviis  diacludit, 

o  tempore  anni,  altissima  nive  iter  impediebat;  tamen  dU- 

;  nive  VI  in  altitudinetn  pedum,  atque  ita  viis  pat-  um- 

militum  lain"-  ArvteraSninrpervenik     Quibus  oppre 

.  inantibus,  quod  se  Cevenna,  ut  muro,  munitos  exiatimabant,  a 

singulairi  quidem  unquam  bomini  eo  tempore  anni  senritea  patu- 

[uitibus  imperat,  ut,  quam  latissime  possent,8  vagentur,  et 

quam  maximum  hoatibus  terrorem  iuferaut.     Celeriter  baeo'  fama 

Qunciisad  Yereingetorigem.perferuntur:  quern  perterriti  omnes 

Arverni  elreuaisistunt  atque  obsecrant,  ut  suis  fortunis4  consulat, 

neu  se  ab  bostibus  diripi  patiatur ;  prsesertim  quum  videat  omne  au 

(Hum  translatum.     Quorum  ille  'precibus  permotus,  castra  ex 

Biturigibus  movet  \\\  Arvernos  versus. 

At  CaJSttr,  biduum  in  iis  locis  moratus,  quod  liooc  de 
eingetorige  U8U  Ventura1  opinione  prseceperut,  per  causam3  supple- 
ment"! eqi  ie  cogendi  ab  exeroitu  discedit;  Brutum  ado) 
centem  iis  oopiis  prffificit;  hunc  monet,  ut  in   omnes  partes  equites 
quam  fal  issime  pen  agentur  :  ''  daturum  se  operam,  no  longius  triduu 
sit.'     His  eonstitutis  rebus,. suis  inopinantibus,  quam 
maximis  potest  itineribus,  Viennam  pervenit.     Ibi  nactus,  recentem 
cquitatum,  quem  multis  ante  diebus  eo  piaemiserat,  neque  diurno 
octurno  itinere  Intermisso,  per  lines  iEduorum  in   Lingones 
tendityubi    li    legiones  hiemabant;  ut,  si   quid  etiam   de  sua 
Salul               luis  iniretur  tfonailii,  celeritate  praecurreret.     Eo  <|uum 
ad  reliquas  legiones  mitt  it,  priusque  in   uuuia   locum 

VII     1     Omnibut  consiliu  i  Jb-  IX.   1.    '■'• 

rtendum,    tl  happen  tnce 

yrh'mb' la  utproficisa  •  to  Vi  ■  rcin- 

getorix  would  I  to 

VIII.    1.    I'lK-li.t  \rvc  mi,  ami  thnt  tins 

Hon  would  be  i^verti-d  from  < 
;'JI7.   Oh«prvc  thnt  tl>e  ini        movements, 
here  interchanged  with  r  cnNs.im,=cauv 

ur  nnd  mferant.  expression  inCfl 

l.   !'••  12,  both  iuppiementi «nd  fj 


148 


DE  BELLO  (JALLICO 


omnes  eogit,  quam  de  ejus  adventu  Arvernl|6  nunciari  posset.3  Hac 
re  cognit'a,  Vercingetorix  rursus  in  Bitjiri^ps  exercitum  reducit ; 
atque  indc  profectus  Gergoviam,  Boiorum  oppidum,  quos  ibi  Hel- 
vetico  proelio  victos  Caesar  collocaverat,  ^Jdiisque  attribuerat,  op- 
pugnare.instituit. 

X.  Magnnm  hoec  res  Caesari  difficultatel(Jfad  consilium  capien- 
dum  afferebat :  si  reliquam  partem  hiemis  uno  in  loco  legiones  con- 
tinent, ne,1  stipendiariis  iEduoruin  expugnatis,  cuncta  Gallia  defi-' 
ceret,  quod  nullum  amicis2  in  eo  prsesidium  videret3  positum  esse  ; 
sin  maturius  ex  hibernis  educeret,  ne  ab4  re  frumentaria  duris  sub- 
vectionibus  laboraret.  Praestare  visum  est  tamen  omnes  difficultates 
perpeti,  quam,  tanta  eontumelia  accepta,  omnium  suorum  voluntates 
alienare.  Itaque  cobortatus  iEduos  de  supportando  comrneatu, 
praemittit  ad  Boios,  qui  de  suo  adventu  doceant,5  bortenturque,  ut 
in  fide  maneant,  atque  hostium  impetum  magno  animo  sustineant. 
Duabus  Agendici  legionibus  atque  impedimentis  totius  exercitus 
relictis,  ad  Boios  proficiscitur. 

XI.  Altero  die  quum  ad  oppidum  Senonum  Vellaunoduuum 
venisset,  ne  quern  post  se  bostem  relinqueret,  quo  expeditiore  re 
frumentaria  uteretur,  oppugnare  instituit,  idque  biduo  circumval-  . 
lavit :  tertio  die  missis  ex  oppido  legatis  de  deditione,  arma  pro- 
ferri,  jumenta  produci,  DC  o"bsides  dari  jubet.  Ea  qui  conficerefc^- 
C.  Trebonium  legatum  relinquit :  ipse,  ut  quamprimum  iter  face- 
ret,2  Genabum  Carnutum  proficiscitur,  qui,  turn  primum  allato  nun- 
cio de  oppugnatione  Vellaunoduni,  quum  longius  earn  rem  ductum 
iri  existimarent,  prsesidium  Genabi  tuendi  causa,  quod  eo  mitte- 
rent,3  comparabant.  Hue  biduo  pervenit :  castris  ante  oppidum 
positis,  diei  tempore  exclusus,  in  posterum  oppugnationem  differt, 
quaeque  ad  earn  rem  usui  sint;  militibus  imperat ;  et,  quod  oppidum 
Genabum  pons  fluminis  Ligeris  oontinebat,4  veritus  ne  noctu  ex  op- 
pido profugerent,5  diias  legiones  in  ,armis  excubare  jubet.  Gena- 
benses,  paulo  ante  mediam  noctem  silentio  ex  oppido  egressi,  flumen 


3.  Posset,  $206,  b. 

X.  1.  Ne,  sc.  verebatur.  Stipendiariis 
expugnatis  is  conditional,  the  conclu- 
sion being  Gallia  deficeret,  quod  videret. 

2.  Amicis  limits  prcesidium  ;  §142. 

3.  Quod  videret,  "  Because  (in  that 
event)  it  would  see  ;"  §197.  Observe 
that  the  leading  verb  is  past,  hence 
these  imperfects 

4.  Ab  re  frumentaria,  "From  (wantof) 
provisions  ;"— the  souroe  of  the  dis- 
tress. •% 

5.  Doceant,  §210,  a. 


XI.  1.  Conficeret,  §210,  a. 

2.  Iter  faceret,  i.e.  to  Ger^ovia. 

3.  Quod  eo  mitterent,  (§210,  a,)  "To 
send  thither,':  i.e.  to  Genabum.    I 

4.  Continebat,  "  Connected  "  'with  the 
opposite  bank, thus  affording  a  means 
of  escape.-  The  city  was  not  s^uated, 
as  some  suppose,  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  for  it  is  said  in  the  next  .sen-., 
tence  that  the  townsmen  "went  out 
of  the  town  and  commenced  crossing 
the  river." 

5.  Profugerent,  sc.  oppidani. 


LIBER*  SEPTIMUS.  149 

transire  coeperunt.  Qua  re  per  cxploratores  nunciata,  Caesar  legio- 
nes,  quas  expeditas  esse  jusserat,  portis  incensis,  introinittit,  atque 
oppido  potitur,  nerpaucis  ap  hostium  numero  desideratis,  quin  cuncti 
caperentur/'  quod  pontjejjwque  itinerum  angu8tiae  multitudini  fugam 
.intercluserant.  OppiclBi  diripit  atque  incendit,  praedam  militibus 
donat,  cxercitum  LigaPm  trausducit,  atque  in  Biturigiira  fines 
pervenit. 

XII.  Vercingetorix  ubi  de  Caesaris  adventu  cognovit,  oppugna- 
tione1  destitit,  atque  obviani  Caesari  proficiscitur.  Ille  oppidum 
Biturigum,  posit uni  in  via,  Noviodunum  oppugnare  instituerat. 
Quo  ex  oppido  quum  legati  ad  eum  venisscnt,  oratum,  ut  sibi  ignos- 
'•eret,  sureque  vitas  consuleret ;  ut  celeritate  reliquas  i#s  conficeret, 

;ua  ploraque  erat  consecutus,  anna  proferri,  equos  produci,  obsides 
!ari  jubet.     Parte  jam  obsidum  tradita,  quum  reliqua  administra- 
rentur,    centurionibus    et    paucis  militibus   intromissis,   qui    arma 
•     juinentaque  eon  quire  rent,2  equitatus  hostium  procul  visus  est,   qui 
agmen  Verciugetorigis  antecesserat.     Quern   simul  atque  oppidani 
conspexerunt,3  atque    in   spetn  auxilii   venerunt,   clamore  sublato, 
uina  capere,  portas  claudere,  murum  complere  coeperunt.     Centu- 
ries in  oppido  quum  ex  significatione  Gallorum  novi  aliquid  ab 
iniri  consilii  intellexissent,  gladiis  districtis  portas  occupaverunt, 
-uosque  omnes  incolumes  receperunt.4 

XIII.  C;vsar   ex   castris   equitatum    educi   jubet,    prceliumque 
|uestre  committit :  laborantibus  jam  suis  Germanos  equites  circi- 

ter  CD  submittit,  quos  ab  initio  secum  habere  instituerat.1  Eorum 
^impetum  Galli  sustinere  non  potuerunt,  atque  in  fugam  conjecti, 
!ti.<  afaissis,  sese  ad  agmen  receperunt :  quibusprofligatis,  rursus 
'ppidani  perterriti  comprehensos  eos,  quorum  opera  plebem  concita- 
tam  existimabant,  ad  Caesarem  perduxerunt,  seseque  ei  dediderunt. 
Quibus  rebus  confectis,  Caesar  ad  oppidum  Avaricum,  quod  erat 
maximum  muuitissimumque  in  finibus  Biturigum,  atque  agri  fer- 
tilissima  regionc,2  profectus  est;  quod,  eo  oppido  reeepto,  civitatem 
Biturigum  se  in  potestatem  redacturum  oonfidebat. 

XIV.  Vercingetorix,  tot  continuis  incommodis  Vellaunoduni, 
Genabi,  Novioduni   acceptis,  suos  ad  concilium  convocat.  •  Docet 


I'orpaucis    desideratis    quin    cuncti  2.   Conquirerent,  §210,  a. 
cnperenter,  "Very  few  of  the  enemy  3.   Simul  atquo  conspexerunt,  J204,  1 
having  escaped  capture ;" — literally,  t.  Receperunt,  "Withdrew." 
'very  few  out  of  the  aumber  o.1  the 

«uemy  being  wanting  from  the  whole  XI II!  1.  Instituerat,    "Hal  been  ac- 
ting captured."  customed." 

i    Regione,   J 166. 
XII.  1.  OppugnatioUe,    >e.    Gergovite.1 

ii2 


150 


BE  BELLO  GALL1GO. 


'  longe  alia  ratione  esse  belluin  gerendum,  atque  antea  sit1  gestum  t 
omnibus  modis  huie  rei  studendum,  ut  patjjulatione  'et  comrneatu 
Romani  prohibeantur.^Id  esse  facile,  quod  (fquitatu  ipsi  abundent, 
et  quod  anni  tempore  subleventur  :  pabulwn  secari  non  posse;2 
necessario  dispersos  hostes  ex  sedificiis  peteje  :  bos  omnes  quotidie 
ab  equitibus  delevi  posse.  Praeterea  safaafs  causa  rei  familiaris 
commoda  negligenda;  vicos  atque  aedificia  incendi  oportere  boc 
spatio,3  a  Boia4  quoquoversus,  quo  pabulandi  causa  adire  posse  vide- 
antur.  Harum  ipsis  rerum  copiam  suppetere,  quod,  quorum  in 
finibus  bellum  geratur,  eorum  opibus«  subleventur  :  Romanos  aut 
iuopiam  non  laturos,  aut  magno  cum  periculo  longius  ab  castris  pro- 
gressuros  :  neque  interesse,  ipsosne  interficiant,  impedimentisne5 
exuant,  quibfts  amissis,  bellum  geri  non  possit.  Prseterca  oppida 
incendi  oportere,  qua?  non  munitione  et  loci  natura  ab  oinni  sint 
periculo  tuta ;  neu  suis  sint  ad  detractandam  militiam  receptacula, 
neu  Romanis  proposita  ad  copiam  commeatus  praedamque  tollen- 
dam.  Haec  si  gravia  aut  acerba  videantur,  multo  ilia6  gravius  sasti- 
mare  debere,  liberos,  conjuges  in  servitutem  abstrabi,  ipsos  inter- 
•fici ;  quae  sit  necesse  accidere  victis.' 

XV.  Omnium  consensu  hac  sententia  probata,  uno  die  amplius 
XX  urbes  Biturigum  inceuduntur.  Hoc  idem  fit  in  reliquis  civi- 
tatibus.  In  omnibus  partibus  incendia  conspiciuntur ;  quas  etsi 
magno  cum  dolore  omnes  ferebant,  tamen  hoc  sibi  solatii  propone- 
bant,  [quod  se,  prope]  explorata  victoria,  celeriter  amissa  recupe-ra- 
turos  [confidebant].  Deliberate  de  Avarico  in  communi  cqj^cilio, 
incendi  placeret,1  an  defendi.  Procumbunt  omnibus  Gallis2  ad 
pedes  Bituriges,  '  ne  pulcberrimam  prope  totiu3  Gallice  urbem,  qvpi 
et  prsesidio  et  ornamento  sit  civitati,  suis  manibus  succendere  coge- 
rentur  :3  facile  se  loci  natura  defensuros'4  dicunt,  'quod,  prope  ex 
omnibus  partibus  flumine  et  palude  circumdata,5  unum  babeat  et6 
perangustum  aditum.'  Datur  petentibus  venia,  dissuadente  primo 
Vercingetorige,  post  corcedente,  et  precibus7  ipsorum,  et  misericor- 
dia  vulgi.     Defensores  oppido  idonei  deliguntur. 

XV.  1.  Placeret,  §214.  The  omission 
of  the  enclitic  ne  when  followed  by 
an,  is  quite  common. 

2.  Gallis,  §147. 

3.  Ne — cogerentur  depends  on  the  verb 
of  praying  implied  in  procumbunt  ad 
pedes. 

4.  Defensuros,  sc.  oppidum. 

5.  Circumdata  agrees  with  the  nearest 
noun. 

6.  Et  introduces  a  more  important  cir- 
cumstance here. 

7.  Precibus  and  misericordia  are  causal 


XIV.    1.  Sit  gestum,  §217. 

2.  PabHlum  secari  non  posse,  "Because 
there  was  none  to  cut,  it  being  dead 
of  winter." 

3.  Hoc  spatio,  "To  such  a  distance;" 
§153. 

4.  Boia,  sc.  terra.  All  names  of  coun- 
tries are  adjectives,  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  people. 

5.  Impedimentisne.  The  use  of  ne  for  the 
disjunctive  an  is  comparatively  rare 

6.  Ilia  is  opposed  to  hac,  and  is  strong' 
er.    It  refers  to  what  follows. 


ZR  SEPTIMUS.  151 

! 

XVI.-  Vereingetorix  minoribus  Cawareni  itiijeribus  subsequitur, 
ct  locum  castris  deligitjjfpaludibus  t-ilvisque  munitum,  ab  Avarico 
longe  millia  passuum  XVI.  Ibi  per  cortos  exploratores  in  singula 
diei  torapora,1  quae  ad  Avaricum  agerentur,  eognoscebar,  et,  quid 
fieri  vellet,  impwabat  :  omncs  nostras  pabulationes  frumentatioi 
que  observabat,  dispersosque,  quum  longius  necessario  procederent, 
adoriebatur,  magnoque  incommoda  aiileiebat:  etsi,  quantum  ratione 
provideri  poterat,  ab  nostria  ocourrebatur,2  ut3  incertis  tomporibus 
diversisque  itineribus  iretur. 

XVII.     Castris  ad  earn  partem  oppidi  positis,  Caesar,1  quae  inter- 
fcuissa2  a  flumine  et  a  palude  aditum,   ut  supra   dixiiuus,   angustum 
babebat,  aggerem  apparare,   vineas  agere,   turres  duas   eonstituere 
coepit :  nam  circumvallare  loci  natura  prouibebat.     Dc  re  frumen- 
taria  Boios  atque  iEduos  adbortari  non  destitit :  quorum   alteri,8 
quod  nullo   studio  agebant,  non   multuni4  adjuvabant :  alteri  non 
magnis  facultatibus,5  quod  civitas  erat  ex'gua  et  infirma,  ecleriter, 
quod  habuerunt,  consumpserunt.     Summa  difiicultate  rei  frumen- 
tariac  affecto  exercitu,  tenuitate  Boiorum,  indiligentia  -ZEduoruni, 
incendiis  rcdificiorum,  usque  eo,c  ut  complures  dies  milites  frumento 
carueript,  et,  pecore  e  longinquioribus  vicis  adacto,  extreniam   fa- 
:;:em  sustentarent,  nulla  tamen  vox  est  ab  iis  audita  populi  Romani 
majestate  et  superioribus  victariis  indigua.     Quiu  ctiam  Cwsar  quuu 
in  opere  singulas  legione's  appellaret,  et,  si  acerbius  inopiam  ferrent. 
se  dimissurum  bppugnationem  diceret;  universi  ab  eo,  '  ne  id  face 
ret,'  petebant :  '  sic  sc  complures  annos  illo  imperante  meruisse," 
■  lullam  ignominiam  acciperent,  nunquam  infecta  re  discederent 
sfl^c  se  ignominia3  laturos  loco,  si  inceptam  oppugnationem  reliquis 
sent :  pracstare  omnes  perferre  acerbitates,  quam  non  civibus  Ro 
manis,   qui   Genabi   perfidia  Gallorum  kiterissent,  parentarent.'8 
Haec  eadem  centurionibus  tribunisque  militum  mandabant,  ut  per 
eos  ad  Caesarem  deferrentur. 


ablatives,  and  vulgi  is  objective. 

X.V1.  1.  In  singula  diei  tempora,  "For 
every  hour  of  the  day,"  "at  all  times.' 

J.  Ab  nostris  occurrebatur,  "Although 
counteracting  measures  were  taken 
by  our  men  as  far  as  provision  could 


2.  Intermissa,  "Left  open." 

I.  Alteri,  i.e.  the  yEdui.  Alteri,  i.e.  the 

Boii. 
4.   Multum,  $150,  Rem.  3. 
6.  Non  magnis  facultatibus,  %\88, Rem. 

1. 
Usque  eo,  "To  such  an  extent.' 


be  made  by  generalship."     Quantum  7 .   8e  mtruitse   depends  on  the  verb   of 
represents   the   limit   to   which   the]     saying  implied  in petebant. 
meaning  of  provideri  extends}  a  sort, 8.  Quam — parentarent.    Quam,  though 
of  accusative  of  measure.      *  a  Telativo    word,   usually    connects 

3.  Ut,  "So  that."  words  in  the  same  construction,  likt 

a  copulative  conjunction  ;  so  that  th« 

XVII.   1.   Cottar.     The  position  of  the'     use  of  the   subjunctive,  though   ar 
subject  is  here  an  unvsual  one.  cording  to  analogy,  is  rare. 


.152  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

XVIII.  Quum  jam  muro  turres  appropinquassent,  ex  captivis 
Caesar  cognovit  Vercingetorigem,  consumpto  pabulo,  castra  raovisse. 
propius  Avaricum,  atque  ipsum  cum  equitatu  expeditisque,  qui  inter 
equites  proeliari  consuessent,1  iusidiarum  causa  eo  profectum,  quo 
nostros  postero  die  pab'ulatuui  venturos  arbitraretur.v  Quibus  rebus 
cognitis,  media  nocte  silentio  profectus,  ad  hostium  castra  mane  per- 
venit.  Illi,  celeriter  per  exploratores  adventu  Caesaris  cognito,  car- 
ros  impedimentaque  sua  in  artiores  silvas  abdiderunt,  copias  omnes 
in  loco  edito  atque  aperto  instruxerunt.  Qua. re  nunciata,  Caesar 
celeriter  sarcinas  conferri,  arma  expediri  jussit. 

XIX.  Collis  erat  leniter  ab  infimo  acclivis :  hunc  ex  omnibus 
fere  partibus  palus  difficilis  atque  impedita  cingebat,  non  latior  ped- 
ibus  L.  Hoc  se  colle,  interrupts  pontibus,  Galli  fiducia  loci  contin- 
ebant,  generatimque  distributi  in  civita.tes,  omnia  vada  ac  saltus  ejus 
paludis  certis  custodiis  obtinebant,  sic  animo1  parati,  ut,  si  earn  pa- 
ludem  Romani  perrumpere  conarentur,  haesitantes  premerent  ex  loco 
superiore :  ut,  qui  propinquitatem  loci  videret,2  paratos3  prope  aequo 
Marte  ad  dimicandum  existimarefc;  qui  iniquitatem  conditionis  per- 
spiceret,  inani  simulatione  sese  ostentare  cognosceret.  Indignantes 
milites  Caesar,  quod  conspectum  suum  hostes  ferre  possent,  tantulo 
spatio  interjecto,  et  signum  proclii  exposcentes,  edocet,  'quanto  det- 
rimento,4  et  quot  virorum  fortium  morte  necesse  sit  constare  victo- 
riam  :  quos  quum  sic  animo  paratos  videat,  ut  nullum  pro  sua  laude 
periculum  recusent,  summse  se  iniquitatis6  condemnari  debere,  nisi 
eorum  vitam  sua  salute  habeat  cariorem.'  Sic  milites  consolatus, 
eodem  die  reducit  in  castra  ;  reliq.ua,  qua;  ad  oppugjaationem  oppidi 
pertinebant,  administrare  instituit. 

XX.  Vercingetorix  quum  ad  suos  redisset,  proditionis1  insimu- 
latus,  'quod  castra  propius  Romanos  movisset,  quod  cum  omni  equi- 
tatu discessisset,  quod  sine,  imperio  tantas  copias  reliquisset,  quod 
ejus  discessu  Romani  tanta  opportunitate  et  celeritate  venissent ;  non 
haec  omnia  fortuito  aut  sine  consilio  accidere  potuisse  ;2  regnum  il- 

'  lum  Gallias  malle  Caesaris  concessu  quam  ipsorum  habere  beneficio  :' 
tali  modo  accusatus,  ad  haec  respondit :    '  Quod  castra  movisset,0 
factum  inopia  pabuli,  etiam  ipsis  hortantibus  :    quod  propius  Ro-. 
manos  accessisset,  persuasum4  loci  opportunitate,  qui  se  ipsum  mu- 

XVIII.  1.  Consuessent,  ^210,  c. 


XIX.    1.  Animo,  $161. 

2.  Videret,  g210,  b  :  qui=3i  quis. 

3.  Paratos,  sc.  Gallos. 

4.  Detrimento,  morte,  §162. 


XX.  1.  Proditionis,  §136. 

2.  Non  accidere  potuisse,  "  Could  not 
have  happened,;"  literally,  "had  not 
been  able  to  happen."  Observe  the 
difference  of  idiom. 

3.  Quod  (§155)  castra  movisset,  "As  to 


Iniquitatis,  |136.  his  moving  the  camp." 

1 4.  Persuasum,  sc.  esse  sibi. 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS. 


153 


nitione  defenderet :  equitum  vero  oporam  neque  in  loco  palustri  de- 

siderari  debuisse,  et  illic  fuisse  utileui,  quo  sint  profecti  :5  sunirnain 

imperii  se  consulto  nulli  discedentem  tradidisse,  ne  is  inultitudinis 

studio  ad  dimicandum  impelleretur  ;  cui  rei  propter  aninii  mollitiem 

.  tudere  oinnes  videret,  quod  diutius  laborem  fe'rre  non  possent.    Ro- 

raani  si  casu  intervenerint,  fbrtunta  ;c  si  alicujus  indicio  vocati,  huic 

habendain  gratiam,  quod  et  paucitatcm  corum  ex  loco  superiore  cog- 

noscere,  et  virtuteiu  despicere  potuerint;  qui,  dimicare  non  ausi, 

turpiter  se  in  cas.tra  rcceperint.     Imperiuni  se  ab  Caesare  per  prodi- 

tionem  nullum  desiderare,  quod  habere  victoria  posset,  quae  jam  es- 

tet  sibi  atque  omnibus  Gallis  cxplorata  :  quin  <Jtiam  ipsis  remittere,7 

si  sibi  magis  bonorem  tribuere,  quam  ab  88  salutem  accipere  videan- 

tur.'8  "  Hroc  ut  inteliigatis,"  inquit,  '«  sincere  a  me  pronunciari,  au- 

dite  Romanos  mill  tea."    Producit  servos,  quos  in  pabulatione  paucis 

nte  diebus  exceperat,  et  fame  vinculisque  excruciaverat.     Hi,  jam 

ntc  edocti,  quae  interrogati  pronunciarent,9  '  milites  se  esse  legion- 

rio's  '  dicunt :  c  fame  et  inopia  adductos  clam  ex  castris  exisse,  si 

aid  frumenti  aut  pecoris  in  agris  reperire  possent  :10  simili  omnem 

exercitum  inopia  prcnii,  nee  jam  vires  sufficere  cuiquam,  nee  ferre 

peris  laborem  posse  :  itaque  statuissc  impcratorcm,  si  nihil  in  op- 

j  ugnationc  oppidi  profecisset,  triduo  exercitum  deducere  '    "Haw," 

inquit,  "a  me,"  Vercingetorix,  "beneficia  habetis,  quqm  proditiouis 

insimulatis,  cujus  opera  sine  vestro  sanguine  tantum  exercitum  vic- 

torem  fame  paene  consumptum  videtis  ;  quern,  turpiter  se  ex  hac  fuga 

Jtecipientem,  ne  qua  civikis  suis  finibus  recipiat,  a  me  provisum  est." 

PHt^^^/bnclainat  onmis  multitude,  et  suo  more  armis  concrepat ; 
quodf-icere  in  eo1  consueruut,  cujus  orationem  approbant  :    •  Su»»- 
raum  esse  Vercingetorigem  ducem,  neo  de  ejus  fide  dubitandum  ;  i 
:najore  ratione  bellum  administrari  posse.'    Statuuut,  ut  decern  mil- 

ia  homiuum  delecta  ex  omnibus  copiis  in  oppidum  submittantur, 
nee  solis  Biturigibus  coaimuuem  salutem  committendam  censent  ; 

[uod  penes  eos,  si  id  oppidum  retinuissent,  summam  victoriae  con- 
stare2  intelligebant. 

XXII.     Singulari  militum   nostrorum   virtuti   consilia  cujusque 


profecti.    Observe  the  change  to 
:  ry  tenses. 

lunaj,  sc.  habendam    (esse)    gra- 
ti  mi. 

.   Ipsis  remittere,    "That  he  leaves  it 
ves  to  decided 
ntur,  "Whether  they  seem 
rather  to  give  liim  honor  than,  &c.:" 
rather  an  interrogative  than  a  condi- 
tional ietitcncc. 


9.  Quib  {ironucciarent,  "What  to  tell;" 
J2H 

10.  Si — possent,    "  (To   sec)    whether 
they  could.'' 

XXI.    1.   In  en,    "  In  the  cat-e  of  him." 

'_'.   Summam  victorias  constare,    "  That 

:  esult  of   the  victory   woui 

main  with  them,'    i  e.  the  would  reap 

the  chief  benefit  of  it. 


154  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

modi  Galloruni  occurrebant,  ut  est1  sunima>  genus  solertiae  atque  ad» 
omnia  imit'anda  atque  efficicnda,  qua)  ab  quoque  tradantur,  aptissi- 
muni.  Nam  et  laqueis  falces  avertebant,  quas  quum  destinaverant, 
tormentis  iutrorsus  reducebant;  etaggerem  cuniculis,  subfcuabebant, 
eo  scientius,  quod  apud  eos  magna;  sunt  ferrariso,  atque  omne  genus 
ouniculorum  notutn  atque  usitatuni  est.  Totum  autem  murum  ex* 
omui  parte  turribus  contnbulaverant,*  atque  bas  coriis  intexe'ran^. 
Turn  erebris  diurnis  nocturnisque  eruptionibus  aut  aggeri  ignem.in- 
ferebant,  aut  milites  occupatos  in  opcre  adoriebantur ;  et  nostrarum 
turrium  altitudinem,  quantum2  bas  quotidianus  agger  expresserat, 
commissis  suarum  titrrium  malis,  adax[uabant;  et  apertoscuniculov' 
prseueta  ac  pneacuta  materia  et  pice  fervefacta  et  maximi  ponderis 
saxis  morabantur,  meenibu-scjue  appropinquare  protybebant.  ^ 

XXIIT.  Maris  autem  omnibus  Gallicis  baec  fere  forma  est.  Tra- 
bes  directa),  perpetua)  in  longitudinem,1  paribus  intervaliis  distantes* 
inter  se  binos  pedes,  in  solo  collocautur  :  ba3  revinciuntur  intvorsus, 
et  multo  aggere  vestiuntur.  Ea  autem,  qua)  diximus,  intervalla 
grandibus  in  fronte  saxis  effarciuntur.  His  collocatis  et  coagmen- 
tatis,  alius  insuper  ordo  adjicitur,  ut  idem  illud  intervallum  serve- 
tur,  neque  inter  se  contingant  trabes,  sed  paribus  intermissce  spatiis 
singula)  singulis  saxis  interjectis  arte  contineantur.2  Sic  deincep;; 
omne  opus  contexitur,  dum  justa  muri  altitudo  expleftur.8  Hoc 
quum4  in  speciem  varietatemque  opus  deforme  non  est,  altefnis  trab- 
ib.us  ac  saxis,0  quae  reetis  lineis  suos  ordines  servant ;  turn  ad  utili- 
tatem  et  defensionem  urbiuul  suimuara  bafcet  opportunitatem  ;  quod 
et  ab  incendio  lapis,  ct  ab  ariete  materia  defendit,  qua?,  perpc^uis 
trabibus6  pedes  quadragenos  plcrumque  introrsus  revincta,  neque 
perrumpi  neque.  distrain  potest. 

XXIV.  lis  tot  rebus  impedita  oppugnatione,  milites,  quum  toto 
tempore  frigore  et  assiduis  imbribus  tardarentur,  tamen  continenti 
iabore  omnia  brcc  superaverunt,  et  diebus  XXV  aggerem,  latum  pe> 
des  CCCXXX,  altum  pedes  LXXX,  exstruxerunt.  Quum  is  murum 
bostium  paene  contingeret,  et  Caesar  ad  opus  consuetudine1  exeuba- 

XXII.    1.  Ut  est,    "  Since  they  are  ;' 

§136,  Rem.   i. 
2.   Quantum,  §150,  Rem    3. 
'■I.  Cuuiculos,  sc.  Romanorum. 


XXIII.  1.  PerpetuEe  in  longitudinem, 
"  Extending  lengthwise  through  the 
wall."  The  length  of  these  timbers 
equalled  the  thickness  of  the  wall. 

•_'.  Sed  contineantur  is  coordinate  with 
ut  servetur.  "But,  separated  by  equal 
spaces,  are  held  tightly  (to  their  pla- 
ces)   by   the   stones  placed  between 


them  (respectively).'* 

3.  Expleatur,  £207. 

4.  Quum— turn,  "Not  only — but  also." 

5.  Altcrnis  trabibus  ac  saxis,§186fci?e/n.  . 

1- 

6.  Perpetuus  trabibus,  §186,  Rem.  I. — .. 
"Which,  being  usually  braced  within 
(the  wall),  sjnce    the  beams   extend  X 
clear  through  it    (to  the  distance  of)  v 
forty  feet,  can  neither,  &c." 

XXIV.  1.  Consuetudine,    "  According 
to  custom';" — causal  ablative,  ex  be- 


LIBEli  SEPTIMUS.  155 

ret,  militesque  cohortaretur,  ne  quod  omnino  tempusab  opere  inter- 
in  itteretur  ;-paulo  ante  tertiam  yigiliarn  est  animadversuni  fumare 
aggerem,  quern  cuniculo  hostes  succenderant  :  eodemque  tempore 
toto  m u i-o  clamortysublato,  duabus  portis  ab  utroquc  latere  turriuin 
emiptio  fiebat.  A^ii  faces  atque  aridam  materiem  de  muro  in  agge- 
•"  rem  eminus  jaciebafct,  picem  rcliquasque  res,  quibus  ignis  excitari 
\. potest,  fumleba&it ;  ut,  quo  primum  occurreretur,-  aut  cu"  rei  ferre- 
iur  auxiliurn,^x  ratio  irrfri  posset. :;  Tamfeo,  quod  institute)  Crvsaris 
dase  semper  kgiones  pro  castris  excubabant,  plurcsque  partitis  tem- 
poribus  erant  in  opere,  ecleriter  factum  est,  ut  alii  eruptionibus  re- 
sisterent,  alii  turres  reducerent,  aggeremque  interscindcrent,  omnia 
vero  ex.  castris  multitudo  ad  restmguendum  concurreret. 

XXV.-  Quum  in  omnibus  locis,  consumpta  jam  reliqua  parte 
tisj  pugnarctur,  seinperque  hostibus  spes  victoria)  redintegrare- 
tiir,  eo  magis,*quod  deustos  pluteos  turrium  videbant,  nee  facile  ad- 
ire1  apertos  ad  auxiliaudum  animadvertcbant  ;  semperque  ipsi  rccen- 
tes  defessis.succederent,  omnemque  Gallire  salutem  in  illo  vestigio 
temporis-  positam  arbitrarentur ;  accidit,  inspectantibus  nobis,  quod, 
dignum  memoria  visum,  prscterinittcndum  non  existimavimus  Qui- 
dam  ante  portam  oppidi  Gallus,  qui  per  manus  sevi  ac  picis  traditag 
glebes  in  ignem  e  regione  turris  projieiebat,  scorpione  ab  latere 
(jtextro  transjectus  exanimat usque  concidit.  Hunc  ex  proximis  unua 
joccutem  transgressus,  eodem  illo  jnunere  fungebatur  :  eadem.  ra- 
tione  ictu  scorpionis  exanimato  altero,  successit  tertius,  et  tertiu 
quartus ;  nee  prius  i-lle  est  a  propugnatoribus  vacuus  relictus  locus, 
quain,  restincto  aggere,  atque  o'mni  parte  submotis  bostibus,  finis 
est'2  pugnandi  factus. 

XXVI.  Omnia  experti  Gall  I,  quod  res  nulla  successerat,  poster.' 
die  consilium  ceperunt  ex  oppido  profugere,1  hortante  et  jubente 
Vercingetorige.  Id,  silcntio  nootis  conati,  non  magna  jactura  suo- 
rum  s-esc  effecturos  sperabant,  propterea  quod  neque  longc  ab  op- 
pido eastra  Vercingetorigis  aberant,  et  palus  perpetua,  quae  inter- 
cedebat,  Romanos  ad  insequendum  tardabat,  Jamque  boc  facere 
nofltu  apparabant,  quum  matres  faniiliao  repente  in  publicum  pro- 
currerunt,  flentesque,  projectoe  ad  pedes  suorum,  omnibus  precibus 
peticrunt,  nc  se  et  communes  liberos  hostibus  ad  supplicium  dede- 
rent,  quos  ad  capiendam  fugam  natura;  et  viriuni  infirmitas  impe- 

ing  usually  expressed.  ]2.   Est  factoe,  §200,  a. 

-.   Ocourreretur,  §214.  "In  vthat  direc- 
tion resistance  should  first  be  made.    XXVI.     1.    Profugere=pr  ifugicnli. 

3.  Vix   ratio    iniri  posset,    "It    could       The  use  of  the  infinitivr  in  any  oth«i 
scarcely  be  determined.''  ca?e  than  the  nominative  or   accusa- 

tive, is  comparatively  rare  in  classi- 

XXV.  1.  Adire,  $c.  noetros.  1     cal  proee. 


16G  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

diret.  Ubi  eos  in  sententia  perstare  viderunt,  quod  plerumque  in 
summo  periculo  timor  misericordiain  non  recipit,  oonclamare  et  sig- 
nificare  de  fuga  Romanis  coeperunt.  Quo  timore  perterriti  Galli, 
ne  ab  equitatu  Romanorum  vise  praeoccuparentur,  consilio  destit- 
erunt. 

XXVII.  Postero  die  Caesar,  promota  turri,  directisque1  opcri- 
bus,  quae  facere  instituerat,  magno  coorto  imbri,  non  inutilem  bane 
ad  capiendum  consilium  ternpestatem  arbitrates,  quod  paulo  incau- 
tius  custodias  in  muro  dispositas  videbafc,  suos  quoque  languidius  in 
opere  vcrsari  jus3it,  et,  quid  fieri  vellet,  ostendit.  Legiones  intra 
vineas  in  oceulto2  expeditas  cobortatur,  ut  aliquando  pro  tantis  la- 
boribus  fruotum  victoriae  perciperent :  bis,  qui  primi  murum  ascen- 
dissent,3  prpsmia  proposuit,  militibusque  signuni  dedit.  Illi  *subito 
ex  omnibus  partibus  evolaverunt,  mururaque  celeriter  compleverunt. 

XXVIII.  Hostes,  re  nova  perterriti,  muro  turribusque  dejecti, 
in  foro  ac  loc^s  patentioribus  cuneatim  constiterunt,  boc  animo,  ut, 
si  qua  ex  parte  obviam  contra1  veniretur,  aeie  instructa.depugnarent. 
Ubi  neminem  in  sequuni  locum  sese  demittere  sod  toto  undique  muro 
circumfundi  viderunt,  veriti,  ne  omnino  spes  fugae  tolleretur,  ab- 
jcctis  armis,  ultimas  oppidi  partes  continenti  impetu  petiverunt : 
parsque  ibi,  quum  angusto  portarum  exitu  se  ipsi2  premerent,  a  mil- 
itibus,  pars,  jam  egressa  portis,  ab  equitibus  est  interfecta :  nee  fuit 
quisquam,  qui  praedae  studeret.3  Sic'et  Genabensi  caede4  et  labore 
opens  incitati,  non  aetate  confectis,  non  mulieribus,  non  infantibus 
pepercerunt.  Denique  ex  omni  eo  numero,  qui  fuit  circiter  XL 
millium,5  vix  DCCC,  qui  primo  clamore  audito  se  ex  oppido  ejece- 
rant,  incolumes  ad  Vercingetorigem  pervenerunt.     Quos  ille,  multa 

,  jam  nocte,6  silentio'  ex  fuga  excepit,  (veritus,  ne  qua  in  castris  es 
eorum  concursu  et  misericordia  vulgi  seditio  oriretur,)  ut,7  procul 
in  via  dispositis  familiaribus^suis8  principibusqtie  civitatum,  dispar- 
andos  deducendosque  ad  suos  curaret,  quae  cuique  civitati  pars9  cas- 
trovum  ab  initio  obvenerat. 

XXIX.  Postero  die  concilio  convocato,  consolatus  cobortatusque 
est,  '  ne  se  admodum  animo  demitterent,  neve  perturbarentur  in- 


XXVII.  1.  Directis,  i.e.  towards  that 
part  of  the  wall  which  was  most  vul- 
nerable. 

2.  In  oceulto,  i.e.  screened  from  the 
enemy's  view. 

3.  Qui  primi  ascendissent, "Who  should 
first  ascend.1' 

XXVIII.  1.  "  Obviam  and  contra  ap- 
parently form  a  pleenasm ;  but  ob- 
viam seems  to  indicate  only  the  di- 


rection, whereas  contra  indicates  the 
intention." — Zumpt. 

2.  Se  ipsi,  §85,  b,  c. 

3.  Studeret,  §210,  b. 

4.  Geuabensi  caede,  See  ch.  3. 

5.  Quadraginta  millium,  se.  numerus 

6.  Nocte,  sc.  consumpta. 
7.,Ut,  "So  that." 

8. '  Suis  and  suos  refer  to  the  fugitives 
9.  Quae  pars  =  in  earn  partem  quae. 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS. 


V 


commodo  :  Ron  virtute  nequc  in  acie  vicisse^  Romanos,  sed  artificio 
quodam  et  seientia  oppugnationis,  cujus  rei  fucrint  ipsi  imperiti  : 
errare,  si  qui  in  bello  omnes  secundos  rerutn  proventus  exspeetent  :2 
sibi  nunquam  placuisse  Avaricuin  defendi,  cujus  rei  testes'  ipsos 
haberet ;  sed  factum  imprudentia  Bituriguni  et  nhnia  obsequentia 
reliquorum,  uti  hoc  incommodum  acciperetur  •  id  tanien  se  celcriter 
majoribus  commodis  sanaturum.  Nam  qua-1  ab  reliquis  Gallis  civi- 
tates  <li  •  cTilircnt,  has  sua  diligentia  adjuncturum,  atque  unum  con- 
silium totius  Galliae  efFecturum,  cujus  consensu4  ne  orbis  quidem 
tcrrarum  possit  obsistere :  idquc  se  prope  jam  effectum  habere. 
Interca  aequum  esse  ab  iis  communis  sal  u  tig  causa  impetrari,  ut  cas- 
tra  muni  re  iustituerent,  quo  facilius  repentinos  hostium  impetus 
•sustiherc  possent.' 

XXX.  Fuit  hsec  o ratio  non  iugrata  Gallis,  maxime,  quod  ipse 
animo  non  defecerat,  tanto  accepto  incommodo,  neque  se  in  occul- 
tum  abdiderat,  et  conspectum  multitudinis  fugerat  :  plusque^  api- 
mo2  providere  et  preesentire  existimabatur,  quod,  re  integra,3  prin  i 
incendendum  Avaricum,  post  deserendum  censuerat.  Itaque  ut  re- 
liquorum imperatorum  res  adversce  auctoritatem  minuunt,  sic  bujus 
ex  contrario  dignitas,  incounnodo  accepto,  in  dies  augebatur  :  simul 
pena  venicbant  ejus  affirmationc,  de  reliquis  adjungendiscivitati- 
bua  :  primumque  eo  tempore  Galli  castra  munire  instituerunt,  et 
-uut  animo2  consternati  homines  insueti  laboris,  ut  omnia,  qure 
imperarentur,  sibi  patienda  et  perfcrenda  existimarent. 

[XI.     Xcc  minus*,  quam  est  pollicitus,  Vercingetorix  animo 

irabat,  ut  reliquaa  civitates  adjungerct,  atque  earum  principes 

is  pollicitationibusque  alliciebat.1      Huic   rei  idoneos  homines 

jitli::t,  quorum  quisque  aut  oratione  subdola,  aut  amicitia  facil- 

linie  capi  posset.2     Qui  Avarico  expugnato  refugerant,  armandos 

iendosque  curat.     Simul,  ut  deminutse  copiae  redintegrarentur, 

imperat  certum  numerum  militum  civitatibus,  quern  et  quam  ante 

diem  in  castra  adduci  velit  ;3  sagittariosque  omnes,  quorum  erat  per- 

magnus  in  (Jallia  numerus,  conquiri  et  ad  se  mitti  jubet.     His  rebus 

celeriter  id,  quod  Avarici  deperierat,  expletur.     Interim  Teutoma- 

tus,  Olloviconis  filiu^,  rex  Nitiobrigum,  cujus  pater  ab  Senatu  nos- 

XXIX.   I.    Vieitie  and  trrarr  depend  on      more  provident  and  fareightcd." 
tin    verb  of  ^riving  implied   in  cohor-,2.   Animo,  £101. 
tatv*.  3.  Re  integra,    §186,  Ren.  1.     "From 

2.  Si   qui   exspcctent=quicumque  ex-      the  beginning." 
spectent. 

3.  Testep,  J161,  b. 

4.  Consensu,  $48,  Item.  S. 


XXX.   I.  Plus,  J150,  Rem.  '2.     "To  be 

.  N 


XXXI.    J.  Alliciebat,  {95,  Rem.  4,  (c). 

2.  Posset,  »'  e.  in  the  opinion  of  Vercin- 
getorix. 

3.  Qnem— Tclit.     Quern  is  relative,  and 


158  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

tro  amicus  erat  appellate,  cum  raagno  equitum  suorrnn  numero,  el 
<juos  ex  Aquitania  eonduxerat,4  ad  eum  pervenit. 

XXXIT.  Cr<?sar,  Avarici  complures  dies  commoratus,  sumrnam- 
^ue  ibi  copiani  frumenti  et  reliqui  comineatus  nactus,  exercitum  ex 
labore  atque  inopia  refecit.  Jam  prope  hieme  confocta,  quuru  ipso 
auni  tempore  ad  gerendum  bellum  vocaretur,  et  ad  hostem  proficisci 
eonstituisset,  sive  eum  ex  paludibus  silvisque  elicere,  sive  obsidione 
premere  posset;1  legati  ad  eum  principes  iEduorum  veniuut  oratum,  ' 
'  ut  maxime  uecessario  tempore  civitati  subveniat :  summo  esse  in  i 
periculb  rem,2  quod,  quum  singuli  magistratus  antiquitus  creari,  at  • 
que  regiam  potestate'm  nnnuam  obtinere  consuessent,  duo  majgistra- 
tum  gerant,  et  se  uterque  eorum  legibus  ereatum  esse  dicat.  Horur.i 
esse  alterum  Convictolitanem,  florentem  et  illus^i-em  adolescentem  ; 
alterum  Cotum,  antiquissima  familia  natum,  atque  ipsum  hominem 
»ummse  potential  et  niagnae  cognationis;-  cujus  frater  Valetiacus 
proximo  anno  eundem  magistratum  gesserit :  civitatem  omnem  esse 
in  amis,  divisum  Senatum,  divisum  populum,  suas  cujusque  eorum 
elientelas.5  Quod  si4  diutius  alatuv  controversia.  fore,  uti  pars  cum 
parte  civitatis  confligat :  id  ne  accidat,  positum  in  ejus  diligentia 
atque  auctoritate.' 

XXXIII.  Caesar  etsi  a  bello  atque  boste  discedere  detrimento- 
8um  esse  existimabat,  tamen,  non  ignorans,  quanta  ex  dissensionibus 
incommoda  oriri  consuessentf  jie  tanta  et  tarn  conjuncta  populo  Ro- 
mano civitas,  quam  ipse  semper  aluisset,  omnibusque  rebus  orn'ass 
ad  vim  atque  ad  arma  descenderet,  atque  ea  pars,  qure  minus  eibi  * 
confideret,  auxilia  a  Vercjngetorige  arcesseret,  buic  rei  prseyerten- 
dum1  existimavit :  et  quod  legibus  iEduoruni  iis,  qui  summum  mag- 
istratum obtinerent,2  excedere  ex  finibus  non  liceret,  ne  quid  de  jure 
aut  de  legibus  eorum  deminuisse  videretur,  ipse  in  ^Eduos  proficisci 
Btatuit,  senatumque  omnem,  et  quos  inter  controversia  esset,  ad  se 
Decetiam  evocavit.  Quum  prope  omnis  civitas  co  convenisset,  doce- 
returque,  paucis  clam  vocatis,  alio  loco,  alio  tempore,  atque  opor- 
tuerit,  fratrem  a  fratre  renunciatum,  quum4  leges  duo  ex  una  fam- 
ilia, vivo  utroque,  non  solum  magistratus  creari  vetarent,  sed  etiam* 


quam  interrogative,    both  sentences 
depending  on  imperat,  and  haying  in 
castra  adduci  velit  for  predicate. 
4.   Quos — conduxerat  is  a  noun    (§129, 
Rem.  2),  connected  by  et  to   numero. 

XXXII.    1.  Sive— posset,    "  (To  see) 

■whether  he  could." 
2.  Rem,  sc.  publicani. 


las,  "That  each  of  thein  had,  &c." 
4.  Quod  si,  lV2\'Rem.  19. 

XXXIII.  1.  Praevertendum,  sc.  ess* 
sibi. 

2.  Obtinerent  is  referred  to  the  langunge 
of  the  laws ;  and  liceret  to  that  of 
Caesar  ;'|2l0»c,  §1.90. 

3.  Atque,  "Than." 


3.  Suas  fcujusque  (§133)  eorum  cliente-!4.  Quum,  "Though." 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS.   I      . 

iii  senatu  esse  probibereut ;  Cotum  iniperium  Heponere  coegit ;  Con- 
viotolitanem,q'ui  per  sacerdotes  more  civitaU$  intertnissis  ipagisl 
tibus,5  esset  creatus,  potestatcm  obtinere  jus>it. 

XXXIV.     Hoc  decreto  interppsito,  cobortatus  JEduos,   ut  con- 
tro'^ersiarura  ao  dissensionum  obliriscerentur,  omnibus  omis- 

ais  I  buio  bollo  servirent,  eaque,  quae  meruissent,  prsemn 

nb  se,  devicta  Gallia,  exspectarcnt,  equitatumque  omnem  ct  peditum 
millia  X  sibj  celeriter  mitterent,  quae  in  praesidiis  rei  frumentatia 
eret,1  exercitum  in  duas  partes  divisit ;  IV  legiones  in 
Senones  Pafisiosque  Labieno  ducendaa  dedit ;  VI  ipse  in  Arvernos 
ad  oppidam  Gergoviam  secundum  flumen  Elaver  duxit ;  equitatu* 
partem  illi  attribuit,  partem  sibi  reliquit.'  Qua  re  cognita,  Vcr- 
dngetorix,  omnibus  interruptis  ejus  fluminis  pontibus,  ab  altera 
Elaveria  parte  iter  facere  coepit. 

XX  XV.     Quum  uterque  utrique  esset  cxercitus  in  conspectu,  l'ere- 

que  e  regione  castris1  castra  poneret,  dispositis  exploratoribus,  necubi 

effecto  ponte  llomani  copias  transducerent,  erat  in  magnis  Ca>ari 

difticultatibus  res,  ne  majorcm  wstatis  partem  flumine  impediretur; 

daod  non  fere  ante  autumnum  Elaver  vado  transiri  solet.     ltaquc, 

ne  id  aceideret,  silTe^iri  looo  castris  positis,  e  regione  unius  .eorum 

pontium,  quos  ^rcingeturix  rescindendos  curavcrat,  postero    die 

II  legionibus  in  occulto  restitit ;  reliquas  copias  cum  omnibus 

imp  s,  ut  consueverat,  misit,  captis  quibusdam  cohortibus,3 

iierus  legion ura   constare  yideretur.     His,  quam  longissimf 

possent,  progredi  juasie,  <|.uum  jam  ex  diei  temper)  conjecturam  cap- 

eret,  ra  perventum,  iisdem  sublicis,  quarum  pars  inferior  in- 

%teg.  11  bat,  pontem   reficer'e  eoepit.     Celeriter  effecto  opere, 

leg:  .i"  transductis,  et  loco  castris  idoneo   delecto,  reliquas 

ivit       Vercingetorix,  re  cognita,  ne  contra  suam  voluu- 

iiicare  cogeretur,  magnis  itineribus  a 

.  V  I.     Caesar  ex  co  loco  quintis  castris1  Gergoviam  pcrvenit, 

die  levi  facto,  perspecto  urbis  situ,  quae,  pos- 

ita  in  altissimo  monte,  omnes  aditus  difficiles  hitbebat,  de  expugna- 


•    I  ibua,    ••  V 
d  vacancy  "'  —  " 
tratt  s  being  diseimi  srr. 

from  ing  In  the   election."      tain  (additional)  cohorts  being  takes 

along."    . 

XX  XI  \ '.     i  .  .0,  a.  tain. 

XXXV    I.  £  i  "/•;  rr-  xx\ 

die.     The  U'>ui»ns  a    camp. 

BtriH-'l  with  the  bui    <•    re-      tverjr  ni 


1G0  Se  BELLO  GALL1CO 

tione  d-esperavit ;  de^Ressione  non  priu:?  agendum  constituit,  quam 
rem  frumentariarn  ^elpedisset.2  At  Vercingetorix,  castris  prope 
oppiduni  in  monto  positis,  mediocribus  circum  se  intervallis  separa- 
tim  singularum  civiil|ium  copias  collocaverat;  atque  omnibus  ejus 
jugi  colKbus  oocupam^qua  despici  poterat,  horri>>il;  ;n  speciem  prae- 
bebat  :3  principesque  earum  civitatium,.  quos  sibi  ad  consilium  cap- 
iendum  delegerat,  prima  luce  quotidie  ad  se  jubebat  convenire,  sen 
quid  communicandum,  seu  quid  administrandum  videretur  :4  nequo 
ullum  fere  diem  intermittebat,quin  equestri  prcolio,  interject ; 
tarns,  quid  in  quoque  esset  animi  ac  virtutis  suorum/'  periclitaretuv. 
Erat  e  regione  oppidi  collis  sub  ipsis  radicibus  montis  egregie  mu- 
nitus,  atque  ex  omni  parte  circumcisus ;  quern  si  tenerent  nostri,  et 
aqua3  magna  parte  et  pabulatione  libera  prohibituri  hostes  videban- 
tur ;  sed°  is  locus  prjesidio  ab  ii's  non  nimis  firmo  tenebatur  :  tauten7 
silentio  noctis  Caesar,  ex  castris  egressus,  prius  quam  subsidio  ex 
oppido  veniri  posset,  dejecto  prresidio  potitus  loco,  duas  ibi  legiones 
collocavit,  fossamque  duplicem  duodenum  pedum  a  majoribus  cas- 
tris ad  minora  perduxit,  ut  tuto  ab  repentino  bostium  incursuetiam 
singuli  commeare  possent. 

XXXVII.  Dum  haec  ad  Gergoviam  geruntur,  Convictolitani,-* 
iEduus,  cui  magistratum  adjudicatum  a  Caesars  demonstravimus, 
sollicitatus  ab  Arvernis  pecunia,  cum  quibusdam  adolescentibas  col- 
loquitur,  quorum  erat  princeps  Litavicus  atque  ejus  fratre,?,  amplis- 
sima  familia  nati  adolescentes.  Cum  iis  prsemium1  commuuicat, 
bortaturque,  '  ut  ye  liberos  et  imperio2  natps  meminerint:  unain 
esse  JEduoruni  civitatem,  quae  certissimam  Galliae  victpriam  dW- 
tineat:;  ejus  auctoritate  reliquas  contineri;  qua  transducta,  locum 
consistendi  Romania  in  Gallia  son  fore  :  esse  nonnullo  se  Caesaris* 
beneficio  affectum,  sic  tamen,3  ut  justissiruam  apud  eum  causani  ob- 
tinuerit ;  sed  plus  communi  libertati  tribuere  :  cur  enim  potius 
iEduide  suo  jure  et  de  legibus  ad  Caesarem  .disceptatorem,  quam 
Romani  ad  iEduos,  veniant?'  Celeriter  adolescentibus  et  uratione 
magistratus  et  praemio  deductis,  quum  se  vel4  principes  ejus  corisilii 

2.  Expedisset,  §206,  b.  XXXVII.  1    Fmmium  inivy  menu  ciih- 


3.  Atque prcebebat  is   coordinate    with- 
collocaverat. 

4.  Seu   quid  —  videretur,     "  (To   see) 
whether  any thing,  &c.;"  i.e.  to  report 


daily  for  orders.  .  2.  Imperio,  §144 


cr  the  prospective  advantage    to 
derived  from   th&»  expulsion   of  th 
Romans  froni  <M fi,    or   money    f\f\ 
nished  by  Vercirfgetorix. 


5.  Suorum  limits  quoque, 

6.  Bed,  i.e.  notwithstanding   its  impor- 
tance. 

7.  Tamen,   t.  e.    notwithstanding     the 
great  strength  of  the  place 


3.  Sic  tamen,' sc.  affectum.  Ileasserts 
that  he  was  under  no  obligation  to 
Ciesar,  having*  only  obtained  his 
manifest  ri^^s  in  the  contest  mth 
Cotus. 

,4.  Vel,  §123,  Rem.  8.  ' 


■     -r 


LIBER  SEPT1   .  lu; 

fore  profiteren^ur,  ratio  perficieudi  qiiaj^ftatur,  quod  civitatem 
tcmere  ad  susoipietidum  liellum  adduci  pdssfwm  conSdebanb.  Pfcft> 
uit,  uti  Litavicus  decern  illis  millibus,  qua;  Ojeeari  ad  belluni  mit- 
terentur,  praeficaretur,  atque  ea  dueenda  curaret,  fratresque  ejus  ad 
Csesarem  pracurrereut.  Reliqua  qua  rationc  agi  plaaeat,  constifc- 
uunt. 

XXXVIII.  Litavicus,  accepto  exercitu,  q'uuin  millia  passuum 
circiter  XXX  ab  Gergo<yia*  abesset,  oonvoeatis  subito  militibus,  lac- 
rimal).-, ''quo  proficischuur,"  inquit,  "milites?  Oninis  noster 
equity uSjjBui is  nobilitas  interiit:  prinoipes  civitatis,  Eporedorix 
et  A  m.s  insimulati  proditionis,  ab  Ptomanis  indicta  causa1 

intcrfectfjsunt.  IJfice  ab  iis  cognoscite,  qui  ex  ipsa  cade  fugerunt : 
nam  mnibus  propinquis  meis  interfectis,  dolore 

probibecr,  qua  ge.sta  sunt,  pronunciare."  Producuntur  ii,  quos 
ille  edapuerat,  qua  dici  vellct ;  atque  eaderu,  quae  Litavicus  pro- 
aunciaVerat,  multitudiui  exponunt:  '  Oinnes  equites  uEduorum  in- 
tferfectoa,  quod  oolloototl3  oum  Arvetnis  diccrentur  ;  ipsos  se  iuter 
vnultitudinem  niilitum  occultasse,  atque  ex  media  cede  profugisse.' 
Oonclamant  ^Edui,  ct  Litavicum,  ut  sibi  consulat,  obsecrant. 
"  Quasi  vero,"3  inquit  ille,  "consilii  sit  res,4  ac  non  necesse  sit  nobis 
Grergoviam  contendere  et  cum  Arvernis  nosmet  conjungere.  An6 
dubuanius,  quin,  nefario  facinorc  admisso,  Roraani  jam  ad  nos  inter- 
ficieudos  concurrant  ?  Proinde,  si  quid  est  in  nobis  animi,  perse- 
quamur  eorum  mortem,  qui  indiguissime  interierunt,  atque  bos  lat- 
mnes  interficiamus."  Ostendit  cives  Ronianoe,  qui  ejus  prassidii 
lidiTci'  una6  erant.  Continuo  magnum  numerum  frumenti  commea- 
t»que  diripit,  ipsos  crudeliter  excruciatos  interficit :  nuncios  tota 
civitato  ^Eduorum  dimittit,  codem  mendacio  do  csede  equitum  et 
Tprincipum  perniovet :  hortatur,  ut  si  mill  ratione  atque  ipse  feceriti, 
Mijurias  persequantur, 

MX.  Eporedorix  JEduur,  summo  loco  natus  adolescens  ei 
Kimmse  domi  potential,  at  una1  Viridomarus  pari  ae'tate  et  gratia, 
.led  genere  dispari,  quern  Casar,  sibi  ab  Divitiaco  traditum,  ex 
humili  loco  ad  sumuiam  dignitatem  pcrduxerat,  in  equitum  numero 
convcnerant,  nomiuatim  ab  eo  cvocati.  His  erat  inter  se  de  princi- 
~  tu  contentio,  et  in  ilia  magistratuum  controvereia  alter  pro  Con- 


001 


fkxVUI.    l.   Indio^  oIuf.i,  "Wil 

shearing."  r.  parte.   "Who  were  with  him 

locuti,  «c.  i  l..y  ,.  i-ir  confidence   in  tins 

S.    Quasi  vtro  refers  to  tlio   words    of   a'      i 

%  a  matter  for  XXXIX.     1.   Ul»,   «r.    parte.     "  With 
il-eration;''  §203iB  |     him,"  literally,  "in  the  eameplac*" 

s 


162  J|E  BELLO  GALLICO 

victolitane,  alter  pro  Mpto  summis  opibus  puguaverant.  Ex  iis 
Eporedorix,  cognito  LiJFrici  consilio,  media  fere  nocte  rem  ad  Cse- 
sarem  defert  ;  oratf  cne  patiatur  civitatem  pravis  adolescentium 
consiliis  ab  amicifcia  populi  Rornani  deficere ;  quod  futurum  provi- 
deat,  si  se  tot  hotninuni  millia  cum  hostibus  conjunxerint,  quorum 
salutem  neque  propinqui2  negligere,  neque  civitas  levi  iriomento3 
gestimare  posset.' 

XL.  Magna  affectus  sollicitudina  hoc  nuncio  Cassar,  quod  sem- 
per iEduorum  civitati  prcecipue  indulserat,  nulla  interposita  dubita- 
tione,  legiones  expeditas  quatuor  equitaturuque  omnem  ex  castna 
educit :  nee  fuit  spatium  tali  tempore  ad  contrahemla1  castra,  quod 
res  posita  in  celeritate  videbatur.  C.  Fabium  legatum  cum  legioni- 
bus  II  castris  prresidio  relinquit.  Fratres  Litavici  quum  compre- 
hendi  jussisset,  paulo  ante  reperit  ad  bostes  profugisse.  Adbortatu^ 
milites,  '  ne  necessario  tempore  itineris  labore  permoveantur,  cupi-' 
dissimis  omnibus,  progressus  millia  passuum  XXV,  agmen  iEduo- 
rum  conspicatus,  immisso  equitatu,  iter.eorum  moratur  atque  im- 
pedit,  nterdicitque  omnibus,  ne  quemquam  interficiant.  Eporedor- 
igeni  et  Viridomarum,  quos  illi  interfectos  existimabant,  inter 
equites  versari  suosque  appellare  jubet.  lis  cognitis,  et  Litavici 
fraude  perspecta,  iEdui  nianus  tendere  et  deditionem  significare  et, 
projectis  armis,  mortem  deprecari  incipiunt.  Litavious  cum  suis 
clientibus,2  quibus  nefas  more  Gallorum  est  etiam  in  extrema  for- 
tuna  deserere  patronos,  Gergoviam  profugit. 

XLI.  Caesar,  nunciis  ad  civitatem  iEduorum  missis,  qui  suo  ben- 
eficio  conservatos1  docerent,  quos  jure  belli  interficere  potuisset, 
tribusque  boris  noctis  exercitui  ad  quietem  datis,  castra  ad  Gergov- 
iam movit.  Medio  fete  itinere  equites,  a  Fabio  missi,  quanto  res 
in  periculo  fuerit,  exponunt ;  summis  copiis  castra  oppugnata  de- 
monstrant ;  quum  crebro  integri  defessis  succederent;  nostrosque 
assiduo  labore  defatigarent,  quibus2  propter  magnitudinem  castro- 
rum  perpetuo  esset  eisdem3  in  vallo  permanendum ;  multitudine 
sagittarum,  atque  omnis  generis  telorum  multos  vulneratos ;  ad  haec 
sustinenda  magno  usui  fuisse  tormenta  ;  Fabium  discessu  eorum,4 
duabus  relictis  portis,  obstruere  ceterns,  plutepsque  vallo  addere,  et 

2.  Propinqui,  sc.  possent  from   possetl     subject  is  quosvotuisset. 
'below.  2-  Quibus,.  $l4ft., 

3.  Levi  inomento,  se.  rem.  3.   Eisdem    limits     quibus.     "  Withou 


XL.  1.  Contrahenda,  i.e.    so  as  to  suit 
the  diminished  number  of  defenders. 
2.  Clientibus,  t'.e.  solduriis. 

XLI.    1.  Conservatos,   ac.    esse.     The 


being  relieved^"     Their  number  wac 
so  small,  and  the  camp  so  large,  thai 
the  same  men  had  to   be   constantly 
on  duty.    . 
Eorum,  i.^ythe*  Gauls. 


Eft  SEPTIMI^  168 

se  in  posterum  diem  shnilem  ad  casum'pjy^ire.'     His  rebus  cognifcie, 
Caesar  Bummo  studio  militum  ante  ortunijfolis  in  castra  pervenir. 

XLII.  Dura  hac  ad  Gergovium  geruntur,  ^Edui,  primis  nunciis 
ab  Litavico  acceptis,  nullum  sibi  ad  cognoscendttm  spatium  relinqu- 
unt.  Impellit  alios  avaritia,  alios  iracundia  et  Ben&ritas,  qua  niax- 
irac  illi  hominum  generi1  est  innata,  ut  levem  auditionein  habeant 
pro  re  coniperta.  Bona  eiviuni  Honianorum  diripiunt,  erodes  faoi- 
unt,in  servitutein  abstrahunt.  Adjuvat  rem  proclinatam  Convictod- 
itanis,  plebeinque  ad  furorem  impellit,  ut,  facinore  aduiisso,  ad 
s'anitatem  pudcat'-'  reverti.  M.  Aristinm  tribunum  militum,  iter  ad 
legibixun  faeientei;i.  data  fide  ex  oppido  Cabillono  educurit  :  idem 
i'acere  cogunt  eos,  qui  negotiandi  causa  ibi  constiteraut.  Hos  con- 
tinuo  in  itinere  adorti,  omnibus  impedimentis  exmnit  ;  repugnantes 
diem  noctemque  obsident ;  mult  is  utrinque  interfictis,  majorem 
multitudiuem  ad  arma  concitant.    . 

XLIII.  Interim  nuncio  allate*'  omnes  eorum  milites  in  potentate 
Casaris  teneri,'  concurrunt  ad  Aristium  :  nihil  publico  factum  con- 
silio  demonstrant :,  quastionem  de*  bonis  direptis  decevnunt  :  Lita- 
vici  fratrumque  bona  publican  t  :  legatos  ad  Ca-sareni  siy  purgandi 
gratia  n.ittunt.  ITac  faciunt  recuperandcrum  suorum  causa:  sed 
contamiuati  racinore,  et  capti  compendio1  ex  direptis  bonis,  quod  ea 
res  ad  multos  pertiuebat,  et  timore  poena  exterriti,  concilia  clam  de 
bello  inire  ineipiunt,  civitatesque  reliquas  legationibus  sollicitant. 
Qua  tametsi  Casar  intelligebat,  tamen,  quam  mitissime  potest, 
legatos  appellat :  '  Nihil  sti  propter  inscientiam  levitatemque  vulgi 
gravius  de  oivitate  judicare,  neque  de  sua  in  vEduos  benevolentia. 
deminuere.'  Ipse, majorem  Gallia  motum  exspectans,  ne  ab  omnibus 
oifttatibm  circumsisteretur,  consilia  inibat,  quemadmodum  ab  <i<r- 
govia  disccderet,  ac  rursus  omnem  cxercitum  eontraherrt  ;  ne  pro- 
fectio,  nafa  ab  timore  defectionis,  similis  (u^a  videretur. 

XLIV.  Hac  cogitanti  acciderc  visa,  cstrfacultas  bene  gerenda 
rei.     Nam  quum  minora  in  castra  operis  pefspiciendi  (  set, 

animadvertit  collem,  qui  ab  hostibus  tencbatur,  nudatum  hominibus. 
qui  superioribus  diebua  vix  pra  multitudinc  cerni  poteral  A  - 
miratus  qriarit  ex  perfugis  causam,  quorum  magnus  ad  eum  quot- 
idie  numerus  confluebat.  Constabat  inter  omnes,  quod1  jam  ipse 
Jar  per   exploratons   cognoverat,   dorsum   esse   ejus  jugi   pr<q>e 


XLII.    ] .  .Illi  generi,  Ae.  Gallia.  |     the    plundered    good*."    -winch,    if 

2.  Pudcat,  tr  peace  were  made,  mum  I 

XLIII.   1.  Capti  tfompendio,  &o.,"Ca]    XLIV.  1.   QiM  reftrs  to  tbefoun-a«n< 
tlvaled  by  the  gain  to  l>c  eaved  from!     tence  following. 


164  1)E  BELLO'GALLK'O 

ajquum,  sed  hac2  silvestre  et  angustum,  qua  esset  aditus  ad  alteram 
oppidi  partem  :  huic  loco  vehenienter  illo.s  timere,  nee  jam  aliter 
sentire,3  uuo  colle  ab  Rornanis  occupato,  si  alterum  amisissent,  quin 
prone  circumvallati  atque  omni  exitu  et  pabulatione  interclusi  vide- 
rentur :  ad  hunc  rauniendum  locum  omnes  a  Vercingetorige  evocatos. 

XLV.  Hac  re  cognita,  Coosar  mittit  complures  equitum  turmais 
eo  de  media  nocte  :  iis  imperat,  ut  paulo  tumultuosius  omnibus  in 
locis  p.ervagarentur.  Prima  luce  magnum  numerum  impedimento- 
rum1  ex  castris  mulorumque  produci,  eque  iis  stramenta  detraBfeL 
mulionesque  cum  eassidibus,  equitum  specie  ac  simulatione,  oolli^Uw! 
circumvebi  jubet.  His  paucos  addit  equites,  qui  latius  ostentationis 
causa  vagarentur.  Longo  circuitu  easdem  omnes  jubet  petere  re-  % 
giones.x  HaBC  procul  ex*  oppido  yidebantur,  ut  erat  a  Grergovia  de- 
spectus  in  castra;  neque  tanto  spatio,2  certi3  q*uid  esset,  explorari 
poterat.  Legionem  unam  eodem  jugo4  mittit,  et  paulo  progressam 
inferiore  constituit  loco,  silvisque  occultat-.  Augetur  Gallis  sus- 
picio,  atque  omnes  illo  ad  munitionem  copire  transducuntur.  Vacua 
castra  bostium  Cresar  conspicatus,  tectis  insignibus  suorum,  oeculta- 
tisque  siguis  militaribus,  raros  milites^  ne  ex  oppido  animadverte- 
rentur,  ex  majoribus  castris  in  minora  transdueit,  legatisque,  quos 
singulis  legionibus  proefecerat,  quid  fieri  velit,  ostendit:  in  primis 
'  monet,  ut  contineant  milites,  ne  studio  pugnandi  aut  spe  praedas 
longius  progrediantur :  quid  iniquitas  loci  babeat  incommodi,  pro- 
ponit :  '  hoc  una  celeritate  posse  vitari :  occasionis5  esse  rem,  non 
proelii.'  His  rebus  expositis,-signum  dat,  et  ab  dextera  parte  alio  ' 
ascensu  eodem  tempore  iEduos  mittit. 

XLVI.  Oppidi  murus  ab  planitie  atque  initio  ascensus,  recta 
regione,  si  nullus  anfractus  intercede'rct,  MCC  passus  aberat:  quid- 
quid  buic  circuitus1  ad  molliendum  clivum  accesserat,  id  spatium 
itineris  augebat  A  medio  fere  colle  in  longitudinem,  ut  uatura 
montis  ferebat,  ex  grandibus  saxis  sex  pedum  murum,  qui  nostrorum 
impetum  tardaret,  praaduxerant  (xalli,  atque,  inferiore  omni  spatio 
vacuo  relicto,  superiorem  partem  collis  usque  ad  murum  oppidi  den- 
sissimis  oastris  compleverant.  Milites,  dato  signo,  celeriter  ad  mu- 
nitionem perveniunt,  eamque  transgressi,  trinis  castris2  potiuntur. 


2.  Hac,  sc.  parte.  I     like  nullo  for  nuUi. 

3.  Aliter  seutire=dubitare.  5.   Occasionis,  £13$.     "That  the  thing 

.     depended  on  luck,  not  on   fighting." 
XLV.     1.  Impedimentorum=jumento-| 
rum.  IXLVI.  1.  Circuitus,  {134. 

2.  Tanto  spatio,  $186, Rem.  1.  2.  Trinis  castris,^  "  A  triple  camp." — 

3.  Cer'ti,  §134,  Rem.  1.  The  Gauls  had  encamped  separately, 

4.  Eodem  jugo.  Eodem  is  an  old  dative,!     by  states.  Seech.  XXXVI. 


LIBER  SEPTIIICS.  165 

. 

Ac  tanta  fait  in  capier.dis  castris  celeritas,  ut  Teutomatus,  vox  Ni- 
tiobrigum,  subito  in  tabernaculo  oppressus,  ut  merwie  conquieverat, 
superiore  corpori  .data,  vulnerato  equo,  vix  se  ex  manibui 

praedantium  militum  eriperet.  , 

XLVII.     Conswutus  id,  quod  animo  proposucrat,  Crcsar  rcceptui 

ni]  ju.isit,  legionisque  deoimse,  qua  turn  erat  comitatus, aigna  con- 

A;  reliquarum  milites  legionuni,  uon  exaudito  tubce  sono, 

* Jflpod  satis  magna  valles  intercedebat,  tanien  ab  tribunis  n)ilitum 

^^Htisque,  ut  it;  re  pncccptum,  retinebantur  :  sed  elati  spe 

;  fuga  super io rumque  temporum  seeundis 

pi  Inum  sibi  existimabant,  quod  non  vjrtute  con- 

s'equi  posaenl  ;:  a  que  prius  finem  sequendi  fecerunt, quam muro op- 

li  portisqu  .  iuquareut .3     Tuin  vero  ex  omnibus  urbis  par-' 

tibus  orto  clamoro,  qui  longius  aberant,  repentino  tunaultu  perterri- 

ti,  quuui  hostem  intra  porl  existimarent,  sese  cxoppido  ejece- 

runt.     Matres  familiae  do  muro  vestein  argentumque  jactabant,  et 

pectoris  fiuc  prom  tribus  obtestabantur  Romano s,  ut 

^ibi  parcerent,  neu,  sicut  Avaijhn  fecissent,  ne  ruulioribus  quidem 

atque  infantibua  abstiaerent.     Nonnullre,  de.  muris  per  manus  de- 

militibus  tradebant.     L.  Fabius,  centurio  legionis  VIII, 

quern  inter  suos  eo  die  dixisse  constabat.  'exeitari  se  Avaricensibus 

praemiis,4  aeque  coinmissuruni,  ut  prius  quisquara  inururu  ascende- 

ret,'  tro6  ictus  manipulares,  atque  ab  iis  sublcvatus,  tnurum 

Ipse  rursus  singulos  exceptans,  in  murum  extulit. 

XLVIII.      [nterim  ii,  qui  ad 'alteram  partem  oppidi,  ut  supra 

corivflnerant,  primo  exaudito  c*ln- 
rhore,  in  :rebris  nu   ciia  incitati,  oppidumab  !.' 

uitibus,  n  bcursu  eo  eontenderunt.     Eo 

■lurtqac  primus  venerat,  sub  mu£p  consistebat,  suorumque  pug- 

Dtiuin  numeruijj  augebat.  ■  Quorum  quum  magna  multitudo  con- 

.  matres  familiae,  quae  paulo  ante  Komanis  de  muro  manus 

tendebant,  suos  obtest  ire  Gallico  paasum  capillum  ostentare 

libarosjue  in  conspectuui  proferre  cceperunt.     Erat   Romani 

•  nee  numcro  aqua   contcntio  :  simul  et  cursu  et   spatio3  pugnpe 

-  sustinebant. 
XLIX.     (';:   at  A  ■  i  rjugnari,  hostiumque  augeri  co. 

.  ad  T.  Sextiuna  legatuin,  quern  minor- 
mi,    '•  That  tno  i-ignal  red  at  Araricum 
tui,  £144.                              XXV1L 

The  intention    ■;  -  XLVIII.   l.   OppidwnUnet  ion 

1)  i'd  to.  nunciia. 

ralfcen»ibua    prrcmii;",    "  Spatio,  "Durat 


1G6  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

ibus  castris  pravsidio  celiquerat,  mittit,  ut  cobortes  ex  castris  celcri-    j 
ter  cduceret,  et  sub  ipfimo  colle  ab  dextro  latere  bostium  constituo- 
ret :  ut,  si  nostros  demxlsos  loco  vidisset,  quo  minus  liberc  bostc-r- 
in.sequerer.tur,1  terreret.     Ipse  paulura  ex  eo  loco  cum  legioue  pro- 
gressus,  ubi  constiterat^evontum  pugnae  exspeetabat. 

L.   ' Quum'-acerrirne  e.:»miuus  pugnaretur,  bostes  loco  et  uuvnero, 
nostri  virtutc  connderent ;  subito  sunt  iEdui  yisi,  ab  lat<_  r 
BtpertO,  quos  Ca?sar  ab  dextra  parte  alio  ascensu  niarius  distinct: 

causa  mlserat.     Hi  similitudine  armoruui  vebementer  nostras   j 

... 
terruer'uut :  ac,  tametsi  dextris  bumeris  exsertis  auiniadvertebantur, 

.  ...  • 

quod  insigne  pacatis  esse  consuerat,  tamen  id  ipsum  sui  fallendi  cau- 
sa milites  ab  bostibus  factum  existimabant.     Eodem  tempore  L.  1 
bius  centuric^uique  una  murum  ascouderant,  circuriiventi  atque  in- 
terfecti  de  muro  praeipitantur.  '  M.  Petreius,  ejusdeiulegionis  cen» 
turio,  quum  portas  excidere  conatus  esset,  a  multitudine  oppressus, 
ac  sibi  desperans,  multis  jam  vulneribus  acceptis,  manipularibms 
auis,  qui  ilium  secuti  erant,  "quoniani,"  inquit,  "me  una  vobiscuin  ■ 
servare  non  possum,  restraj  quidem  certe  vita)  prospiciam,  quos  i 
piditate  gloria}  adductus  in  periculum  deduxi.     Vos,  data  facilitate, 
vobis  consulite."     Simul  in  medioa  bostes  irrupit,  duobusque  iutei- 
fectis,  reliquos  a  porta  paulum  submovit.    Conantibus:  auxiliari  suis, 
"frustra,"  inquit,  "meae  vita)  subvenireconamini,  quems  jam  sanguis 
viresque  deficiunt.     Proinde  hinc  abite,  dum  est  facultas,  vosquc  ad 
legionem  recipite."     Ita  pugnans,  post  paulum  coucidit,  lac  suia  sal- 
uti  fait. 

LT.     Nostri  quum  undique   prewerentur,   XLVI  centurionibi 
amissis,  dejecti  sunt  loco  :  sed  intolcrantius  Gallos  insequentes  I< 
X  tardavit,  qua3  pro  subsidio  paulo  a;  quip  re  loco  constiterat, 
rursus  XIII  legionis  cobortes  exceperunt,  qua?,  ex  castris  n 1 1  ■  ■ 
educta?,  cum  T.  Sextio  legato  ceperant1  locum  siijtariorem.     Legio* 
nes,  ubi  primum  planitiem  attigerunt,  infestis  contra  bostes  signi* 
constiterunt.    Vercingetorix  ab  radicibus  collis  suos  intra  raunitioues 
reduxit.     Eo  die  milites  sunt  paulo  minus  DCC  desiderati. 

LII.     Postero  die  Caesar,  concione  advocata,  temeritatem  cupidi- 
tatemque"1  militum  reprebendit,    'quod  sibi  ipsi  judicavissent,  quo 
procedendum  aut  quid  agendum  videretur,  nape  siguo  reeipiei. 
dato  constitissent,  neque  ab  tribunia  militum  legatisque  retineri  pot- 

-~~. b, — » — —9-.-.^*, 


XLIX.   1.   Insequurfcntur,  §{"93,  Rem. 5; 
terteret=deterrerrt. 

L.   1.  Nostrig,  §142.  Rem.  3. 

-.   JSSanus  distinenda),  see  cii.  XLV. 


3.  Quern.  $  129.  Rem.  7. 

LI.   1.  Ceperant,  see  ch.  XLIX. 

LII.   1.  Cupiditatem,  sr.  insdpend:,       hd 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS.  167 

Dissent :'  exposito,2  'quid3  iniquitas  loci  posset,  quid  ipse  ad  Avari- 
ruv.i  sensiaaetj  quum,  sine  duce  et  sine  cquitutu  deprebensis  bostibus, 
exploratam  victoriam  dimisisset,  ne  parvum  jpodo  detrimentum  in 
contentione  propter  Iniquitatcm  loci  aecideret.  Quauto  operc  eorum 
animi  magnitude  nem  admiraretur,  quos  non  castrttrum  muniti 
non  altitudo  mentis, non  murus  oppidi  tardare  operc 

liccntiam  arrogafttiauique  reprehendefe,  quod  quam impcra- 

in,  da  victoria  atque  exitu  rerum  sentire  rent;  nee  mi- 

ftus  sc  in  milite  modestiam   et   continentiam,  quam  virtuteni  atque 
-  i mi  magnitudineru  desiderare  ' 

MIL     Hac  babita  cMiicionc,  et  ad  extremum  oratione  oonfirmatis, 
cailitibu%,  'ne  ob  banc  ca,usam  anim©  p;  ntur,  neu,  quod  in- 

iquitas loci  attuli.-.-  •:,  id  virtuti  bestium  tribi  ;  *  eadem  do  pro- 

tione1  cogitan.-,  quae  ante  ?euser$t,  legione?  is  rduxit, 

aeiemque  idone  1  "ituit.     Qumu   Vei  ix  l.ibilo  ma- 

2  in  rrquum  locum  descenderet,  levi  proelio  atqui 

jecundo,  in  e;:stra  exercitum  reduxit.3     Quuni  idem  postcro 

.  satis  ad  Gallicam  bstentationeni  ndam   ::ii', 

qtfe^inimos  confirmandos  faotumtexistimans,  in    S  I 
^fe  tuin  quidem  insecutis  bostibus,  tertu»  die  ad  tiumei 
.  :tque  exercitum  transduxit. 
JAY.     Ibi  a  Viridomaro  atque  Eporedorige    .Eduis  appell 
discit  cum  omni  cquitatu  Litavicum  ad  sollicitandos  /Eduos  profee- 
tum  esse:  opus  esse  et  ipsos  prsecedere  ad  confirmandain  o i v i t : ' 

ulti.s  jam  rebus  perfidiam  ./Eduorum  perspectam  babebat,  at- 
iruni  disccssu  admaturari  defectionem  civitatis  existitii 
tamen  •  ndoB  non  censuit,  ne  aut  iuferre  injuriam  viderctur, 

j  .  &ut  dare  timoris  aliquam  suspicionem.  JDiseedentibus  bis  breviter 
sua*inflpEduos  merita  exponit :  'Quo*  et  quam  humilea  accepisset,1 
in  oppida,  multatos  agris,  omnibus  ereptis  copiis,  iin- 
posito  stipendio,  obsidibus  sumrua  cum  contumelia  extortis  ;  et  quam 
in  fortuuam  quamque  in  amplitudinem  deduxisset,  ut  non  solum  in 
pritrtinuin  statum  redi-  omnium  temporum  dignitatem  et  gra- 

tiam  anl  rentur,1     His  datis  mandatis,  eos  ab  se  diinisit. 

LV.     Noviodunum  crat  opptdum  Jvluorum,  ad  ripas  Ligeris  op- 
portune loco  positwn.     Hue  Cftsar  omm  (Jalliae,  frumen- 

Ji  

-(',.  The  mi h  I  •"..   Redaxi*  ic.  Caesar. 


in  sentence  follow 


T.  Quid,  §150,  Rem.  2.  iL.IV.     1.  Quo*  et  quam  humiles  nccep- 

f  Who,  and  liow  humble  they 

I.    Dc  profectione,  i-ce  ch.XI-III.       were  whin  he  em"  to 

2    Nirnlo  magis,    i.e.    thnn  he  hud  for-'     his     prol  and    hvmilu 

mcnly  done.  ]     agreo  with  tot  understood,  and  limit 

!     acctpiuet. 


168  ■DE.'BELLO  GALL1CO  I 

■    ■« 
turn,  pecuniam  publica^o,  euorutn  atque  exercitus  imped  imcntoruin 

lnaguam  partem  contulerat :  hue  magnum  numerum  equorum,  bujus 

belli  causa  in  Italia  atfcne  Hispania  coemptum,  miserat.     Eo  quum 

Eporedorix  Yiridomaafeque  veniascn't,  et  de    statu   civitatis  eogno- 

vissent,  Litavicum  Bibfacte1  ab  JEduis  receptum,  quod  est  oppidum 

apud  cos  rnaximrc  auctoritatis,  Convictolitaneni  magistratum  ruag- 

namque  partem  ^en'atus  ad  eum  convenisse,  legates  ad  Vercingetor- 

igem  de  pace  et  amicitia  concilianda  publiee  rnissos ;  non  praeter- 

mittenduns  tantum  coninaodumexistimaverunt.     Itaque,  interfecti^ 

NoYioduni  custodibus,  quique  eo  negotiandi  aut  itineris2  causa  con- 

venerant,  pecuniam  at^ue  equos  inter  se  partiti  sunt ;  obsides  civi- 

tatum  Bibracte  ad  magistratum  deducendos  curaverunt ;  oppidum, 

quod  ab  se  teneri  non  posse  judicabnnt,  ne  cui  esset  usui  Ronianis, 

incenderunt ;  frumenti  quod3  subito  potuerunt,  navibus  avexerunt, 

reliquum  flumine  atque  incendio  corruperunt ;  ipsi  ex  finitimis  re- 

gionibus  copias  eogcre,  prassidia  custodiasque  ad  ripas  Ligeris  dis- 

ponere,  equitatumque  omnibus  locis,'injiciendi  timoris  causa,  osten- 

tarc  cceperunt,  si  ab  re  frumentaria  Romanes  excludere,  [aut  adduc- 

tos  iciopia  ex  pr.ovincia  excludere*  ]  possent.     Quam  ad  spem  niul- 

tum  eos  adjuvabat,  quod  Liger  ex  nivibus  creverat,  ut  omnino  vado 

non  pdsse  transiri  videretur. 

LVI.     Quibus  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  maturandum  sibi  censuit,  si 

csset  in  perficiendis  pontibus  periclitandum,  ut  prius,  quam  essent 

majores  eo  coactrc  copioo,  dimicaret.     Nam  -ut  commutato  con 

iter  in  provinciam  converterct,1  (ut2  nemo  non  tunc  quidem 

sario  faciendum  existimabat,)  quum3-  infamia  atque  indignit: 

et  oppositus  mons  Cevenna  viarumque  difficultas  impediebat,  tun; 

maxime,  quod  abjuncto  Labieno4  atque  iis  legionibus,  t^gas  una 

miserat,   vehementqj   tfrnebat.     Itaque,  admodum   magnis  diufni; 

atque  nocturnis  itineribjis  confeotis,  contra  omnira  opinionem  ad 

Ligerim  pervenit;  vadoque  per  equites  invento,  pro5  rei  necessitate 

opportune,  ut  brachia  modo  atque  humeri  ad  sustinenda  arma  liberi 

ab  aqua  esse  possent,  disposito  cquitatu,  qui  vim  fluminis  refrin- 

geret,  atque  hostibus  primo  aspectu  perturbatis,  incolumem  exerci- 


LV.  1.  Bibracte,  §166. 

2.  Itineris,  i.e.  had  stopped  there  on  a 
journey. 

3.  Frumenti  (§134)  quod  potuerunt  is 
direct,  object  of  avexerunt. 

4.  Aut  adductos  inopia  ex  provincia 
excludere,  "Or  cut  theia  off  from  the 
province  when  induced  by  want  of 
provisions  (to  march  thither)."  This 


is  most  probjMy  an  interpolation. 


prob^y 


LVI.  1.  Ut  convtrt.eret  is  the  object  of 
impediebat.  Observe  the  use  of  ut  for 
quominus, — a  rare  construction. 

2?  Ut,  "Which." 

3.  Quum,  "Not  only.'' 

4.  Labieno,  $142. 

5.  Pro,  "Considering." 


* 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS^  169 

turn  transduxit  :  frumenturaque  in  agris  cli  .copiana  pecoris  nactus, 
repleto  lis  rebus  exercitu,  iter  in  Senonas  facere  instituit. 

LVII.  Dura  haec  apud  Caesareai  geruntur,  Labienus  eo  supplo- 
niento,  quod  nup«rvcx  Italia  venerat,  relicto  Agendici,  ut  esset  im- 
pedimentis  praesidio,  cum  quatuor  legionib^a  Lutetiam  proficiscitur. 
Id  est  oppidum  Parisiorum,  positum  in  insula  tluuiinis  Sequanae. 
Cuju,s  adventu  ab  hostibu*  cognito,  magnae  ex  finitimi8  civitatibus 
copiae  convenerunt.  Suniraa  imperii  traditur  Camulogeno  Aulerco, 
qui,  prope  confectus  aetate,  tamen  propter  singularem  scientiam  rei 
militaris  ad  eum  est  lionorem  cvocatus.  Is  quum  animadvertisset% 
perpetuam  e?*e  paludera,  qua?  influeret  in  Sequanani,  atque  ilium 
omnem  locum  maguopere  impediret,  hie  cortsedit,  nostrosque  trans- 
itu prohibere  instituit. 

LVIII.  Labienus  primo  vineas  agere,  cratibus  atque  aggere  palu- 
dera explere  atque  iter  raunire  conabatuv.  Postquam  id  difficiliug 
confieri  animadvertit,  silentio  e  castris  tertia  vigilia  egressus,  eodem, 
quo  renerat,  itinere  Melodunum  pervenit.  Id  est  oppidum  Seno- 
num,  in  insula  Sequanae  positum,  ut  paulo  ante  Lutetiam1  diximus. 
Deprehensis  navibus  circiter  L,  celeriterque  conjunctis,  atque  eo 
inilitibus  irapositis,  et  rei  novitate  perterritis  o;>pidanis,  quorum 
magna  pars  erat  ad  belluna  evocata,  sine  contentione  oppido  potitur. 
Refecto  ponte,  quem  superioribus  diebus  hoates  resciderant,  exerci- 
tum  transducit,  et  secundo  flumine  ad  Lxitetiam  iter  facere  cocpit. 
Hostes,  re  cognita  ab  iis,  qui  a  Meloduno  profugerant,  Lutetiam  in- 
dunt,  pontesque  ejus  oppidi  rescindi  jubent:  ipsi  profecti  a 
de,  in  ripis  Sequanae,  e  regione  Lutetiae,  contra  Labieni  castra 
uut. 

Jam  Caesar  a  Gergovia  discessisse  audiebatur:  jam  de 
3Ed\^um  defectione  et  secundo1  Galliae  motu  rumores  affcreban- 
tur,2  Gallique  in  colloquiis,  '  interclusum  itinere  et  Ligeri  Cassarem, 
mnjiia  frumentrcoactum,  in  provinciam  oontendisse  '  confirmabant. 
Hel lovaci  autem,  defectione  iEduoruni  cognita,  qui  ante  crant  per 
se  infideles,  manus  cogere  atque  aperte  bellum  parare  coeperunt. 
Turn  Labienus,  tanta  rcrum  commutatione,  longe  aliud  sibi  capien- 
dum  consilium,  atque  antea  senserat,  intelligebat  :  neque  jam,  ut 
aliquid  acquireret,  prcjclioque  hostcs  lacesseret,  sed  ut  incoLuniem 
exercitum  Agentifleuni  reduceret,  cogitabat.  Namque  altera  ex  parte 
Bellovaci,  quae  crvitas  in  Gallia  maximam  habct  opinionem  virtutis, 
instabant;  alteram  Camulogenus  parato  atque  instructo  exercitu 
tenebat :  turn  legiones,  a  praesidio  atque  impedimentia  interclusas 

i.VITI.     1.  Lateti&m,  tc.  esse  positam.  !LIX    1.  Secundo,  "Successful." 

'     \fferebantur,  §95,  Rem.  4,  c. 

O 


170  ;Mfc  BELLO  GALLIC!) 

maximum  flumes,  (li.-tineoat.     Tantia  subito  difficultatibus  objectis, 
ab  animi  virtute  auxiltum  petendum  videbat. 

LX.  Itaque  sub  vesperum  cousilio  convocato,  coliortatus,  ut  ea, 
quas  imperasset,  diligenter  industrieque  adniinistrarent,  naves,  quas 
a  Meloduno  deduxerat,  singulas  equitibus  Romania  attribuit,  et 
prima  confecta  vigilia,  quatuor  millia  passuum  secundo  flumine  pro- 
gredi  silentio,  ibique  se  exspectari  jubet.  Quinque  cohortes,  quas 
rainime  firmas  ad  dimicandum  esse  existimabat,  castris  praesidio  re- 
linquit:  quinque  ejusdem  legionis  reliquas  dcmedia  nocte  cum  om- 
jiibus  impediments  adverso  flumine  magno  tumultu  proficisci  im- 
perat.  Conquirit  etiam  lintres.  Has,  magno  sonitu  remorum  in- 
citatas,  in  eandem  partem  mittit.  Ipse  postpmulo,  silentio  egressus, 
cum  tribus  legionibus  eum  locum  petit,  quo  naves  appelli  jusserat. 

LXI.  Eo  quum  esset  ventum,  exploratores  hostium,  ut  omni  flu- 
minis  parte  erant  dispositi,  inopinantes,  quod  magna  subito  erat 
coorta  tempestas,  ab  nostris  opprimuntur :  exercitus  equitatusque, 
equitibus  Romania  administrantibus,  quos  ei  negotio  praafecerat, 
eeleriter  transmittitur.  Uno  fere  tempore  sub  lucem  bostibus  nun- 
ciatur,  in  castris  Romanorum  praeter  consuetudingm  tumultuari,1 
et  magnum  ire  agmen  adverso  flumine,  sonitumque  reniorqm  in  ea- 
dem  parte  exaudiri,  et  paulo  infra  milites  navibus  transportari. 
Quibus  rebus  auditis,  quod  existimabant  tribus  locis  transire  legio- 
nes,  atque  omnes,  perturbatos  defectione  ^Eduorum,  fugam  parare, 
suas  quoque  copias  in  tres  partes  distribuerunt.  Nam,  et  prsesidio 
e  regione  castrorum  relicto,  efc^arva  manu  Metiosedum  versus  niissa, 
quae  tantum2  progrederetur,3  quantum  naves  processissent,  reliquas 
copias  contra  Labienum  duxerunt. 

LXIL  Prima  luce  et  nostri  omnes  erant  transportati,  et  hostium 
acies  cernebatur.  Labienus,  milites  cohortatus,  *  ut  suae  pristinae 
virtutis  et  tot  secundissimorum  proeliorum  memoriam  retinerent, 
atque  ipsum  Caesarem,  cujus  ductu  saepenumero  hostes  superassent, 
praesentem  adesse  existimarent,'  dat  signum  proelii.  Primo  con- 
cursu  ab  dextro  cornu,  ubi  eeptima  legio  constiterat,  hostes  pellun- 
tur,  atque  in  fugam  conjiciuntur :  ab  sinistro,  quern  locum  duodec- 
ima  -legio  tenebat,  quum  primi  ordines  hostium  transfixi  pilis  oonci- 
dissent,  tamen  acerrime  reliqui  resistebant,  nec^abat  suspicionem 
fugoe  quisquam.  Ipse  dux  hostium  CamulogeninrBuis  aderat,  atque 
eos  cohortabatur.  At,  incerto  etiam  nunc  exitu^  victorias,  quum 
septimse  legionis  tribunis  eiset  nunciatum,  quas  in  sinistro  cornu 
gererentur,  post  tergum  hostium  legionem  ostenderunt,  signaque  in- 

. ■ — — — <j^ 

LXI.  1.   Tumultuari  is  impersonal  andj2.  Tantum,  §150,  Rem.  3. 

passiTe.  |8.  Progrederetur,  {210,  a. 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS^,  '  17! 

feulepunt.  Ne  eo  quidem  tempore  quisquam  loco  ces.^it,  sed  circum- 
venti  o nines  interfectique  sunt.  Eaudem  tortunam  tulit  Canaulo- 
ius.  At  ii,  qui  prseaidip  contra  castra  Labieni  erant  relicti,quutn 
proBlium  comm.tsisum.audissent,  subsidio  aula  ierunt^  colletnque  cepe- 
runt,  neque  noat.ro rum  milltum  victorum  inipetum  sustinere  potue- 
runt.  Sic,  cum  suis  fugicntibus  permixti,  quos1  non  silvac  montes- 
que  texerunt,  ab  equitatu  sunt  iuterfepti.  Hoc  negotio  confccto, 
Labienus  revertitur  Agehdicuni,  ubi-  impedimenta  totius  excrcitu- 
Yeliota  crant.     Indo  cum  omnibus  copiia  ad  CsDsarcm  pcrvcnit. 

EiX.HI.  Defectione  JSduo'ruui  cqgnita,  bellum'  augetur.  Lnga- 
itiones  in  omnes  parte-*  circummittuntur  :l  quantum2  gratia,  auctor- 
itate,  pecunia  valcut,  ad  sollicitandas  civitates  nituntur.  Nacti  ob- 
sides,  (juos  Caesar  apud  eos  depoMierat,'  borum  supplicio  dubitantes 
territant.  Petunt  a  Veroingetorige  iEdui,  ad  se  veniat,4  rationcs- 
i|ue  belli  gerendi  conimunicet.  lie  impetrata  contendunt,  ut  ipsis 
summa  imperii  tradatur  :  et,  re  in  controversiam  deducta,  totius 
concilium  Bibracte  iudicitur.     Eodem  conveniunt  undique 

luentes.     Multitudini's  suffragiis  res  permittitur  :  ad   unum 
0C8  Vercingetorigem  probant  imperatorem.     Ab  boc  concilio  Remi, 
Li...  Previri   abfueruut:    illi,   quod   amicitiam   Romariorum 

sequebantur;  Treviri,.quod  aberant  longius,  et  ab  Germanis  preme- 
bantur  :  quae  fuit  causa,  quare  toto  abessent  bello,  et  neutris  auxilia 
mitterent.  '  Magnp  dolore  /Edui  ferunt  se  dejectos  principatu  ;  que- 
njntur  fortun®  obmmu'tationem,  «t  Cflesaris  indulgentiam  in  se  re- 
quirunt;  neque  tamen,  suscepto  bello,  suum  consilium  ab   reli<].ii 

;:inre  audent.     Inviti  sumniio  spei  adolesccntes,   Eporedorix  et 
Viridomarus,  Vercinget<frigi  parent. 

[V.     Ille  imperatjeliquis  civitatibus  obsides:  denique  ei  rei 
oonstituit  diem  :  hue  omnes  dquites,  XV  millia  numero,  celeriter 

.  enire  jub  ;tatn,  <(ueui  ante  babuerit,  sefore  co*n  ten  turn  ' 

dicit,  f  neque  fortunam  tentaturum,  aut  ia  acie  dimicaturum  ;  aed, 
quoniam  abundet  equitatu,  perfacile  esse  factu  frumentationibua 
pabulationibusque  Romanoa  probibere ;  aequo  modo  aninio  sua  ip.-; 
frumenta  corrumpant,1  aedificiaque  incendanfc,  qua  rei  familiaris  jac- 
lura  perpetuum  imperium  libertatemque  se  cousequi  videant.'     His 

it  ut  Is  rcbus'^Ppduis  Scgusiaiiisque,  qui  sunt  fiuitimi  provin 
X  niiili-i  pedituni  imperat  ;  hue  addit  equitea  DCCG.     Hia  prsaf}cit 
fratrem  Ep.redorigis,  bellumque   inferre  Allobrogibua  jubet. 

tl  ject    <>f  2.  Quantum, 

i.   I>pposuerat  :  Bee  ch.  LV. 
\.   W-niat,  J198,   Rem 
1.  Circumraittuntur,  .vr.  al 
dui«.  L XIV.   1.   Corruiupant,  gl'J7,  b. 


172  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

tera  ex  parte  Gabalos  proximosque  pagos  Arvernorum  in  Helvios, 
item  Rutenos  Cadurcosque  ad  fines  Yolcarum  Arecomicorum  de- 
populandos  mittit.  Nihilo  minus  clandestinis  nunciis  lcgatio:iibus- 
que  Allobrogas  s\>llicitat, -quorum  mentes  nondum  ab  superiore  bello 
resedisse  sperabat.  H'orum  principibus  pecunin?,  civitati  autem 
imperium  totius  provincue  pollieetur. 

LXV.  Ad  bos  omnes  casus  provisa  erant  prrcsidia  cohortiutn 
duarum  etviginti,  quae  ex  ipsa  coacta  provincia  ab  L.  Caesare1  legato 
ad  omnes  partes  opponebantur.  Helvii,  sua  sponte  cum  nnitirajl 
proclio  congressi,  pelluntur,  et  C.  Valerio  Donotauro.  Caburi  filio, 
principe  civitatis,  compbaribusque  aliis  interfectis,  intra  oppida  mu- 
rosque  compelluntur.  Allobroges,  crebris  ad  Rhodanum  dispositi* 
proesidiis,  magna  cum  cura  et  diligentia  suos  fines  tuentur.  Caesar, 
quod  hostes  equitatu  superiores  esse  iutelligebat,  ct,  interclusis  om- 
nibus itineribus,  nulla  re  ex  provincia  atque  Italia  sublevari  poterat^ 
trans  Rhenum  in  Germaniam  mittit  ad  eas  civitates,  quas  superiori- 
bus  annis  pacaverat,  equitesque  ab  his*  arcessit  et  leyis  armaturse 
pedites,  qui  inter  eos  proeliari  consueverant.  Eorum  adventu,  quod 
minus  idoneis  equis  utebantur,  a  tribunis  militum  reliquisque,  sed 
efc  equitibus  Romanis  atque  erocatip,  equos  sumit,  Germanisque 
distribuit. 

LXVI.  Interea,  dum  hsec  geruntur,  hostium  copi»  ex  Arvernis 
equitesque,  qui  toti  Galliae  erant  imperati,  conveuiunt.  Magno 
horum  coacto  nuniercr,  quum  Caesar  in  Sequanos  per  extremos  Lin- 
gonum  fines  iter  faceret,  quo  facilins  subsidium  provinciae  ferri  pos- 
set, circiter  millia  passuum  X  ab  Romania  trinis  castris  Vercinget- 
orix  consedit;  convocatis^ue  ad  concilium  praefectis'equitum,  'ven- 
isse  tempus  victorise'  deuionstrat:  'fugere^in  provinciam  Romano* 
Galliaque  excedere :  id  sibi  ad  praesentem  obtinendam  libertatem 
satis  esse ;  ad  reliqui  temporis  pacem  atque  otiuca  parum  profici  ;T 
majofibus  enim  coactis  copiis  reversuros,  neque  finem  belli  facturos. 
Proinde  agmine  impeditoa  adoriantur.2  Si  pedites  suis  auxilium 
ferant,  atque  in  eo  morentur,  iter  confici,  non  posse;  si,  id  quod 
magis  futurum  confidat,  relictia  impedimcntis,  sUae  saluti  consulant, 
ct  usu  rerum  necessariarum  et  dignitate  spoliatum  iri.  Nam  do 
equitibus  hostium,3  quin  nemo  eorum  progredi  4fdo  extra  agmen 
audeat,  ne  ipsos  quidem  debere  dubitare.     Id4  quo^  majore  faciant 


LXV  1.  "L.  Casar  was  a  relation  of 
our  author.  He  was  consul  B.C.. 64. 
and  belonged  to  the  aristocratic  par- 
ty ;  and  although  we  here  find  him 
serving  as  legate  under  his  great 
kinsman,  he  afterwards  forsook  hira, 
and  joined   his   enemy  Pompey." 


LXVI.  1.  Parum^profici,  '•  Thnt  but 
little  was  effected  for  their  futurw 
peace  and  quiet  "■ 

2.   Adoriantur,  §217,  Rtv\.  1. 

3    De  nquitibut  hostium  limits  dubiU:re. 

4.   Id,  i.e.  ftdoriri. 

o.  Quo,  §193,  Rem.  3. 

m 


LIBEK  SEPTIMUS.  173 

amino,  copias  se  o nines  pro  castris  babituruni,  et  terrori  hostibus 

futurum.'     Co'nclama'nt  equites  '  sauctissimo  jurejurando  confirmari 

portere,  ne  tecto  recipiatur,  ue  ad  liberos,  ne  ad  parentes,   ne   ad 

sorem  ad  i  turn  habeat,  qui  non  bis  per  agmen  bostium  perequitarit.' 

LX  VII.     Probata  re,  atqUe  omnibus  ad  jusjurandum  adactis,  pos- 

iro  'lie  in  tres  partes  distributo  equitatu,  duae  se  acies  ab  duobus 

lateribus  ostendunt  :  una  a  primo  agmine  iter  iinpedire  coepit.    Qua 

re  nuneiata,  Cfflsar  buum  quoque  equitatum,  tripartito  divisum,  ire 

uitra  bosteua  jubet.     Pugaatur   una1  tunc  omnibus   in   partibus : 

oii.'-istit  agmen  :  impedimenta  inter  legiones  recipiuntur.     Si  qua 

a  parte*  nottri  laborare  aut  gravius  premi  videbantur,  eo  signa  in- 

erri  Caesar  aciemquc  converti  jubebat :  quas  res  et  boste,s  ad  inse« 

ulum  tardabat,et  no^tros  spe  auxilii  confirmabat.    Tandem  Ger- 

dextro  latere,  summuui  jugum  uacti,  bostes  loco  depellunt; 

(entes  usque  ad  flunien,-  ubi  Vercingetorixcuui  pedestribus  copiis 

ederat,  persequuntur,  compluresque  iuterficiunt.     Qua  re  ani- 

aadversaj   reliqui,  ue  circumvenirentur,  veriti,  se  fugac  mandant. 

Omnibus  locis  fit  cedes :  tres  nobilissiini  jEdui  capti  ad  Caesarera 

rerducuntur :    Cotus,    prtefectus  equitum,  qui   controversiam   cum 

victulitane  proximis  comitiis3  babuerat-  et  Cavarillus,  qui  post 

dcfeetiuueni  Litavioi  pedestribus  copiis  praefuerat ;  et  Eporedorix, 

jun  duce  ante  adventum  Caisaris  JEdui  cum  Sequanis  bello  conten- , 

derant. 

LXVIII.  Fugato  omni  equitatu,  Vercingetorix  copias  suas,  ut 
pro  eastris  collocaverat,  reduxit;  protinusque  Alesiam,quod  estop- 
pifluin  Mandubiorum,  iter  facere  ccepit;  celeriterque  impedimenta 
ex  castris  educi  et  se  subsequi  jussit.  Caesar,  impedimentis  in  proxi- 
inum  collem  deductis,  duabusque  legionibUs  pra\sidio  relictis,  secu- 
tus,  quantum1  dici  tempus  est  paasum,  circiter  tribus  millibus  bos- 
tium ex  novissimo  agmine  interfecti?,  altero  die  ad  Alesiam  castra 
fecit.  Perspecto  urbis  situ,  perterritisque  bostibus,  quod  equitatu, 
Odl  maxime  parte  exercitus  confidebant,  erant  pulsi,  adhortatus  ad 
rem  milites,  Alesiim  circumyallare  instituit. 
LXIX.  Ipsum  erat  oppidum  in  colle  summo,  admodum  edito 
toco,  ut,  nisi  obsidione,  expugnari  nun  posse  videretur.  Cujus  collia 
radices  duo  duab^pex  partibus  flumina1  eubluebant.  Ante  id  op- 
pidum  planitics  circiter  millia  passuuui  III  in  longitudinem  pate- 
bal  .  reliquis  ex  omnibus  partibus  colles,  mediocri  interjecto  spatio. 


I. XVII.  1.   Una,  *c.  parte  temporis/'Al 
the  f-Htne  time." 
Fhinicn,  i.e.  the  Saone 


LXVIII.    1.   Quantum,  {160,  Bern.  Z 

LXIX.     1.  F/uffliM,    the    Lutosa    and 
3.  Cdtaitiis,   £107.  |     Osera,  now  called  the  Loze  and    Is- 

I     zerain. 

I  o2 


174  DS  BELLO  GALLICO 

pari  altitudinis  fastigio,  oppiduin  cingebant.  Sub  muro,'  quse  par^ 
collis  ad  orientem  solem  epectabat,  hunc  omnem  locum  copisc  Gallo- 
ruui  compleverant,  fossamque  et  maceriani  sex  in  altitudinem  pedum 
prseduxerant.  Ejus  munitionis,  qure  ab  Romanis  instituebatur,  cir- 
cuitus  XI  millium  passuum2  tenebat.  Castra  opportunis  locis  erant 
posita,  ibique  castella  XXIII  facta ;  quibus  in  castellis  interdiu 
stationea  disponebantur,  ne  qua  subito  irruptio  fieret :  hsec  eadem 
noctu  excubitoribus  ac  firmis  praesidiis  tenebantur. 

LXX.  Opere  instituto,  fit  equestre  proelium  in  ea  planitie,  quam, 
intermissam  collibus,1  III  millia  passuum  in  longitudinem  patere 
supra  demonstravimus.'  Summa  vi  ab  utrisque  cotitenditur.  La- 
borantibus  nostris  Caesar  Gcrmanos  submittit,  legionesque  pro  cas- 
tris.  constituit,  ne  qua  subito  irruptio  ab  hostium  peditatu  fiat. 
Pra3sidio  legionum  addito,  nostris  animus  augetur  :  hostes,  in  fugam 
conjecti,  se  ipsi  multitudine  impediunt,  atque  angustioribus2  portis 
relictis3  coarctantur.  Turn  Germani  acrius  usque  ad  munitiones 
sequuntur.  Fit  magna  erodes.  Nonnulli,  relictis  equis,  fossam 
transire  et  maceriam  transcendere  conantur.  Paulum  legiones  Cae- 
sar, quas  pro  vallo  constituerat,  promoveri  jubet.  Non  minus,  qui 
intra  munitiones  erant,  Galli  perturbantur  ;  veniri  ad  se  confestim 
existimantes,  ad  arma  conclamant ;  nonnulli  perterriti  in  oppidum 
irrumpunt.  Vercingetorix  jubet  portas  claudi,  ne  castra  nudentur. 
Multis  interfectis,  compluribus  equis  captis,  Germani  sese  recipiunt. 

LXXI.  Vercingetorix,  priusquam  munitiones  ab  Romanis  per- 
ficianfcur,1  consilium  capit,  omnem  ab  se  equitatum  noctu  rlimittere.2 
Discedentibus  mandat,  ut  '  suam  quisque  eorum  civitatem  adeat, 
oranbsque,  qui  per  aetatem  arma  ferre  possint,  ad  bellum  cogant: 
sua  in  illos  rnerita '  proponit,  obtestaturque,  '  ut  suce  salutis  ratio- 
nem  habeant,  neu  se,  de  communi  libertate  optime  meritum,  in  cru- 
ciatum  hostibus  dedant :  quod  si  indiligentiores  fuerint,  millia  hom- 
inum  delecta  LXXX  una  secum  interitura'  demonstrat :  'ratione 
inita,  frumentum  se  exigue  dierum  XXX  habere,  sed  paulo  etiam 
longius  tolerare  posse  parcendo.'  His  datis  mandatis,  qua  erat  nos- 
trum opus  intermissum,  secunda  vigilia  silentio  equitatum  diinittit: 
frumentum  omne  ad  se  ferri  jubet ;  capitis  poentfto  iis,  qui  non  par- 
uerint,  constituit :  pecus,  cujus  magna  erat  ab  Jmndubiis  compulsa 
copia,  viritim  distribuit ;  frumentum  parce  et  palatini  metiri  in- 
stituit;  copias  omnes,  quas  pro  oppido  collocavegat,  in  oppidum  re- 


2.  Millium  passuum,  tc.  spatium. 

LXX„  1.  Intermi89am  collibus,   "Situ- 
ated between  the  hills." 


the  passage  of  so  great  a  numb* 
3.  Kelictis,  i.e.  in  muceria. 

m 

LXXI    1.  Perficiantur,  §206, ^ 


2.  Angustioribus,  "Rather  narrow"  for'2.  Dimittere,  see  ch.  XXVI. 


LIBER  SEPTIVfOS.  175 

gfpit.  His  ralionibus  auxilia  Gallia)  exspectare  et  bcllum  adminis- 
rrare  parat. 

LXXII.  Quibus  rebus  ex  pcrfugia  et  captivis  cognitis,  Csesar 
Lac  genera  munitionis  instituit.  Fossa m  pedum  XX  directis  lateri- 
bus  duxit,  ut  ejus  solum  tantundem  pateret,1  quantum  summa  labra 
distabant.  Reliquas  omnes  munitiones  ab  ca  fossa  pedes  CD  re- 
duxit:2  id  hoc  consilio,  (quoniam  tantum  e'ssct  neccssario  apatium 
oomplexus,  nee  facile  totum  opus  milituiu  corona  cingeretur,)  ne  de 
iuiproviso  aut  noctu  ad  munitiones  hostium  multitudo  advolaret, 
aut  interdiu  tela  in  nostros,  operi  destinatos.  conjicere  poasi  nt. 
Hoc  intermisso  spatio,3  duas  fossas,  XV  pedes  lata*,  eadetu  altitu- 
dine  perduxit :  quarum  interiorem,  campestribus  ac  demissis  locia, 
aqua  ex  fluminc  derivata  complevit.  Post  eas  aggcrem  ac  vallum 
XII  pedum  exstruxit :  huic4  loricam  piunasque  adjecit,  grandibus 
ccrvis  feminentibus  ad  commissuras  pluteoruni  atque  aggeria,  qui  as- 
oensum  hostium  tardarent ;  et  turros  toto  opere5  circumdedit,  qua? 
pedes  LXXX  inter  se  distarent. 

LXXIII.  Erat  eodem  tempore  ct  materiari  et  frumentari  et 
.tantas  munitiones  fieri  necesse,  deminutis  nostris  eopiis,  qua?  longius 
:\b  castris  progrediebantur :  ac  nonnunquam  opera  nostra  Galli  ten- 
tare  atque  eruptionem  ex  oppido  pluribus  portis  summa  vi  facefe 
oouabantur.  Quare  ad  hsee  rursus  opera  addendum  Cassur  putavit, 
^uo  minore  numero  militum  munitiones  defendi  possent.  Itaque 
truncis  arborum  aut  admodum  firmis  ramis  abacisis,  atque  horum 
delibraii.-  atque  prueacutis  cacuminibus,  perpetual  fossae,  quiaofl 
pedes  altae,  ducebantur.  Hue  illi  Btipites  demiasi,2  et  ab  iufimo  re- 
viocti,  ne  revelli  possent,  ab  ramis  eminebant.'5  Quini  erant  or- 
dincs,  conjuncti  inter  se  atque  implicati  ;  quo  qui  ititravcraut,  se 
ipsi  acutissiciis  vall.is  induebant.  Hos  cippos  appellabant.  Ante 
hos,  obliquis  ordinibus  in  quincuncem  disrjositis,  scrobes  trium  in 
altitudinc;;;  pedum  fodiebantur,  paulatini  angustiore  ad  infimum 
fastigio.4  Hue  teretes  stipites,  femiuis'  orasaitudine,  ab  s-unimo 
praacuti  et  praeusti,  deinittebantur  ita,  ut  non  amplius  digitis   IV 


i.XXIl     1.    Utjjat tr ^^xyitcBzts  the  re- '     tircly  round  tho  town." 
suit  of   directis  It^mbus.     "  So    that  2.   Hue  demissi,    "Sunk  in  these  ditch- 


■ 


tin-  bj  ttom  wa-  jim  us  9ide    as    the 

top."     Tantundeni,  quantum  ;  §160,1 3     Ah    rami'*    cminet>nnt.     "  Trajfctcd 

Rem.  .1.  from  tbe  limbs  upward  :"    tde  trunk 

I     Reduxit, '"Witbd^w."  wa*    buried    in    tbe    bottom    of    tbt 

■i    Hoc  *-puti'>  ^160),  »  t.  the  two  hun-       ditch. 

dfcdfect  1     Angustiore     «d    infimum     fo'iijrio, 

4.    rWic,  i.e.  Tallo.  "  Sloping  inward    tnwnrds  lb< 

o.    Tito  opcrc,  J166.  torn  ;"  literally,  "of  .i  narrowi  r 

\  &c. 

liiLXIi*.    1.  Perpeiuae,    "Running  en-  o.   Feminis,  ^  164,  Rem.  2. 


1 


76 


GALLICO 


ndi  et  sUbiliendi  causa,  singuli 
antur  :  reliqua  pars  scrobis  ad 

3  yirgultis  integebatur.  Hujus 
inter  se  pedes  distabant.  Id  ex 
ant.  Ante  hcec  tales,  -pedem 
terram  infodiebantur,  ifiediocri- 

s  locis  disserebantur,  quos  stimu- 


ex  terra  eminereut :  siinMjeoi 
ab  infimo  aolo  pedes  terra  esc 
occultandas    insidias   viminibuj 
generis  octoni  ordineSTducti, 
.similitudine   floris   lilium   a| 
longae,  ferreis  bamis  infixis, 
busque  intermissis  spatiis,  01 
los  nommabant. 

LXXIV.  * His  rebus  perfectis,  regiones  secutus  quam  potuit 
a3quissimas  pro  loci  natura,  XIV  millia  passuum  complexus,  pares 
ejusdem  generis  munitiones,  diversas1  ab  bis,  contra  exteriorem  hos- 
tem2  perfecit,  ut  ne  magna  quidem  multitudine,  si  ita  accidat  ejus3 
aiseessu,  munitionum  prassidia  circumfundi  possent:  neu  cum  per- 
icUlo  ex  eastris  egredi  cogantur,  dierum  XXX  pabulum  frumentum- 
que  habere  omnes  convectum  jubet. 

■  LXXV.  Dum  hsec  ad  Alesiam  geruntur,  Galli,  concilio  prin'ci- 
pum  indicto,  nou  omnes,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ut  censuit  Vercin- 
getorix,  eonvoeandos  statuunt,  sed  certum  numeruna  cuique  civitati 
imperandum  ;  ne,1  tanta  multitudine  confusa,  nee  moderari,  nee 
discernere  suos,  nee  frumenti  rationem  habere  possent.  Imperant 
'  ^Eduis  atque  eorum  clientibus,  Segusianis,  Ambivaretis,  Aulercis 
Br.mnovicibus,  [Brannoviis,]  millia  XXXV  ;  parem  numerum  Ar- 
vernif?,  adjunctis  Eleutheris  Cadurcis,  G-abalis,  Velaunis,  qui  sub 
ini})erio  Arvernoruni  esse  consuerunt;  Senonibus,  Sequanis,  Bitur- 
igibus,  Santonis,  Butenis,  Carnutibus  duodena  millia  ;  Bellovacis 
X ;  totidem  Lemovicibus ;  octona  Pictonibus  et  Turonis  et  Parisiis 
et  Helviis;  S'uessionibus,  Ambianis,  Mediomatricis,  Petrocoriigj 
Nerviis,  Morinis,  Nitiobrigibus  quina  millia ;  Aulercis  Cenomanis 
totidem;  Atr'ebatibus  IV;  Bellocassis,  Lexoviis,  Aulercis  Eburoni- 
bus  terna;  Bauracis  et  Boiis  XXX ;  universis  civitatibus,  qufe 
Oceanitm  attingunt,  qureque  eorum  eonsuetudine  Arnioricae  appel- 
lantur,  (quo  sunt  in  numero  Curiosolites,  Bhedones,  Ambibari. 
Caletes,  Osismii,  Lemovices,  Veneti,  Unelli,)  sex.  Ex  bis  Bellova- 
ci'suum  numerum  non  contulerunt,  quod  se  suo,  nomine  atque  ar- 
bitrio  cunl  Bomanis  bellum  gesturos  dicerent,?  neque  cujusquam 
imperio  obtemperaturbs  :  rogati  tamen  ab  £oraBo,  pvo  ejus  bos- 
pitio  bina  millia  miserunt. 

Hujus  opera  Commii,  ita  ut  antea  lemonstravimus, 


piti 

LXXVI 


^_ 


LXXIV.  1.  Diversas,    "  Facing  in  the  3 
opposite  direction." 

2.  Exteriorem  hostem,  i.e.  the  cavalry 
that  had  been  sent  out,  and  the  suc- 
cors it  was  expected  to  raise. 


Ejus 


.e.  the  cavafry;  see  ch.LXXI. 


LXXV.  1.  Ne,  sc.  veriti. 
2.  Dicerent,  §190',  Rem.  1. 


LIBER  SEPT1?  177 

fideli  aAque  utili  superioribus  annis  tra'  lisns  in  Dritar.nia  Casar  : 
quibus  llle  pro  meritis  eiyitat'  inmuneni   esse  jussen.f .  jura 

legesque  reddiderat,  atque  ipsi1  MflBs  attribuerat.  Tatta  tamen 
auiversse  Gallia  consensio-  fuit  19HVtis  vindicauda  et  pri:«tinrp 
belli  laudis  recuperanda,  ut  neijiu^^Hflciis,  neque  amicitia*.  mem- 

•  tpia  moverentur ;  omucsque  et  an '.flip  et  opibus  in  id  be  1  hi  in  i  neurit- 
berent,  coactis  eqnituni  VIII  mi!lil  lituni  circiter  CCXL. 
Ihie  in  JEdm-rum  fiuibua  reeonsebantiir,  numerusque  injbatur : 
prsefeeti  constituebantur  :  Comrtiin  Atrebati,  Viridomaro  ct  Epore- 
lorigi,  jEduis,  Vergasillaurio  ArYe/jfa),  consobrino  Vereingetorigis, 
iininia  imperii  iraditur.  His  delecti  ex  civitatibus  attribuuntur, 
inorutu  oonsili  i  bellum  adoiinistraretur.  Oth nes  alacres  et  iiducintt  . 
■  1.  r.i    ad   Ak"!un   profieiscuntur  :  neque  erat  omnium   quisquam, 

•  jui  aspectutn  modo  tanta  multitudinia  sustineri  posse  arbitraretur; 

sertim  ane<|  iti3  proelio,  quuui  ex  oppido  eruptione  pugnaretur, 

•  tanta  ctq  ia  equitatus  peditatUsijue  e'ernerentur. 

L XXVII.     A'  ii,  qui  Alesiae  pbsidebantur,  praterita  die,  qua 

moruru  auxilia  <  xspectaverant,  consumpto  omni  frumento,  inscii, 

[uid  in  /Edui-  gercretur,  concilio  coaeto,  de  exitu  fortunarum  sua- 

runt  consultabaiit.     Apud  quos1  variis  dictis  sententiis,  quarum  pars 

leditioneoii  pars,  dum  vires  suppetirent,  eruptionem  censebant,  non 

'wrereunda  videtur  oratio  Critognati,  propter  ejus  singularem  ae 

nefariata  crudelitateot.   Hie,  sunnno  in  Arrernis  ortus  loco,  et  mag- 

.,)•-  oabttus  uuctoritatis,  "  nihil,"  inquit,  "de  eorum  sentcntia  dic- 

uruj  sum,  qui  turpfcsunani  servitutem  deditionis  nomine  appellant; 

leque    bus  babendos  civiuui  loco,  neque  ad  concilium  adbibc^doa 

teoseo.     Cum  iis  mibi  res  sit,  qui  eruptionem  probant:  quorum. 

silio,  omnium  vestrum  coosc  isuj  pristine}  residere  virtuiis  i... - 

moria  videtur.     Anhni  [lilies,  non  virtus,  inopiam  pau- 

isper  ferre  nun  posse.     Qui  se  ultro  morti  offerant,*  facilius  reperi- 

untur,  quam  qui  dolorem  patienter  ferant.     Atque  ego  banc  senWn- 

iiiin  prvbarem,  (nam  apud  me  tantum  dignitas  potest,)  si  nullam 

eterquam  vit®  nostra  jaoiurani  G       videreth.;  sed  in  cinailio  ca- 

rjdo  omm  m  Galliam   rtipiciaraus,  quam   ad   nostrum  auxilium 

ttavimus.     Qu^,  honiurum  millibua  LXXX  uno  loco  interfco- 

ropinquis  coWuigun  •  -  animi   foi 

'   in  ipsi.-  cadaveribus  prctlio  decertare  cogenturJ?     Nolite   hoi 

tro  auxilio  exippliare,  qui  vestrae     Juti«  causa  suuDa   periculum 

• 
I.XXVf.    I.    Ipsi.l.i    C  \f»gnse  a«ct<>rit»tU.   "Vcrj 

;,  An.  2  ti»l ;"  $182,  RtM    I. 

I     Vicij.  ti,  i.e.  both  lb  '•  -  il 

*■  4.    Offorant,  femnt,  JtlO,  b 

LXXVrl   1.  Quo*.  $129,  Hem.  7. 


178  H|flfcpL0  OALLICO 

neglexerint;5  nee6  s^OMf^Hpinieritate  vestra,  aut  imbecillitate 
animi,  omaem.G-alliatutjpBsnRSre  et  perpetua?  servituti  addicere. 
An,  juod  ad  diem  nonjp'enerunfllde  eorum  fide  constantiaque  dubi- 
ttttis  ?  Quid  ergo?  f'Romauosltn  illis  ulteriorrbus  munitionibus 
animine  causa  quotidie  exerceri.'putatis  ?  Si  illorum  nunciis  con- 
firmari  non  potestis,  ouini  aditu'pnesepto,  iis  utiruini  testibus.  ap- 
propinquate eor.uru  adventuru,  cujus  rei  tirnore  exterriti,  diem  noc- 
tenujue  in  opere  versantur.  Quid  ergo  mei.  consilii7  est  ?  Facere, 
quod  nostri  niajores  nequaquanai  pari  bello  Ciuibrorum  Teutonum- 
que  fecerunt ;  qui  in  Dppida  compulsi,  ac  simili  inopia  subacti,  eoruni 
corporibus,  qui  retate  inutiles  ad  bell  am  videbantur,  vitam  tolerave- 
runt,  neque  ee  hostibuf  tradiderunt.  Cujujs  rei  si  exemplum  non 
haberemus,  tamen  libertatis\)ausa  institui  ettposteris  prodi  pulcher- 
rimum  judicarem.  Nam  quid  illi  .simile  bello  f uit  ?'  Depopulata 
Gallia,  Cimbri  magnaque  illata  c.alamitate,  finibus  quidem  nostris 
aliquando  exeesserulit,  atque  alias  terras  petierunt ;  jura,  leges, 
agros,  libertatem  nobis  reliquerunt :  Romani  vero  quid  petunt  aliud, 
aut  quid  volunt,  nisi  invidia  adducti,quos  fama  nobiles  potentesque  ' 
bello  cognoverunt,  horurn  in  agtis  civitatibusque  considere  atque  his 
aeternam  injungejre  seryitutem  ?  neque  euim  unquam  alia&nditione 
bella  gesserunt,  Quod  si  ea,  quae  in  longinquis  nationibukgerun- 
tur,  ignoratis ;  respicite  finitimam  Gr'alliam,  quaa  in  provinei&ln  re- 
dacta,  jure  et  legibus  commutatis,  securibus8  subjects,  perpet'.n 
premitur  servitute." 

LXXVIII.  Sententiis  dictis  constituurit,  ut,  qui  valetudi 
retate  inutiles's-unt  bello,  oppido  excedaht,  atque  omnia  prlus  ex- 
periantur,  quam  ad  Critognati  scntentiam  descendant:  illo  tamen • 
potius'utendum-eoiihilio.,!  si  res  cogat  atque  auxilia  morentur,  q*uam 
aut  deditionis  aut  pads  subeundam  couditionem.  Mandnbii,  qui 
eos  oppido  reeeperant,  o-um  liberie  atque  uxoribus'exirc  coguntur. 
Hi,  quuui  ad  munition.es  Romanorum  accessissent,  flentes  omnibus 
precibus  orabant,  ut  se,  in  servitutem  rceeptos,  cibo  juYawfat.  At 
Caesar,  dispositis  in  vallo  custodiis,  recipi  prohibebat. 

LXXIX.     Interea  Commius,  et  reliqui  duces,  quibus  gumma  im- 
perii permissa  erat,  cum  omnibus  eopiis  ad  Alesiam  perveniuut,  et 

;j.    Qui  neglexerint.     The  speaker   putsiT.   Mei  consilii.wfc  Book  1,  XXI,  10. 
the  matter    as  a  supposed  ease,    tbv  8.  Seeuribus,  se^  vocabulary, 
dependent  sentence  taking  the  com-k  £ 

plexion  of  the  leading  verb  nolit-e  ex-  LXXVIII.     1.  ConWio,    $178,  Rem.  1 

"  That  that  fb^L.  however,  ought 
rather  to  bo  used*  Observe  the  in- 
finitive sentence,  mbeundamAondi- 
tionem, connected  by  quam  to  tf^xdum 
(ease).  '  f* 


xpoliare,  which  expresses  a  purely 
subjective  idea,  the  action  existing 
only  in  the  mind  of.'jhe  speaker. 
6.1  Nee  is  used  with  reference  to  the 
affirmative  part  of  nolite,  which  part 
never  occurs  alone. 


is 


LIBER  SEPTIMUS.     .  179 

colic  exterioro  occtipato,  non  longiuflHr^H|Vus  ah  nostris  muni- 
tionibus  considunt.  Postero  die  equitfcun|r  'castris  educto,  omneni 
earn  planitiem,  quani  in  longitudit<  m  TIT  (pillia  passuum  paterc 
dcmonstravinius,  complent,  pedestrfsque  copias  paulurn  ab  |p 
abditas  in  locis  superioribus  constituunt.  Erat  ex  oppido  Alesia 
despectus  in  campum.  Ooncurritur,  his  auxiliis  visffc:  fit  gratulatio 
inter  eos,  atquc  omnium  animi  a<|  laetitiam  ex'citantur.  Itaque. 
productis  copiis,  ante  oppidum  considunt,  ct  proxinmm  fofisam  cra- 
tibus  integunt,  atquc  aggcre  explent,  seque  ad  eruptionem  atque 
omnes  casus  comparant. 

LXXX.  Caesar,  omni  exercitu  ad  utfamque  partem  munitionum 
disposito,  ut,  si  usu-  veniat,  suum  quisquc  locum  teneat  et  noverit, 
equitatuui  ex  castris  educi  ct  proelium  committi  jubet.  Erat  ex 
omnibus1  castris,  quse  sumiuum  undique  jugum  tenebant,  despectus; 
atque  omnium  militum  intcnti  animi  puguae  proventutn  exspecta- 
bant.  Galli  inter  equites  raros  Sagittarius  expeditosque  levisarma- 
burse  iuterjeceraut,  qui'suis  cedeutibin  auxilio  suceunererit,  et  nos- 
trorum  equitum  impctum  sustinerent.  Ab  his  eomplure.s  de  im- 
proviso  vulnorati  proclio  excedebailt.  Quum  suos  pugna  supcriorcs 
esse  Galli  conifiderent,  et  nostros  prenn  multitudiie  Tiderent;  ex 
omnibus  nartibus  et  ii,  qui  munitionihus-  continebantur,  et  i\  qui 
ad  auxiHum  convenerant,  clamore  et  ululatu  suorum  animos  con- 
firmabant.  Quod  in  oonspectu  omnium  res  gerebatur,  ueque  recte, 
ac  turpitcr  factum  celari  poterat,  utrosque  et  laud  is  cupiditas  et 
timor  ignominiae  ad  virtutem  excitabant.  Quum  a  meridie  prope 
olis  occasum  dwbia  victoria  pugnaretur,  Gcrmani3  una  in  parr. 
confertis  turmis  in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt,  eosque  propulerunt : 
quibus  in  fugam  conjectis,  sagittarii  cireumvctiti  interfectique  sunt. 
Item  ex  reliquis  partibus  nostri,  cedentes4  usque  ad  castra  insecuti, 
sui  colligendi  facultatem  non  dederunt.  At-ii,  qui  ab  Alesia  pro- 
cesserant,  moesti,  prope  vietoria  despcrata,  se  in  oppidum  receperunt." 

LXXXT.  Uno  die  intermisso,  Galli,  atque  hoc  spatio  magno 
cratium,  scalarum,  harpagonum  numero  effecto,  media  nocte  silent  in 
ex  castris  egressi,  ad  campestres  munitiones  accedunt.  Subito  cla- 
more sublato,  qua1  significatione,  qui  in  oppido  obsidebantur,  de  suo 
'  adventu  cognoscer^fcossent,  crates  projicere,  fundis,  sagittis,  lapidi- 
bus  ntfstros  de  vall^dcturbare,  reliquaque,  quae  ad  oppugnationem 
pertinent,  adminfetrare.      Eodem  tempore,  clamore  exaudito,  dat 

LXXX.    1.   OmnnWfe==totii.  3.  Germain,    i.t.    Caesar  s  German  cbt- 

2.  AfuMtionibus,  twt  works  of  the    Ro-i     airy. 

maAnot  of  the  town,  as  the  Gauls  4.  Cedentes,  $c.  eos. 

liri'iAftken  position  outside  of  these. 

See«XIX,  latter  part.  ILXXXI.   1.  <Jua=*=ut  fa. 


V, 


180 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


tuba  Hitrnum  suis  Yercineetor 
ut  superiorihus  diebuS  sfBslfu! 
tioses  accedunt  :  iuudis,'lihrilil 
posuerant,  ac  glandibus  «allfs; 
empto,  multa  utrimque  'vulnci 


atque  ex  oppido  educit.  Nostri, 
le  erat  l$cus  definitus,  ad  muni- 
is  sudibutquc,  quas  in  opere  dis- 
-terrent.*'?'.  Prospectu-  tenebris  ad- 
accipiuntur ;  complura   torincnti* 


tela  conjiciuntur.  At  M.  Antollius  et  C.  Trebonius,  legati,  quibus 
eae  partes  ad  defendendum  obvenerant,  qua  ex  parte  nostros  premi 
intellexerant,  iis  auxilic  ex  ulterioribus  castellis  deductos  subuiitte- 
bant. 

LXXXII.  Dum  longius  ab  niunitione  aberaut  Galli,  plus  multi- 
tudine  telorum  proficiebaiit :  posteaquam  propius  succes6erunt,  aut 
se  ipsi  stimuli s  inopinantes  induebant,  aut  in  scrobe's  delapsi  trans- 
fodiebantur,  aut  ex  vallo  et  turYibus  trah^jecti  pilis  muralibus  in- 
teribant.  '  Multis  undique  vulneribus  acceptit?,  nulla  munitione  per- 
rupta,  quum  lux  appeteret,  veriti,  ne  ub  latere  apcrio  ex  superiori- 
bus castris  eruptione  circumveuirentur,  se  ad  suos  receperunt.  A' 
interiores,  dum  ea,  quae  a  Vercingetorige  ad  eruptionem  praeparata 
erant,  proferunt,  priores  fossa.s  explent  ;  diutius  in  iis  rebus  ad- 
ministrandis  morati,  prius  suos  discessisse  eognoverunt,  quam  muni- 
tionibus  appropinquarent.1      Ita,  re  infecta,  in  oppidum  reverterunt. 

LXXXIII.     Bis  magno  cum  detrimento  repulsi  Galli,  quid  agant, 
consulunt :  locorum  peritos  adbibent :  ab  his  cuperiorum  castrorur* 
situs    munitioncsque    cognoscunt.     Erat   a   septemtrionibus  collis. 
quern  propter  magnitudinem  circuit  us  opere  circumplecti  nfin  potu 
erant  nostri,  uecessarioque  pame  iniquo*loco  et  leniter  declifi  cast4$ 
fecerant.     Usee  C.  Antistius  Reginus  et  C.  Caninius  Rebilus,  legati, 
cum  duabus  legionibus  obtinebant.*    Cognitis  per  exploratores  regi 
onibus,  duces  liostium  LX  millia  ex  omni  numero  deligunt  earui 
eivitatum,  quae  maximani  virtutis  opinionem  habebant;  quid  que 
que1  pacto  agi  placeat,  o«culte  inter  se  constituunt;  adeundi  tempu* 
definiunt,  quum  meridie2  esse  videatur.     lis  copiis  VergasillaunujH 
Arvernum,  unum  ex  quatuor  ducibus,  propinquum  Yerciugetorigi: . 
praeficiunt. v   Ille  ex  castris  prima  vigiliu  egressus,  prop*  confect. 
sub  lucem  itinere,  post  montem  se  occultavit,  militesque  ex  noctur- 
no  labore  sese  reficere  jussit.     Quum  jam  maiidies   appropinquai 
videretur,  ad  ea  castra,  quce  supra  demonstra1*£ius;  eontendit : 
deinque  tempore  equitatus  ad  campestres  mBptiones  accedere,  < 
reliquse  copiae  sese  pro  castris  ostendere  coeperunt 

LXXXIV.     Vercingetorix,  ex  arce  Alesiae  suos  conspicatus,  e 
oppido  egreditur ;  a  castris  longurios,  muaculos,  ^|lces  reliquaqut 


LXXXII.    1.  Appropinquarent,    $206,|LXXXIII.  1.  Quoque=et  qi 
b,  (2).  |2.  Meridie,  sc.ftwpuB  ;  §49" 


LIBER  SEJ 

quae  eruptionis  causa  paittverat, 
omnibus  locis  acriterJ&tquc  o 
pars.firma  est,  hue  coneurritur. 
tionibus  distinetur,  nee  facile  pi 
terrendos  nostros  valuit  clamor, 


181 

jjrugnatur  uno  tempore 

.  ntur.     Qua   miuime   visa 

RlJnianorum  manus  tantis  rnuni- 

ribus  locis  occurrit.     Multum  ad 

hi  post;  tergum  pugnantibus1  cx- 


stitit,  quod  su.uni  periculum   in  aliena2  vident  virtute  consistere  : 
mni;i  enim  plerumque,  qua;  absunt,  vebementius  liominum  meute's 
perturbant.  ' 

IjXXXV.  Crcsar  idoneum  locum  nactus,  quid  quaque  in  parte 
geratur,  cognoscit,  laborantibus  auxilium  submittit.  Utrisque1  ad 
animum  occurrit  unum  illud  esse  tempus,  quo  maxime  contendi  con- 
veniat.  Galli,  nisi  perfregerint  munitiones",  de  omni  salute  despe- 
rant :  Romani,  si  rem  obtinucrint,2  finem  omnium  laborum  exspec- 
tant.  Maxime  ad  superiores  munitiones  laboratur,  quo  Vergasil- 
launum  missum  demonstravimus.  Exiguum  loci  ad  declivitatenr 
fastigium  magnum  habet  momentum.  Alii  tela  ^conjiciunt ;  alii, 
testudine  facta,  pubeunt;  defatigatia  in  vicem  integri  succedunt. 
Agger,  ab  miiversis  in  munitionem  conjectus,  et  ascensum  dat  Gal- 
Hsj  et  ea,  quae  in  terram  occultaverant  Romani,  contegit :  nee  jam 
•irma  nostris,  nee  vires  suppetunt. 

LXXXVI.     His  rebus  cognitis,*  Caesar  Labienum  cum  cohortibus 

VI  subsidio  laborantibus  mittit  :  imperat,  si  sustinere  non  possit, 

'     deduptis  cobortibui  eruptione  pugnct ;  id,  nisi  necessario,  ne  faciat. 

IpsdEitreliquos;  «ohortatur,  ne  la.bori  s,uccumbant ;  omnium  su- 

■I  perijpum  dimicationum  fructum  in  eo  die,atque  hora  docet  consis- 

>  tere.     Interiores,  desperatis  campestribus  locis  propter  magnitudi- 

nem  munitionum,  loca  proarupta  ex  ascensu1  tentant :  hue  ea,  quse 

paravcrant,  conferunt :  inultitmiine  telorum  ex  turribus  propugnan- 

tes2  deturbant :»  aggere  et  cratibus  fdssas  explent,  aditus  ©xpediunt  : 

falcibus  vallum  ac  loricam  rescindunt 

LXXXVII.  Caesar  mittit  primo  Brutum  adolescentria  cum  co- 
hortibus sex,  post  cum  aliis  septem  C.  Fabium  legatum  :  postreimo 
ipse,  quum  vchementius  pugnarent,  integros  subsidio  adducit.  ■  Re- 
^tituto  proelio,  ac  repulsis  hostibus,  eo,  quo  Labienum  miserat,  coh- 
tendit;  cohortes  oj^tuor  ex  proximo  caBtello  deducit;  equitum  se 


cMSkt 


.XXXIV.  1.  Pugn^Kbus,  §147.  |2.  Rem  obtintre,  to  carry  one's  point. 

.  Aliena  virtuto  ciBfctere,     "  To  de-13.  Ad  dechVitatem,  "Down-hill." 
p»nd  »ipon  the  valor  of  others,"  (i.e. 

of  the  Komans^fho  defended  other  LXXXVI.  1.  Praerupta  ex.  ascensu, 
part-  of  the  works.)  which  might  "Steep  from  the  point  where  the  as- 
fail  :  at  least  n£m%n  could  trust  for      cent  begins,"   or  perhaps,   "steep  in 

y  to  another's  valor  ae  confident- 1     consequence  of  the  ascent." 
*Tjfcto  n'8  own.  2.  Ex  turribus  propugnantcs,    i.e.   the 

Romans. 
1.    I'tri^iB,  §  147. 


182  DE  BELLO  OALLIC0 

partem  sequi,  partem  circumire  exteriores  munitiones  et  ab  tergr 
hostes  adoriri  jubet.  Labienus,  pbsiquani  neque  aggeres  neque  fossjr 
rim  hostium  sustinere  poterant,coactis  undequndragiuta  cobortibus. 
quas  ex  proximis  prsesidiis  deductas  fors  obtulifc,  Caesarem  per  nun 
ados  facit  certiorern,  quid,  faciendum  existimet.  Accelerat  Caesar, 
ut  proelio  intersit. 

LXXXVIII.     Ejus  adventu  ex  colore1  vestitus  cognito,  (quo  in- 
signi  in  prceliis  uti  consueverat,)  turmisque    equitum  et  eobortibu* 
visis,  quas  se  sequi  jusserat,  ut  de  locis  superioribus  base  declivia  i 
devexa  cernebantur,  bostes  proelium  committunt.    Utrimque  clamow 
sublato.  excipit  rursus2  ex  vallo  atque  omnibus  munitionibus  clamor. 
Nostri,  omissis  pilis,  gladiis  rem  gerunt.     Repents  '.post  tergum 
equitatus  cernitur  ;  cohortes  alite  appropinquant :  bostes  ter^a  vev- 
tunt :  fugientibus  equites  occurrunt :  fit  magna  csedes.     Seduliu 
dux   et    princeps  Lemovicum,  occiditur :  Vergasillaunus  Arvei  ■ 
vivus  in  fuga  comprebenditur  :  signa  militaria  LXXIV  ad  Caesarem 
referuntur  ;  pauci  ex  tanto  numero  se  incolumes  in  castra  recipiunt 
Gonspicati  ex  oppido   caedem  et   fugam  suorum,   desperata   salute, 
©opias  a  munitionibus  reducunt. .   Fit  protinus,  bac  re  audita, 
eastris  Gallorum  fuga.     Quod4  nisi  crebris  subsidiis  ac  totius  dioi 
labore  milites  fuissent  defessi,  omnes  bostiuni  copiro  deleri  poi .;■ 
sent.     De  media  nocte  missus  'equitatus  novissimum  aguieu  cons-  • 
quitur  :  magnus  numcrus  capitur  atque  interficitur:  reliqui  ex  fuga 
in  ciritates  discedunt. 

LXXXIX.     Postero  die  Vercingetorix,  c»ncilio  convocato,  '  id  sg 
bellum  suscepisse  non  suarum'necessitatum,  sed  communis  libertat 
aausa  '  demonstrat :  '  et,  quoniam  sit  fortunae  cedendum,  ad  utraut- 
que  rem  se  illis  offeree,  seu  morte  sua  Ronianis  satisfacere,  seu  vivu 
tradere  yelint.'     Mittuntur  de  bis  rebus  ad  Caesarem  legati.     Jubi 
arma  tradi,  prmcipes  procluci.     Ipse  in  munitione  pro  eastris  conse- 
dit :  eo  ducea  producuntur :  Vercingetorix  deditur,  arma  projici- 
untur.     Reservatis  iEduis  atque  Arvernis,  si  per  eos  civitates  recu- 
per  are  posset,1  ex  reliquis  captivis  toto  exercitu  capita  singula  prje- 
dse  nomine  distribuit.' 

XC.     His  rebus  confectis,  in  iEduos  profiei|citur ;  civitatem 
eipit.     Eo  legati  ab  Arvernis  missi,  quae  imperfrret,  se  facturos  pi 
licentur.     Imperat  magnum  numerum  obsidi^.  .  Legiones  in  1 
bernamittit:  captivfrrum  circiter  XX  millia  J^duis  Arvernisq'  h 

reddit :  T.  Labienum  cum  duabus  legionibds  et  erfuitatu  in  Sequ 

___ .  . : 


LXXXVIII.     1.  Ex  colore.     A   Roman 
general  usually  wore  a  scarlet  cloak. 

2.  Excipit  rursus,  "Meets  it  again."" 

3.  Post  tergum,  ac.  hostium. 


4.  Quod,, "And;" 

•LXXXIX.  1.  Si  posset,  "(To  s$)  if  1 
could." 


LIFE  OF  GJESA.R,    .  183 

no*  proficisci  jubet :  liuio  M.  Setnprouiiiiu;  Itutilum  attribuit :  U. 
Fabiurn  ct  L.  Minuciuui  Basiluftcum  dualSfcs  legionibus  in  Rentis 
oollocat,  ne  quam  ab  ti ti i tit^l^V^el  1  qTvac i s  calamitatem  accipiani. 
C  Antistiutn  Reginuni  in  Ambiwet'os,  {T.  Scxtium  in  Bituriges,, 
0,  Oaniniuin  Rebilum  in  Rutcnos  cutn  s&igulis  legionibus  niiti.it. 
Q.  Tullium  Ciceronem  et  P.  Sulpiciufci  Uabilloni  et  Matiscone  in 
JEcluis  ad  Ararirh  rci  frumentaria;  causa  collocat.  Ipse  Bibracte 
hieniaro  constituit.  His  rebus  Uteris  Coesaris  cognitis,  Roraa3  dife~ 
rum  XX  supplicatio  indieitur. 


LIFE 


O  F 


CAIUS  JULJUS  CESAR. 

[FROM    SCLIMITZ'S   02B6AR.] 


Caius  Julius  Cesar,  uiie  of  the  most  distinguished  characters  in  Roinai 
ry,  was  the  son  of  C.  Julius  Ctesar  and  Aureiia — a  woman  not  unworthy 
&JVii;;g  rahaed  with  Cornelia,  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi— ami  was  born  on 
f  Quintilis  (July),  in  the  year  B.  C.  rOO.     lie  lost  his  father  at  the 
but  his  mother  was  still  living  it  the  Jime  of  hi>  victorious  ca- 
rter in  Gaul.     l>y  her  his  education  was  superintended  with  the  utmost  care  ; 
and  the  facility  with  which  he  comprehended  the.  most  difficult  subjects  sub- 
mitted tj  him.  and  the  zenl  he  displayed  in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  pro- 

ie  would  utie  day  nereis*  great  influence  on  the 
iflVir^  of  his  country.      '■•  little  is  knowfc\reBpeclin,_-  his  early  youth 

we  iiave  of  him  by  Plutarch   and  Suet  )niu 
,  jMnn.naleiy  dcfcctivV  ;1:.-  i  (ginning  being  wanting  in  both. 

i  at  whi^fcl':'--ar  appeared  was  tuwur.il  of  tiie  Roman  re- 

nablic.  when  an  cml^ft>  i        opportunity  wtp  offered  for  the  display  of 

teat  and  vark  I  was  t  rn  anun<V'r  by  contending 


'  ic  had  departed1  ;     and  anil 

•*■   I  ement,  and  aiming  at  botch  i 

L^j'tlif**r.:i-    and  w<  r  ■  an  aribtocracy  exclusiro  in  spirit,  and  enriched  by  the 
pyi'ncnW'::  the  protincc*  ;  r.n  the  other  a  popdhtee,  ignorant, 

*v  "«kAs  '''  r'^In,r  f<!r.  *n(l  g'Tc  support  to,   those  who  were 


:ai|fl 

4  hfJL  .  .  .  i  p'  <     Bulla,  the  champion 

f>   * 
.* 


184  LIFE  OF  CESAR. 

of  the  nobles,  supported  by  the  sfiiate,  bad  just  achieved  a  signal  triumph  over 
Marius,  the  leader  of  the  populafiiarty,  and  had  been  raised  to  the  dictator- 
ship— an  office  which  gave  him  th$  first  authority  in  t}je  state,  and  enabled  him 
to  exercise  the  most  tyrannic  sw(K  (';es»r.  both  frem  inclination  and  from 
family  connexion,  joined  the  popjnar  party,  and  ;has  incurred  tho  hatred  of 
Sulla,  whohad  already  regarded.^im  with  jealousy,  on  account  of  his  connexio: 
with  Marius,  who  was  married  Is  his  aunt  Julia.  This  dislike  at  length  found 
vent,  when  Ccesar,  in  B.C.  83.  married  Cornelia,  daughter  of  L.  Ciuna,  another 
of  the  political  opponents  of  the  newly-appointed  dictator.  Sulla  now  com- 
manded C:e?ar  to  divorce  Cornelia  ;  but  the  young  hero  resolutely  defied  the 
order,  and  refused  to  part  with  his  beloved  wife — an  act  of  daring  resist- 
ance, for  at  this  time  all  Rome  trembled  before  the  tyrant.  In  consequence  of  t 
this  conduct,  Ctesar  was  deprived  of  the  priestly  dignity  of  tlamen  Dialis,  to 
Avhich  he  had  been  shortly  beforo  appointed ;  also  of  the  dowry  of  his  wife, 
and  of  his  own  property  ;  and  if  he  had  remained  at  Rome,  bis  life  would  un- 
doubtedly have  Veen  sacrificed.  He  therefore  withdrew  into  the  country,  until 
he  was  pardoned  through  the  mediation  of  the  vestal  "virgins  and  some  of  hie 
friends  ;  though  Sulla  forgave  him  with  reluctance,  remarking  that  this  young 
man  would  be  the  ruin  of  the  aristocracy,  for  that  many  Mariuses  were  slum- 
bering in  him. 

Instead  of  remaining  at  home,  Caesar  preferred  serving  in  the  army,  which 
vras  then  engaged  in  Asia  Minor  ;   and  he  there  so  much  distinguished  himself, 
that  he  was  rewarded  with  a  civic  crown.     In  B.C.  78  he  was  serving  under  P. 
Servilius  against  the  Isaurians  and  pirates,  when  the  news  of  Sulla's  death  in 
duced  him  to  return  to  Rome.     He  was  too  prudent,  and  had  too  little  confi- 
dence in  Lepidus,  to  join  him  in  liis  attempt  to  abolish  the  institutions  of  the 
late  dictator ;  and  like  most  young  Romans  of  his  time,  he  began  his  public 
career  as  an  orator  In  the  courts  of  justice.     He  accused  several  of  the  parti-     -. 
sans  of  Sulla  who  had  been  guilty  of  extjortion  and  oppression  in  the  provipi 
but  his  first  efforts  were  unsuccessful,  not  from  his  want  of  power  as  an  orator,    ' 
but  because  it  was  a  matter  of  vkal  importance  to  the  aristocracy^to  obtain 
acquittal  of  the  culprits.     Hereupon,  either  with  a  view  of  escaping  from 
assaults  of  his  enemies,  or  for  the  purpose  of  devoting  his  time  to  the  fculti 
tion  of  his  mind,'  he  withdrew  to  the  island  of  Rhodes,  where  he  studied  under 
the  celebrated  rhetorician  Apollouius  Molo      On  his  way  thither  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Miletus,  by  the  pirates,  who  at  that  tire 
scoured  the  Mediterranean  in  all  directions.     Thoir  object,  however,  jyas  only 
to  extort  money;  and  the  s'ervants  «f  Ceesar,  who  were,  sent  out,  succeeded 
thirty-eight  days '  in  obtaining  the  sum  of  fifty  talents,  with  which  he  r 
somed  himself.     While  in  the  hands  of  the.  pirates,  Cajsar  gave  proofs  ofiRb  fc 
extraordinary  mind,  and  of  the  power  which  lie  exercisecLover  all  with  iratem 
he  came  in  contact.     So  far  from  conducting  himself  asflpir  captive,  he  neat-  ' 
od  them  as  if  he  had  been  their  master,  without  their  venturing  to  punish 
him  ;  and  no  sooner  had.he  regained  his  liberty,  than  he  ijjfcncd  some  ships 
in  the  port  of  Miletus,  attacked  the  pirates,  took  sevoral  of  them  prisoners,  and 
crucified  thtm,  although  he  was  not  invested  with  any  officii  power  or  au- 
thority. 

His  stay  in  Rhodes  did  net  extend  beyond  one  year;  aad  in  R.  C.  74,J»hen 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  resumed  hostilities  agains^the  Romans, ^esar, 


■In      •»•' 


LIFE  OF  C^felE;  188 

though  still  ;i  private  "pi  **Jon,  Q>llcoted  a  sniaMorJJe,  by  which  he  kept  the  wa- 
vering towns  fn  Asia  Minor  iu  submission  to  Mpno.  Before  the  end  of  the 
he  returned  home,  havifli»becn  eleeied  ponj^ia.the  glace  of  his  uncle,  C. 
Aurelius  Cotta.  Upon  hifeirrival,  HWuscd  eft;  means  to  increase  his  popu- 
larity ;  and  as  his  propcrtywras  uqtliufee,  he  fVrowed  money  from  the  usurers, 
who  willingly  gave  hup  what  he  deuuwded,  tbmgh  they  had  no  security  except 
his  honesty,  and  the  >w;6  public  Mictftnight  afford  him  the  mi 

of  paying  his  dolus      Nol  .  he  was  elected  by  the'people  one  of  the 

tribunes  of    tli  li  we  do  not  know  whethcr*Le  fought  in  any  of 

wntfs  which  were  then  carried  on  against  Mithridatcs,  Sertorius,  and  Spar- 
tacn-       1:  is  certain,  however,  that  I  prominent  part  iu  the  upsetting 

lie  Sullauian  institutions,  which  was  brought  about  by  Pompey  andL.  Au- 
is  sufficient  to  establish  him  in  the  popular  favor.     In 
B.  C.  08  he  obt  a  orship,  au  office  which  was  the  first  stepping- 

at  magistracies  of  the  republic.     In  this  capacity  he  was  sent 
where  he  distinguished  himself  chiefly  in  conducting  the  lav, 
li  were  I:  re  him  in  the  various  towns  of  the  province.     On  his 

ia,  a  daughter  of  Q.  Pompeius  Kufus — Cornelia 
ing.died  before  Lev  a.     This  marriage  was  undoubtedly  intended  to 

secure  the  friendship  of  Pompey,  who  allowed  himself  more  and  moro  to  be 
drawn  over  to  the  popular  party  by  Coesar,  the  latter  attaching  and  ridiculing 
the  arist  '■     ir  apparently  acted  as  the  champion  of 

Pompey  ;  1  nt  he  knew  that  hi*  friend  could  not  stand  without  him,  and  that, 
in  the  end,  he  himself  would  be  the  first  man  in  the  republic:  ho,  in  fact,  used 
Pompey  only  a-  an  instrument  to  break  the  power  of  the  aristocracy.  With 
the-  view,  he  supported  him  in  all, his  undertakings,  and  took  no 

small  share  in  obtaining  for  him  the  command  in  the  war  against  the  pirates, 
•    and  afterwards  in  that  against  Mithridates.  ' 

In  B.C.  G5  he  was  elected  curule  aedile.     It  had  been  <  ustomary,  for  a  long 
:ering  on  this  office,  to  endeavor  ularity  by  en- 

iin.iug  Unpeople  with  splendid  games  and' public  jv     !  ments,  and  so  se 
r  and  support  in  the  elections  for  higher  offices.     Although  Cffi- 
rtfr  had  no  great  means  of  his  own,  his  aedilcship  Burpa  |   endor  and 

:nificence  all  that  had  ever  beeu  seen  at  Rome.     His  liberality  was  bound- 
less :    and  in  the  games  which  were  celebrated  in  the   circus,  there  appeared 
three  hundred  and  twenty  pairs  of  gladiators,  all  equipped  in  the  most  i 
mat  this  was  done  with  borrowed  money:  his  popularity  became  im- 

rflfei.-'  .  and  was  increased  by  the  manner  in  which  he  contrived  on  every  occa 
ion  to  liumhlc  the  pride  of  the  aristocracy      One  morning,   the  trophies  and 
u  .-  pf  Marine,  which  had  been  removed   from  the  Capitol 
ill  restored  to  th^j  place*.     Every  one  knew  that  this  was  Cesar's  doing, 
ih-   people, werd^Bighted  at  th<  .uce  o/  the  monuments  of   their 

inpion,.  wh.1  .    party,  though  alarmed  in  the  bight 

grei  ■dieting  nothing  short  of  a  revolution,  did  not  dare  to  challenge 

hi»  ■  -    *     icdilcship  he  continued  t#  annoy  the  partisans  of  thr 

^pjenate  iii  <.0  hut    chiefly    by  bringing  accusations  against    thoso 

who  sjtre  guilty  of  crimes  committed  under  the  protection  of  the  laws  of  Sulla. 
In  B^,08  ho  waB  elfjte  1  chief  pontitF.  although  men  far  above  him  in  rank 


*  ii 


18S  LIFE  OF  CiESAR. 

and  station  were  his  competitors;  and  shortly  after,  he  obtained  the  eflice  of 
praetor  for  the  year  following. 

His  enemies  now  made  every  effort  to  check  him  In  his  rapid  progress,  and  if 
possible  to  crush  him.  '"The  discovery  of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy  seemed  to 
offer  a  favorable  opportunity  :  he  was  privately  charged  With  being  an  accom- 
plice ;  but  not  a  shadow  of  evidence  was  brought  forward,  aud  there  docs  not 
seem  to  bo  the  slightest  ground  for  believing  that  he  could  have  embarked  in 
that  mad  and  senseless  scheme.  During  his' praetorship  vehement  disputes 
were  agitated,  on  account  of  Cicero  having  put  to  death  sorr.e  of  the  associates 
of  Cataline  without  a  formal  trial.  Csesar  supported  the  enemies  -of  Cicero, 
while  M.  Oato  opposed  him.  Owing  to  the  violence  with  which  the  question 
was  debated,  Caesar  and  one  of  the  tribunes  were  suspended  by  the  senate  from 
their  offices  ;  but  Ccesar's  conduct  on  that  occasion  was  so  well  calculated,  and 
so  prudent,  that  the  senate  in  tho  end  was  obliged  to  apologize  for  its  hastj 
measure,  and  publicly  to  thank  him  for  his  moderation.  This  was  a  great  hu- 
miliation for  the  aristocratic  party,  but  they  had  brought  it  upon  themselves. 
In  the  same  year.Caesar  divorced  his  wife  Pompeia,  having  discovered  that  she 
was  carrying  on  an  intrigue  with  the  notorious  P.  Clodius;  but  he  did  not 
prosecute  the  offender,  because  he  was  very  popular,  and  a  man  of  great  im- 
portance of  Caesar's  own  party.  » 

After  the  termination  of  his  praetorship,  Caesar  undertook  the  admit  is  ra- 
tion of  the  province  of  Western  Spain.  His  debts  had  at  this  time  beet«a«.sc 
enormous,  and  his  creditors  so  clamorous,  that  ho  was  obliged  to  take  somt 
steps  towards  relieving  himself  before  quitting  Rome.  The  wealthy  Crassus 
and  other  friends  became  security  for  him.;  and  matters  being  thus  arranged, 
he  set  out  for  his  province.  He  was  now,  forthe  first  time,  at  the  head  of  an 
army,  and  in  a  short  time,  like  a  true  military  genius,  he  at  once  displayed  all 
the  qualities  of  a  great  general.  After  having  subdued  some  of  the  un  •  '  Kin 
tribes  of  Lusitania,  and  taken  Brigantium,  a  town  of  the  Gallfeci,  ho  re  »d 
tO'Rome.  The  money  he  had  collected  in  Spain  enabled  him  to  pay  his  ..... 
and  in  B.C.  60  he  offered  himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  consulship.  His  own 
influence  and  popularity,  and  the  support  of  Pompey,  secured  his  election  ; 
but' the  aristocrats,  by  immense  exertion  aud  bribery,  contrived  to  obtain  the 
appointment  of  M.  Bibulus,  a  stout  champion  of  their  party,  as  his  colleague. 
Pompey  had  before  this  time  definitely  joined^he  popular  party  ;  for,  on  hifc 
return  from  the  Mithridatio-war,  the  senate  refused  to  ratify  the  regulations 
which  he  had  made  in  Asia,  and  Csesar  promised  him  by  and  by  to  compel  its 
sanction.  After  his  election,  Csesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus  formed  an  alliance, 
in  which  they  agreed  to  support  one  another  ;  their  union  rendered  them  in- 
vincible, and  they  accordingly  had  the  fate  of  the  republic  in  their  hands.  The 
year  of  Ccesar's  consulship  is  remarkable  for  several  legislative  euactmeuts.  By 
one  of  these  he  compelled  the  senate  to  publish  the  repq^of  its  proceedings, 
whereby  it  became  amenable  to  public  opinion.  The  second  was  an  agrarian 
law,  by  which  twenty  thousand  citizens,  aud  among  them  j|fcny  of  Poiupey'e 
veterans,  received  assignments  of  the  public  land  iu  Campania.  This  law  was 
carried  by  force  of  arms,  and  in  spite  of  the  most  violent  opposition  of  the  aris- 
tocracy and  his  colleague  Bibulus,  who'was  so  mortified  by  the 
he  withdrew  altogether  from  public  life  until  the  expiration  of 
By  this  law  C»sar  gained  the  firmest  hold  on  the  attachment  of  the  ^Wplc 

i 


L1FJ£  OF  CuESAR. 

•;ud  liis  next  measure  wa»  calculated  to  secure  rh.:  favi  r  of  the  •. 
men,  iu  their  eagernens  to  obtain  contracts  for  raising  the  public  rtrenuo  in 
the  provinces,  had  olftred  larger  sums  than  they  could  afford,  .v.id  Otesar  now 
prevailed  upon  the  peoplo  to  relieve  theru  of  one-third  6f  their  pay  men:.  After 
tJiis  he  induced  the  senate  to  sanction  the  regulations  of  Pompoyin  Asia.  Toe 
donate  had  assigned  to  Cajsar  a  province  from  which  neither*  fame  nor  gain 
could  be  derived;  but  as  he  had  now  secured  the  sdpport  .of  the  people,  the 
equites.  and  Porapey,  he  prevailed  upon  the  tribune  Vatiuius  to  propose  to  the 
people  that,  after  the  expiration  of  his  consulship,  he  should  receive  the  ad- 
ministration  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  Illyrieuin  for  6ve  years.     Ti  -  i  pas?, 

cil ;    and  the  locate,  of    its  own  accord,  added  the  proviuco  of  Transalpine 
Gaul,  it  being"  appreheuded  that  the  people  would  demand  it  for  Csaar.     Iu 
order  to  attach  Bompey  *s  firmly  as  possible  to  his  cauuo,  Ctesir  gave  hii 
daughter  Julia  in  marriage,  nnu   h<    himself  married   the  daughter  of  I, 
pnrnius  Piso,  who  was  elected  consul  for  tho year  B.C.  57. 

The  province  of  Transalpine  Haul  afforded  Cuesar  a  brilliant  opportunity  <  ; 
displaying  his  military  genius,  and  of  attaching  the  army  to  his  person  ;  while 
at  the  same  lime  he  was  not  too  far  from  Rome  to  continue  his  connection  with 
the  city,  watch  the  proceedings  of  bis  enemies,  and  keep  his  friends  actively 
eagAged  iu  promoting  his  inter*  he  must  have  forseen  that,  if  the  aris- 

■-.cy  should  ever  succeed  in  gaining  Pompey  over  to  their  side,  they  would 
not  Bcrupl  lini]  him.     After  the  close  of  his  consulship,  he  ro- 

mained  for  some  time  in  (lie  oitjr;  for  although  his  successors  in  office  were 
attacln  (1  to  his  cause,  the  praetors  Wante  i  to  rescind  his  regulations  ;  1  ut  their 
attempts  were  useless.     After  quitting  ilom;,   he  lingered  for  a  fen   mi 

his  Legions  iu  the  neighborhood  of  the  ciry,  with  the  view  of  suppoiting 
Cl.diua,  who  was  then  tribune  of  the  people,  and  had  resolved  to  br 
the  downfall  of  Cicero.  When  the  latter  had  withdrawn  to  rxile,  Caesar,  about 
.id  of  April.  B.C.  58,  set  out  for  Gaul.  We  need  not  here  give  an  ii'C'.UQt 
of  his  campaigns  in  that  country,  for  they  are  described  by  the  groal  general 
himself.      Suffice  it  to  say,  that  during  his  administration   of  tiaul,   from   B.C. 

o(f|he  completely  s:i 
the  Pyrenees    and  the  Alps,  notwithstanding  the  rep  ■  at- 

tempts of  the  inhabit  ike  off  the  Rom  ind  that  this  was  iho 

irat  great  ..Js  Romanising  a  region  in  %hieh,  doting  the  empire,  :he 

t»tin  language  was  as  commonly  spoken  as  in   lt*jla.     The  ...$e, 

even  at  this  day,  is  a  livi  ■   what  exl  one 

tune  prevailed  in  Gaul.  eover,  twici  <,ci- 

many,  and  twice  invaded  Britain,  but  mad  [uests  in  er 

It  is  rem  i  be  received  his  provinces  f  r  live  yea 

riod  which  would  ha  n  B»C.  64 ;  but  in  B.t  his  army 

was  in  winter  i'':i'BB     '   '  had  a  meeting  with  Pna  .  |   us  in   the 

north  of  Italy,  at  unvcli  it  was  arranged  thai  Pompej  should  have  :!)<•  c  n  uU 
ship  for  the  year  JLC  6<  .  rus  they  ahoid  | 

"f  Spain  .. 

euro  for  i  ,       'olotigatiou  of    b  [ration    of  Gaul  foi  :. 

■  mas  brougli  y  a  bili  of 

.  ul  was  now  to  be  continued  till  1  i  he 

year  Wter  these  io!W  arrangements,  Julia.  the.wife  of.  ..ere 


t 


t* 


t        h 


188  fy    LIFE  OF  CESAR. 

being  no  longer  auy  bend  between  Caesar  and  Pompey,  their  friendship  began  • 
l  lo  cool,  especially  on  the  part  of  the  latter.  The  death  of  Crassus  in  his  un- 
cinate campaign  against  the  Parthians,  in  B.  C.  53,  left  Caesar  and  Pornpoy  , 
•alone  at  the  head  of  the  republic.  Ccesar's  victories  in  Gaul  daily  increased 
bis  reputation,-  and  roused  the  people's  admiration  of  his  exploits  ;  .while  Pom- 
pey, who  had  once  been  the  greatest  man  of  the  state,  began  to-perceive,  with 
feelings  of  mortification,  that  Caesar  was  rising  above  him  in  public  estimation. 
Hence  Pompey  took  no  steps  to  check  the  terrible  anarchy  which  prevailed  at 
Rome  about  the  end  of  B.  C.  53,  and  the  beginning  of  B.  C.  52,  in  consequence 
of  the  murder  of  Clodius.  During  these  disturbances  he  hoped  to  be  called 
to  the  dictatorship;  but  though  he  was  disappointed  in  this,  his  vanity  wan 
gratified  by  being  elected  sole  consul.  As  this  was  the  doing  of  the  aristoc- 
racy, he  was  inclined  to  become  reconciled  to  them.  He  now  also  procured 
for  himself  the  prolongation!  of  his  proconsulship  of  Spain  for  five  years  ;  but 
as  he  did. riot  yet  think  it  advisable  to  break  with  Ccesar,  he  had  at  the  same 
time  a  law  passed,  conferring  on  C:rsar  the  privilege  of  standing  for  tb/c.  con- 
sulship without  appearing  at  Rome  in  persou.  In  the  mean  time,  however,  . 
Pompey  continued  to  attach  himself  moro  closely  to  the  aristocracy,  who,  in 
consequence,  became  bolder  and  bolder  in  the  display  of  their  hatred  towards 
Caesar.  In  B.  C.  51,  the  consul  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  one  of  the  most  vio- 
lent.aristocrats,  proposed  to  send  a  successor  of  CYesar  to  Gaul,  beeause  the 
pacification  of  that  provin.ee  was  completed  ;  and  at  the  same  time  he  made 
anal  deprive;  Caasar  of  the  privilege  which  Pompey's  influence  bad 

recently  procured  for  him.  The  consuls  of  the  year  following,  and  the  ener- 
getic tribune  C.  Curio,  were  expected  to  strike  a  decisive  blow  at  our  hero, 
as  they  were  believed!  to  be  warm  supporters  of  Pompey  and  the  senate;  but  i 
Caesar's  agents,  and  the  liberal  bribes  which  he  caused  to  be  distributed  among 
the  leading  men,  thwarted  the  plans  o£-the  aristocracy,  and  Curio  was  com-' 
pletely  bought  over.  As  the  senate  dreaded  nothing  so  much  as  the  election 
'  of  Caesar  to  the  consulship  in  his  absence,  and  while  he  was  at  the  head  of  his 
army,  it  was  decreed,  on  the  proposal  of  C.  Marcellus,  that  he  should  lay  do\m 
his  command  before  the  13th  of  November,  B.C.  50 — an  unreasonable  demand, 
as  his  proconsulship  had  legally  vto  last  for  another  year.  Curio,  however,  in- 
terposed his  veto,  and  the  decree  was  annulled. 

Cces&r,  fully  convinoed  that  he  could  not  appear  in  Rome  as  a  private  person 
without  exposing  his  life  to  imminent  danger,  in  the  mean  time  had  inarched 
to  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  was  received  by  all  the  towns  with  the  greatest  enthu- 
siasm. The  senate  before  this  had  demanded  that  he  should  give  up  two  of  his 
.legions,  alleging  that  they  were  wanted  for  the  Parthian  war';  and  he,  uuwil-  «jg 
ling  to  cause  irritation  by  a  refusal,' despatched  the  legions,  though  he  knew 
that,  iu  all  probability,  they  were  intended  to  serve  against  himsolf.  Some 
time  after  this,  he  took  up  his  winter  quarters  at  RavenBk  the  southernmost 
town  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  close  upon  the  confines  of  Italy.  Having  there 
learned  from  Curio  the  real  state  of  affairs,  he  sent  him  witfrfc  conciliatory  let- 
ter to  the  senate.  When  Curio  arrived  at  Rome,  tho  senate  could  hardly  be 
prevailed  upon  to  allow  the  letter  to  bo-read  ;  tind  after  som%  violent  discus- 
sion, it  was  agreed  that,  unless  Caesar  should  disband  his  army  before  a  certain 
day,  he  should  be  treated  as  a  public  enemy.  Two  tribunes  interposed  U 
veto,  b'vt  to  no  purpose ;  and  as  even  their  lives  were  threatened,  they^red  in 


LIFE  OF  CjESAR.      M .M  a  189 


disguise  to  Casar  at  Ravenna,  calling  upon  him  to  pMVct  the  sacred  character 
of  the  tribuneship.  The  scuate,  entirely  relying  'upon  Ponipcy,  who  never 
dreamed  of  the-  possibility  "  Csesar  taking  up  arms  against  him,  and  who  fau- 
cisd  that  it  required  only  his  'word  to  rouee  all  Italy  to  arm;!,  commanded  the 
consul-  to  provide  for  the  safety  of  the  republic.  War  was  now  declared,  and 
the  whole  management  of  it  entrusted  to  1'ompey.  But  the  aristocracy  had  mis- 
calculated :  Pompey,  iu  Lis  self-suriieicucy,  had  neglected  every  precaution,  and 
lus  party  was  so  unpopular,  that  i!  wai  scarcely  possible  to  induce  any  man  to 
enrol  bis  name  as  w  oldier. 

Ctvsar  was  informed  byt^e  tribunes  of  the  last  decree  of  the  senate, 
he  assembled  the  few  troops  he  had  with  him,  (for  b'13  main  army  was  still  be- 
|  and  set   cut  towards  the  small  river  l.ubiccm,  which  formed  the 
ftdary  between  his  province  <  f  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  Italy.     Oa  its  banks  he 
hpBH  for  a  while,  doubtful  as  to  whether  hs  should  venture  upon  the   uncon- 
stitutional act  of  advancing  :  but  at  length  he  called  out,  "  The  die  is  cast  I" 
and  crossed  the  river.     The  consideration  of  his  own  safety  compelled  him  to 
::ct  ashedh.1:   tiicrc  was  no  nltcrnative.     As  he  marched  southward,  all  the 
towns  threw  their  gates  open  to  him,  and  his  prog.re.s3  was  like  an  uninterrupt- 
ed triumph.     The  fear  and  alarm  at  Rome  became  so  great,  that  the  senate, 
with  Pompey  at  their  head,  fled  from  the  city  to  Capua,  and  thence  to  Brun- 
dusium,  forgetting  in  their  hurry  even  to  take  with   them  the  contents  of  the 
public  treasury.     fjsesarmei  with  no  resistance,  till  he  came  to  Corfmium ;  but 
as  Pompey  did  Dpi  come  to  the  relief  of  the  town,  it  surrendered;    and 
clemency  and. generosity  with  which  the  conqueror  here,  as  elsewhere,  treated 
his  humbled  opponents,  at  once  won  the  attachment  and  admiration  of  all. 
Pompey,  who  was  resolved  to  quit  Italy,  reached  Brundusium' before  Caesar, 
0:1  the  17th  .if  March  he  embarked  for  Greece.     As  Casar  had  no  fleet,  he 
unable  lo  pursue  hini  ;  and  he  accordingly  returned,  and  determined  first 
:  ect  his  arms  :. gainst  Afranins  and  retrains,  the  two  legates  of  Pompey  in 
a,  who  mi  naged  the  administration  of  the  province  for  him,  and  had  a  large 
>.rmy  at  1  n  !.      Leaving  H.  Antony  and  tepidus  behind  to  e-  11 

,  thejpiffairs  <.  f  Italy.  era  of  his  friends  to  take  possession  of  S 

'ardinia,  and  Africa,  he  hastened  to  Spain.      Some  of  these  generals 
unsuccessful  ;  but  their  losses  were  more  than  counterbalanced  by  tho  advan- 
-  which  Casar  himself  had  gained.     On  his  way,  he  found  that  the  towu  of 
ubmit  to  him ;  but,  without  allowing  himself  to  be  detained, 
.  ho  left  tw-  •     siege  to  the  placo,  and  proceeded  to  Spain.   He 

:  met  with  grca  •    ,  aud  uusti  i  «•  severe  reverses;  but  in  the 

flpd  he  cti  ireius  to  surreAler  :   they 

■  rt,  anl  the  t  joined  those  of  the  conqueror.     The  subjugati 

'  .ys.     <):\  his  return  to  Gaul,   Ma  I      • 

ants  acy  annf' 

g  M-  sillia,  the  proposal   of  M. 

ator      This  ba 

«^  1  one  of  the  consul*  for  B.< 

L'uring 
!  is  '    *  he  acted  as  if  he  ha 


..'    . 


I 


190  I    LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 

knowledged  sovereign  of  the  itate,   and  bad  seTeral  beneficial  laws  passed, 
which  greatly  increased  his  popularity.     In   December,  B.  C.  49,  he  let  oat 
for  Brundusium,  where  his  troops  were  already  assembler].     Pompey  in  the 
mean  time  had  not  been  idle  in  Greece;  he  had  collected  a  large   army,   and 
great  sums  of  money,  and  his  fleet  swayed  the  Mediterranean.     Cassar's  fleet, 
on  the  other  hand,  was 'so  ^rnall,  that  he  could  not  at  once  transport  his  troops, 
across  the  Adriatic.     However,  he  arrived  with  a  part  of  th«m  safely  in  Epirus; 
but  when  he  sent  back  the  ships  to  bring  the  remainder,  thgy  were  intercepted 
by  M.  Bibulus,  Pouipey's  admiral,  and  thus  a  number  of  tne  forces  were  ob- 
liged  to  remain  behind'  at   Brundusium.     Notwithstanding   this  unfortunate 
circumstance,  he  forthwith  began  his  operations.     He  took  several  towns  on 
his  road,  and  hastened  to  Dyrrhachium,  in  which  city  Pompey  kept  his  stores. 
But  Pompey  reached  the  p'uee  before  Ctrsar,  and  the  hostile  armies  -now  ea- 
camped  opposite  one  another.     In  the  mean  time  Antony  succeeded  in  carry- 
ing Caesar's  troops  across  the  Adriatic,  though  not  without  the  greatest  peril 
Pompey  avoided  a  decisive  engagement,  and  Crasar  began  to  blockade   him  ; 
but  the  fortifications  had  scarcely  been  completed,  when  the  former  made  an 
attack,  and  broke  througn  them.     Caesar  sustained  a  considerable  loss.      His 
army  began  to  suffer  from  scarcity  and  sickness  ;  and  having  lost  all  hop/  •  of 
succeeding  at  Dyrrhachium,  he  ventured  upon  a  step,  which  in  boldness  sap- 
paased  everything,  he  had  hitherto  attempted.     He  set  out  for  ifheesa.ly,    hav- 
ing to  pass  through  countries  where  he'hrui  to  fight  for  every  inch  of  ground, 
while  he  was  pursued  by  Pomey's  army.     The  conduct  of  the  latter  had  huh-' 
<?rto  been  cautious  and  circumspect ;   but  he  and  his  friends  being  flushed  with 
their  recent  victory,  resolved  to  decide  the  matter  by  a  great   blow.     Cse^ar 
encamped  in  the  plain  of  Pharsalus,  and  when  Pompey  came   up   and   offered 
oattle,  he  readily  accepted  it.     Pompey's  army  was  more  than  double  that  of 
his  enemy,  but  his  soldiers  were  effeminate  nobles  and  inexperienced 
and  the  great  battle,  which  was  fought  on  rhe  9th  of  August,  It.  C.  48,    eud^j 
in  the  total  defeat  of  Pompey,  who  fled  to  Egypt;  where  he  was 
murdered.     The  news  of  this  victory   called   forth  such  enthusiast  ie  joy 
Rome   that  Caesar  was  appointed  dictator  for  a  whole  year, ^and  invested  with 
the  power  of  tribune  for  life  ;  he  was  also  elected  consul  for  the  next  five  years, 
but  this  extraordinary  distinction  he  declined,     After  the  battle,  he  pursued 
Pompey  to  Egypt,  and  when  he  found  that  he  was  no  mora,  his  generous  sou! 
is  said  to  have  been  moved  to  teftrs.     Cleopatra,  queen  of  Egypt,  completely 
won  the  conquerors  heart,  and  his  attempts  "to  settle  the   affairs  of  "her  dis- 
ci kingdom  involved  him  in  a  war,  (commonly  called  the  Alexandrine.  |  in 
which,  fer  a  time,  he  was  exposed  to- the  greatest  danger;   but  when  his  rciaA; 
forcemeats  arrived,  he  succeeded  in  placing  Cleopatra  upon  the   throne,     in 
B.  C.  47,  ho. marched  through  Syria  to  Pontes,  to  ehastis^>haroace?    ■ 
defeated  one  of  his  Ugates.     The  Parthian  king  was  uSrly  defeated  at   tjm 
ijrst  encounter,  and  without,  much  difficulty.     After  ^hia  victory,    he   sent   to 
Rome  trie  laconic  but'  expressive  report:    "I  came,  .saw^hnd'  conquered  !" 
{•l  V<ni,  vidi,  vici  >'')     Hereupon  he  returned  to  Jlorne'  where,  by  the  sale   of 
the  property  of  Pompey  and  several  oth«r  aristocrats,  he  obtained  the    meatus 
of  rewarding  Lis  soldiers  and  friends.     For  the  same  purpose  Re  increase 
number  of  quaestors,  while  he  also  cause'!  himself  to  bo    appointed   djj|: 
for  the  next  year.  * 


n 


If     jf 
LIFE  pf  CESAR.     ,  191 

After  remaining  at  Rome  for  a  few  months,  hs    i  r   Africa  towards 

Uie  end  of  B.  0.  47  ;  for  Cato  an,d  Scipio  hnd  there  eaneete.l  a  numerous  army 
of  the  Pompeian  party,  nud  threatened  to  beoome  formidable;  bnt  the  battle 
of  Thapsus,  in  April,  B.  C.  -16.  decided  their  fat,e  in  Africa  ;  and  Cato,  who 
ceuld  not  endure  to  survive  the  fall  of  the  republic,  put  an  end  to  his  ewn  life 
at  Utica.  The  Pompeian  party  was  now  utterly  destroyed,  and  Cmsar  was  tb« 
undisputed  master  of  the  whole  of  the  Roman  world.  Before  his  return  to 
Some,  ever}'  one  dreaded  a  repetition  of  I  he  horrors  committed  in  the  days  of 
Marius  and  Sulla ;  but  these  fears  were  groundless,  for  cruelty  and  revenge 
formed  no  part  of  Caesar's  character  ;  he  showed  a  clemency  and  readiness  to 
forgive  which  filled  his  enemies  with  amazement;  and  did  everything  in  hit- 
power  to  allay  all  animosity  and  party  spirit  Tho  dictatorship  was  now  be- 
stowed ijpon'him  for  ten  years,  and  the  censorship,  under  the  new  title  of 
praefeeluri  morum,  for  three.  In  his  triumphs  which  he  celebrated  over  his 
quished enemies,  ho  took  cure  not  to  hurt  ■  jg  of   the    Rottaas  by 

mentioning  Roman  citizens   as   their  objeots.      When    these   sol  .    am' 

their  accompanying  festivities,  were  over,  he  proceed  d  to  innke  Beve  al  vwi  J 
salutary  legal  enactments.  Tho.aUost  important  amo-jghis  measures  was  the 
reform  of  the  calendar,  which,  through  the  arbitrar        -  tnent  of  the  pon 

.  had  been  thrown  into  such  confusion,  that  at  that  time  it  was  about  three 
Uobths  in  advance  if  the  natural  time.  This  reform  was  accomplished  in 
B.  C.  46,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Alexandrian  mathematician  Sosifcenei 

'  In  the  mean  time  the  two  sons  of  Poinpey,  Cneius  and  Scxtus,  had  collected 
the  last  remnants  of  their  father's. party  in  Spain,,  and   being  joined   by   man;. 
of  the  Spaniards,  they  resolved  to  make  a  last  and   desperate   attempt  to  re- 
cover what  was  lost.     As  soon  as  Cmsar  heard  of  their  movements,  he  hastened 
to  Spain  towards  the  end  of  B.  C.  40.     The  enemies  offered  a  most  desperate 
/.    resistance;  but  the  battle  of  Muuda,  which  Ca-sar  was  on  the  point  of  losing; 
J    and  which  he  gained  only  by  his  personal  v*lor  and  iutrepidity,  decided   the 
jtfetc  of  his  antagonists      Cneius  was  killed,  but  Sextus  made  bis  escape      On 
^Tfckreturn  to  Rome  iu  October  B.  C.  46,   Cmsnr  celebrated  another  triumph. 
xCi  was  received  by  the  senate  with  the  most  abject  flattery  and  servility  :  be 
was  honored  with  the  title,  of  'Father  of  his  Couutry  ."   statues      I    him   were 
otected  in  all  the  temples;  the  month  of  Quintilis,  in  which  he  was  born,  wa- 
henceforth  called  Julius  (July) ;  he  received  the  title  of  Imperator,   and   the 
dictatorship  for  life,  and  the  consulship  for  the  next  ten   years.     These  and 
other  extraordinary  distinctions  were  laterally  showered  upon  him  :   he,  in  fact, 
was  tho  sovereign  of  the  empire.     He  now  began  to  devise   vast  scheme 
the  benefit  of  his  couutry  and  his  fellow   citizens.     He   increased    the   number 
M£  the  senators,  quaestors,  aediles,  and  praetors,  which  afforded  him  the  means 
of  rewarding  those  friends  who  had  served  him  in  his  late  struggles.      He  also 
.•■rfnok  or  designjeta  great  number  of  works  of  public  utility;  but  few  ol 
ia  were  comjdeteBpis  his  career  was  cot  short   in    the    midsf    ol    I 
It  is  a  singular*fact,  that. among  his  numerous  tohen  D«  to  show 

that  he  intended  ttlfc-reform  the  constitution  of  the  reptfblic;  but  it  si  i  ms  he 
was  convinced  that  no  reform  could  restore  that  of  whio!>  and    srpiril 

departed  long  since;  and  eten  if  ho  aimed  at  reform.  ave  knerwn 

thatlhc  first  thing  to  be  done  was  to  establish  his  ewn  power    in   a  nur 
k-gal  Inundation.     It  was  perhaps  for  this  reason  that  he  %as  not  content  wit). 


A 


i 


s\  J» 


K 


192  LIFE  OF       ESAR. 

the  sub'tauce  of  regal  power,  but  was  anxious  also  to  have  the  outward  signs 
of  royalty,  and  thereby,  as  it  were,  to  legalise  that  which  ho  possessed.  Ai 
attempt  was  accordingly  made  by  M.  Antony  to  offer  him  the  diadem  in  Feb- 
ruary B.  C.  44  ;  but  as  the  people  rjfceived  the  proposal  with  coolness,  Ca?sar 
for  the  present  declined  the  honor.  rifiw  much  he  was' bent  upon  obtaj 
it,  however,  became  manifest  soon  after,  when  two  of  the  .tribunes  were  sent 
into  exile  for  haying  ventured  to  manifest  their  disapproval  of  conferring  upo  i 
•^v.      him  the  kingly  title. 

"""-*     One  of  his  great  plans  was  to  secure  the  eastern  frontier  of  the  empire  by 
war  against  the  Parthians,   for  which   some  preparations  had  already  beo 
made.     When  the  Sibylline  books  were  consulted  respecting  the   undertaking 
they  were  reported  to  state  that  the  Parthians  could  be  conquered-  only  by 
king  ;  and  one  of  Caesar's  friends  accordingly  was  to  bring  forward  a  proposi. 
in  the  senate,  that  Cajsarjout  of  Italy  should  be  permitted  to  assume  the  titk 
of  king.     But  this  scheme  was  frustrated  ;  for  a  conspiracy  had  been  forme 
against  the  life  of  the  dictator  at  the  Tery   beginning  of  the  year.     It  wa-' 
headed  by  Cassius  and  Brutus,  and  upwards  of  sixty  persons  were  privy  to  it. 
Their  pretext  was  the  restoration  of  the  refg'iblic  ;  but    with   the  exception  o! 
Brutus,  there  was  perhaps  not  one  who  was  actuated  by  pure  motives  ;  mar 
of  them  had  been  mercifully    treated,   and  promoted  to  high  honors,  by  hiin 
whom  they  conspired  to  murder;  and  others,  such  as.Csssius,   had  no   othi 
motive  except  wounded  pride  and  thwarted  ambition.     The   15th   of  Marc; 
the  day  on  which  Caesar  was  to  receive  the  title  of  king,  was  fixed  upon  by  tie 
conspirators  as  a  fit  opportunity  for  carrying  their  design  into   effect.     When 
Caesar,  having  been  cautioned  in  vain,    entered  the   senate-house,   one  of  the 
conspirators  approached  him,  as  if    he  were  about  to  ask  some  favor,  and  (then 
gave  him  the  first  blow.     Caesar  defended  himself  manfully  until  he   perceived 
Brutus,  whom  he  loved  as  a  son,  among  the  conspirators  ;  he  then  wrapt  him- 
self up  iu  his  toga,  and  sank  after  receiving  twenty  three  wounds.     He  die 
in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  nis  age,  B.  C.  44. 

Thus  did  Rome  lose  th*»only  map  who  could  hare  restored  peace  and  haj 
piness^to  the  state,  and  under  wuose  mild  sway  she  might  have  forgotten  tl 
woes  she  had  been  suffering'for  the  last  fifty  years.     Those  who  pretended  to 
restore  freedom,  only  plunged  the  commonwealth  into  still  greater  miserii 
than  those  from  which  she  had  emerged  through  the  victories  of  Cajsar ;  uKftil, 
ultimately,  it  was  found  preferable  to'  enjoy  peace,  and  the  security  of  life  and 
property,  under  one  ruler,  than  to  plape  all  that  is  dear  to  man  in  perpetual 
jeopardy.     As  a  general,  Caesar  had  from  the  first  displayed  all  the  qualities 
of  a  great  military  genius  ;'  and  though,  in  the  province  of  Gaul,  he  sacrificed 
the  lives  of  thousands  of  barbarians  without  remorse,'  yet  throughout  his  eivil 
wars  he  showed  a  generosity  and  mildness  towards  his  vanquished  opponents 
which  filled  those  who  had  seen  the  fearful  days  of  Msjjns  and  Sulla  with  ad- 
miration and  affection.     For  the  display  of  his  statesmanship   he  had  litt' 
time  ;  but  what  he  did,  is  enough  to  show  what  he  would  have   accomplishei 
if  he  had  been  permitted  to  carry  out  his  plans.  '      * f 

Perhaps  the  most  surprising  circumstance  in  Caesar's  career,  is  the  fact  tha 
notwithstanding  his  extraordinary  activity  ever  after  his  entering  upon  publi 
life,  he  found  leisure  to  cultivate  the  arts  and  literature,  and  to  compose  works 
which,  like  those  of  Cicero,  gave  the.literary  tone  and  character  to  thafcperiod, 


W " 


* 


LIFE  fP  CJBS.MN  193 

ami  which  to  this  Jay  are  ranked  among  the  fine«t  specimens  of  ancient  litera-. 
t  urt-.  Unfortunately,  the  greater  number  of  them  are  lost,  ami  only  a  few  is- 
olated passages  remain,  whicfa  are  occasionally  quoted  by  later  writers.  He 
was"  abo  one  of  the  first  orators  of  hirfAge,  and  we  possets  a  long  catalogue  ol 
Bubjette  on  which  ho  spoke  iu  public.  But  it  was  not  only  the  history  ami 
politics  of  his  own  time  which  engaged  hie  atteution :  there  was  nothing  capa- 
ble of  furnishing  materials  for  the  human  mind  to  reflect  upon,  which  did  not 
at  one  time  or  another  occupy  him  :  ami  among  his  many  works,  there  was  one 
even  on  grammar,  which  is  often  quoted  as  an  authority  by  the  later  gramma- 
rians of  Home.  In  short,  Ccesar  must  be  pronounced  to  have  been  a. universal 
genius  :  he  was  great  not  only  as  a  general,  bat  as  a  statesman,  a  lawgiver,  a 
jurist,  an  orator,  a  poet,  an  historian,  a  scholar,  a  mathematician,  and  an  ar- 
chitect. 

The  existing  productions  of  Crcsar  are  his  memoirs  of  the  Gallic  and  Civil 
wars,  under  the  title  of  Commtntarii — that  is,  diaries  or  journals.  Theirstyle 
is  distinguished  for  its  noble  simplicity,  transparent  clearness  and  precision, 
:is  wvll  as  perfect  freedom  from  all  rhetorical  pomp.  They  are,  in  fact,  speci- 
mens of  what  the  language  of  conversation  among  men  of  education  and  talent 
was  iu  those  times  ;  and  the  few  peculiarities  and  irregularities  which  their 
style  presents  are,  on  the  whole,  nothing  but  what  may  be  termed  conversa- 
tional licences,  showing  a  total  absence  of  everything  studied  and  formal.  The 
substance  of  these  works  -was  probably  written  down  during  the  campaigns 
themselves,  and  they  were  afterwards  revised  in  the  time  which  their  autbor 
spent  in  winter  quarters.  The  Commentarii  of  the  Gallic  war  contain  the  his- 
tory of  the  first  seven  years  of  his  campaigns,  in  seven  books:  an  eighth  is 
commonly  added,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  composition  of  his  friend,  A.  Hir- 
tius.  The  history  of  the  Civil  war  between  C;rsar  and  Pompey,  in  three  books, 
contains  the  history  from  Caesar's  crossing  the  Rubicon  down  to  his  arrival  in 
■gypt,  after  the  battlo  of  Pharsalus.  In  the  common  editions  of  Crrsar's  works, 
besides  the  eighth  book  on  the  Gallic  war,r  there  U»appended  a  book  on  the 
Alexandrine,  and  another  on  the  African  war,  both  probably  productions  of  A- 
Ilirtius;  and  lastly,  a  curious  account  of  Cesar's  War  in  Spain  against  the  sons 
of  Pompey,  the  author  of  which  is  utterly,  unknown,  and  seems  to  have  been  a 
peiaon  of  no  education.  The  only  reason  why  these  productions  are  usually 
j  rinud^together  seems  to  be,  that  they  contain  accounts  of  the  successive  wars 
in  which  the  great  general  was  engaged.  The  genuine  productions  of  Ca;sar, 
however,  consist,  as  already  stated,  of  no  more  than  the  seven  books  on  the 
Gallic,  and  the  three  on  the  Civil  war. 
Q 


<• 


i 


♦v       i , 


I 


'"  l2^2 


1 


VOCABULARY. 


EXPLANATION  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


» 


i m  I 

abt ablative. 

i 
ate v..acensatiYp. 

adj :. adjective,   * 

adverb. 

•oty ..conjunct ioJj.  ,     • 

comp comparative. 

dai dative. 

dtf. defective. 

dt.m iIomonstnvtiTf. 

dtp deponent. 

dim diminutive. 

/ feminine. 

H'j figurative. 

Or.    Bingham's  Latin  Oram  mar. 


j'ri-q frequentative. 

fan genitive* 

■>'mp impersonal. 

ine inceptive. 

ind indeclinable. 

.  nf, infinitive. 

.  interjection 

intransitive 

irr irregular. 

i masculine. 

n neuter. 

film numeral. 

ot>s obsolete.. 

pafrt participle. 


;><t.\- pasave. 

pi plur.il. 

prep preposition. 

prt  I proteritiv* 

pro pron"in. 

prop propcrlv. 

rcl relative 

W supply. 

ting lingular. 

mbj .subjunctive. 

n»Oj..i..._...snb?t.'tnt:yv. 

stip .superlative. 

tr transitiru. 


Roman  lott  >ra  n-lt'n  Arabic  numeral*  refer  to  the  book*  atul  chapters  .it  t!ie  Commentai-ion 
tke  Oallic  V,    - 


V.  a:i  nliliii.-Tiatinn  t  -.;    Anlus.     A.  d.  stand 
'  for  ante  ditm ;  Or.  ?-"4.  5. 

V.  £h.    Aba,    prep,  with   itbl.        I    iq    used 
•  els  an  J 
c<wi.so:i. mts;  ahs,  before  c,  «,  an.l  t.     (Of  place,) 
from;   (secondarily)  at,  on.    A'i  Scquanit,  on 
uhn  side  of  the  Serjuan',  from  the  direction  of 
nans.     .1  dc.rlro  cvrnu,   on   the  right 
wing.    Ab  latere,  on  the  flunk.    (Of  time,)  after. 
[Of  distance,)  off ;  aduobun  mSilbus  passuu7,i, 
two  miles  off.    (With  the  abl.  of  the  Bg< 
;Of  ths'source,)  in  conscanen  •■    I 
•  AUDI  ITS,  u,  urn,  pnrwtfrmn 
ABDO,   .     '.   .liili'   ditiJV,  tr.. 
away;    to  removay    iu  ru  ilniout, 

bide.  I 

.'.".I)'  i  0,  ore,  j  i. , I  .   to  car- 

■Wor  lead  off  or  awa 


0.  nb 


a,  tun.  fut.  act  part.,    r.f  alr- 


utAan;, 
B^UIUJ 


Ar.li:>;,   etis,  f.,  a  fir-tree. 

AIM  KCrfS,  a,  nm,  part.,  from 

ABJICM,    ore, jcci,  jectnm,  tr.,  ab-jacte,   to 
throw  away;  to  throw   or  oast    io  a  distance. 
Tragulum  intra  munitiovrs.     Tela  at  vat 
throw  down;   bo  abjicere  arma. 

ABJUNCTUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  from 

ABJUNGO,  ere,  jnnxi,    junrtum,   tr.,     -<u 
Jungo,  to  unyoke,  reniovo,  separate. 

.\i:i;iriO,">ere,  ripui.   ropuim,   tr..  ab-rnpio. 
.   natch  or  drag  Violontly  ai  ay:  Mrongur 
than  abduco. 

Ai:s.    Bee  A. 

ABSC7D0,  ere,  cidi,  e/sui.i,  tr.,  rihs-cssdo. 
(Jr.  JJ24,  R;  to  cut  off  or  away  with  a  rharp  in- 
strument. 

;•  ofi*. 

of  turn  ; 

AI'.SIMIIAa,  e,  adj.,  al>--  mliko 

ca«** 

to  ttand,  r.  lu| 


m 


196 


flfc^KO— '  ADAUGEO. 


part  from  a' pines  :  to-loave  off  or  dexNf  funm 
anything.  'y' 

ABSTIXEO,  <re,  ui.  teniuni.  tr...ajfe-teneo, 
i  >  hold'off  or  back.  Abstincre  se,  or  t,xbstinere 
alone,  to  restrain  one's  self  from,    f'offa$n   from. 

ABSTRACTUS,  a.  urn,  paul 

ABSTRAHO,  ere,  traxi,  tractum,  (jr.,  nbs- 
traho,  to  draw  or  pull  away:  drag  away,  tako 
sway  by  force. 

ABSUM,  abesse,  abfni,  or  afni,  irr.  intr.,  ab- 
Bum,  to1  be  absent,  distant,  remote ;  to  keep  or 
stand  aloof,  take  no  part  in.  Abtssf,  alien  i  ,or 
aliquo,  to  be  Qf  no  service  to  Que;  to  fail,  be 
wanting.  Multum  ahe.it  quin  faciei,  §193,  Ex. 
he  is  far  from  doing  ;  longius  alert  guin  facial., 
be  is  farther  from  doing.  t 

ABUXDO,  are,  avi,  intr.,  nb-nriilo,  unda,  to 
rise  in  waves,  to  overflow,  abound,  be  plenti- 
fully supplied  with.    Gr.  ?AC0. 

AC,  conj.,  same  as  atque. 

ACC.EDO,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  (in' r.,  always)  in 
Caesar,)  ad-cedo,  to  draw  near  to,  approach; 
to  arrive  at;  to  bo  added  to,  joined,  annoxed.. 
Acccdebat,  imp.,  there  was  added,  there  was  thitt 
also.  Accesstim  est,  J114,  5,  an  approach  wan 
made. 

ACCELEEO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  and  int.,  ad, 
aadedero,  to  be  swift,  to  hasten,  make  hast,e 
to  or  towards  a  place,  accelerate. 

ACCEPTJJS,  a,  urn,  part,  ami  adj.,  accipio,  • 
received,  accepted ;  acceptable,  pleasing,  agree- 
able. 

ACCIDO;  ore,  cidi,  intr.,  ad-cado,  to  fall 
down  upon;  (of  weapons.)  to  fall  upon,  strike, 
hit.  To  conic  (suddenly),  hence,  to  happen,  be- 
fall1,— especially  of  calamities.  Accidit,  imp.,  it 
happens — generally  of  unfortukate  events, 
while  contingit  is  used  of  fortun&troccurrences. 

ACC/DO,  ere,  ci'di,  ct'sum,  tr*,  ad-ca:do,  £224, 
K!  to  cut  into,  cut  at,  begin  tojfljut;  to  cut 
down,  to  fell. 

ACCIPIO,  ere,  e?pi,  coptum,  tr.,  an-capio, 
to  take  to  one's  self,  accep*  receivo,  [admit;  to 
take  into  one's  possession,  get,  acquire,  obtain — 
anything  gond  or  bad;  to  tako  (an  insult); 
hf.net,  to  bear,  enduro,  suffer.  To  tako  in — with 
the  mind;  to  hear,  lparn,  understand;  to  accept 
of,  approve. 

ACCf,7VIS,  e,  adj.,  ad-ch'vus.  for  olhiivus, 
clinOj  sloping  upward,  rising,  ascending,  up- 
hill, steep. 

ACCLIVITAS,  tntis,  t,  acclivis,  ascent,  steep- 
ness, slope  or  inclination  upward. 

ACCO,  onis,  in.  Acco,  a  chief  of  the  Gauls; 
VI,  4  and  44. 

ACCOMMODJTUS,  a,  urn,  part,  -and  adj.; 
iitted,  suitable,  adapted  to;  from 

ACCOMMODO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,   ad  and 
commodo,  con-modus,   to  adapt,  adjust,  accom- 
te,  fit. 
ACCURATE,   adv..    accurals,    exact:    ai'- 


eura,   wjth  caro,  exactly;  carefully,  attentively. 

ACCURRO,  ere,  curri  seldom  cueurri.  curaUui. 
iutr.,  ad-curro,  Or.  J230,  3,  to  run  1  -.  hasten 
to,  run. 

ACCUSATUS,  a.  um.  part.,  from 

ACCt'SO,  are,  avi.  atum,  tr.,  ad-rau--;t.  to 
call  to  account — either  privately  or  'publicly : 
to  blamo,  reproach,  complain  of,  accus ;,  arraign? 
impeach,  find  fault  with,  censure. 
;  ACERBE,  adv.,  acerbus,  sharply,  bitterly. 
severely.  Acerbe  ftrrt.  to  feel  keenly,  to  tak« 
ill. 

ACERBITAS,  tatis.  f.,  aearbu*.  the  fliarth" 
taste  of  fruits;  skarpnoss,  bitterness,  souYijesft. 
Obj.  sorrow,  affliction;  Subj.  harshness,  urrtdre.J 
ness,  austerity.  •  *  '  •  '    -     j 

ACERBUS,  a,  .um,  adj.,— root'ef,'  whence 
aci'cs,  acus,  (ft., — sharp  or  harsh,  to  tho  taste. 
unripe,  bitter,  sour.  Fig.  savno,  disagreeable, 
hard.     I  ... 

ACERRIME,     Seo  Acritw. 
■  ACERVUS,  i.  m., — root  ar,  whc:i<c  ai>ies,  atus. 
acufu  dv., — a  pointed  heap,  the.ii,,  a  heap  of  any 
sort)  a  pile. 

ACIES,  ei,  f..  root  ac,  whence  acus,  ttcu/i, 
accrvus,  acerbus,  dc, — a  slfarp  point  or  edjre; 
Choline  of  sight,  the  eyo;  a  lino  of  s;.: 
drawn  up  in  battle  array,  then,  a  fight,  action 
In  acie,  in  lino  of  battle,  also,  in  fight.  Aei< 
instructa,  tho  line  having  been  formed.  Acie.' 
oculofurh,  the  keenness,  Hash  of  the  eyes. 

ACQUIRE,  ere,  quisivi,  quisitum,  tr.,  ad- 
qurero,  to  add  to,  acquire,  get,  obtain,  procure 
gain. 

ACRITER,  acer,  sharp,  stem  ar'.  which,  hofl 
ever,  is  short,  while  the  penult  of  acer  is  lonl 
whence  some  derivo  it  from  ardeo, — viob  ntly 
vehemently,  strongly  >  keenly,  sharp!*,  vigoi 
ously,  eagerly,  courageously,  fiercely. 

ACTUARIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ago.)  easily  im 
polled  or  driven.     JS'avis  actuarin,  a  swift  sailei 

ACTUS,  a,  um,  part,  of  ago. 

ACt'TUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.  Aouo,  t 
sharpen,  root  ac,— pointed,  sharpened  artificial 
ly;  whilo  accr  tnoaus  sharp  naturally. 

AD,  prep,  with  ace.,  to,  unto,  at;  by,  on,  no.u 
among,  towards,  up  £o,  as  far  as,  for,  on  ai 
of.  in  respect  of,  as  to,  according  to,  against,  a. 
tor,  with.    JEsse  ad  exercitum,  to  be  with  th 
army.    (With  numerals,)  about,  up  to;  in  which 
qase  it  is  s.ometimesijfclverbial. 
ADACTUS,  a,  mriPpart.,  adigo. 
ADJEQU^USi,  a-,  um,  part.,  from 
AKEQV^V  are,  avi",  atum,  tr.  and  intr.,  ad 
;eqi;o,     in  make    equal,    to   equal.     Jdvsquar'r 
agpffem  mtsntbi*,  fo  make  the  ni^und  at 
as  the  walls.     '    % 

.MiAMO.  ei  *  a-rt,  atum,' tr.,  ail-amo,  t< 
quire  a  liking  for,  fallln  love  with,  love; 

ADAUGEO,  ere,  xi^ctum,  tr.,  addBg1 
augment,  introale,  more  than  make  up. 


ADCANTUANNUSWDORIOR 


ADCANTUANN'US,  i.  ox.  I Adcantnoruras,  a 
ohiefofth^  Sotiates:  III,  22. 

ADDICO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  ad-dic  •, 
adjudge,  mal.  -  .1.  mii  render; 

•,  ..:-■.  c  rodemn,  iIooid  ;  ft)  I    Q 

AJDD1TUS,  a,  urn,  port.,, 

ADDO,  ere,  didi,  ditum,  tr.,   ad-do,  (  i  put  to. 
to  a  1.1,  join.     /'/((/  ■  ■■.  to  a<!<i  to, 

to  J . 1 1 1    Or    pla 

tust  be  hi.  d< . 

AKDUCTl  S,  a.  um,  p  .i  t.,  from 
•*'  '4MkoCl\'c;reVx.i.  ctum,  t; ., 

'>;    to 

I  -  nipt,   induce, 

adimo. 

:   a  de- 
Mi  '       ,;iK  !i,  BO  vi  i  ; 
i-iO**-  l» 
BO,  in.  ii.  numi 

.  arrive 
at — in   ■ 

.  i.  um,  pai !.. 
X.DEQ1  i  r»  i,  at       ;\  i,    ;':.:  i. 
.  fflfea),  equus.  to  ride  up  to  or  near  to. 
AV\ ! !  ui,  it  um,  tr., 

:  .    take.  adu.  ii    ia,  Call    for, 

invito. 

.\!>H0i:Ti>;;.  ari,  atus  Bum,  dep.  tr.. 

hing.) 
Aiiill'C.  ail\ ..   ad-buc,  hie,  until  now,  hith- 
.  yet. 
.    gi,  Actum,  tr.,    a  I 

<  drive, 
compjH  to  ■:    ■  'i  I'limu  •.  :i:iu 

■ 

•ill  : 

naji  v     form. 

AD!  .  I 

•tain. 

■.. 


' 


I-iJti 


IV"  from 


!'.»: 


VDBaTNCTUS.  a.  ur.i.  part.,  from 

ADjB&GO,  ere.  xi.  ctum,  tr.,  ad-jungo,  to  add 
join  totf  annex,  unite. 

iii!;,  oris,  in.,  adjuvo,  an  aider,  abet- 
tor, supporter,  helper,  assistant. 

AD.ttUYO.  are,  juvi.  jnilum,   tr.,  ad-jir 

r.    Multum,  (gl->0. 
ii  ailjumrr,   to   be   of  great   assb 
contribute  greatly.  Rem  protlinaiqm  oefyuvan . 
to  increa  e  the  tendency  of  the  thing. 

ADMATtfRO,  are,  avi,  atuni.  t;  . 
tii  mature,  ripen,  bring  to  complete   maturity. 

ADMINISTER,  (ri.  in.,  ad-mini 
ant,  mat  t,  ant,  abettor, 

helper. 

ADMINISPBATUS,  a,  um,  p  rt.,  from 

ADM!  I  intr., 

ad-mini 

to  administer,  man:'  vern. 

regulati  irform. 

All  HI  illi 

ter  tiie  government. 

ADMIRAN1  ..   ad- 

miror,  to  •  lerful. 

AIiMIKATl'S.  a.  um,  part., 

I  v.,  ad-miror. 
to  wvndor,  wonder  at  tho  greatness  or  sublimi- 

. 
ADMISSUS,  a,  um,   part.,  sent  forward;  of 
.  committed :  !>•:  loose,  pusbi 
red  on.   lirfmi'sso  • 

ADM!'.  I  m,    tr.,   ad-uiitto,  V 

or  onward;  t  •  admit— to  an  aval: 
tl ;  j 
t 
■ 

• : .  i 

very,  \o%Tnucli,  '  \<    •■Ho    i.  .      II 
about.  fully>  quite.  a>  ma: > 

',  ere,  ui,  itum.   tr.. 
.    .  ,  ml       :    I  ' 

. 
',  ;>•  i|  ml  subs.   in.    and    f. 

an     :   ■  J  .  man  or  w*- 

WUh  a  proper 

i  .  •  _   ■  .  ■■ 

B     :.'    . 

S  !  !  '. . 

•  'il'd  at   tho 

1.  whii  h  1    |  u)       '  irtictb  or  f.T- 

!.  vi,  ultiiLi.   mil..   aiMtoi- 

■  \ 


:93 


■ 


ADORTUS— AFFINGO. 


vade.    To/strive,  try,  undortake.     To  do  some- 
thing difficult ;  to  begin. 
ADORTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  adorior. 
ADSCISCO.     See  Aseisco. 
ADSPECTF-.     Si  e  Aspectusf. 
ADSt'M.  adesso,  adfui,  irr.  iutr.,  ad-9um,  to 
■be  present,  at  hand  or  near  ;  to  aid,  Btand  by, 
assist. 

ADUATUCA,  £e,  f.  Aduatucn,  a  fortress  in 
the  country  of  the  Eburones :  VI,  02. 

ADUATUCI,  orum,  m.,  the  Aduatuei,  a  Bel- 
gian tribe:  II.  4. 

ADVEXTITS,  us,  m.,  advenio,  to  come  to  ;  ar- 
rival, coming  to.  approach. 

ADVERSARIES,  a,  um,  adj.,  striding  oppo- 
site.   In  a  hostile  sense,  an  eneraj",  from 

ADvETtSUS,  a  um,  part,  and  adj.,  adverto, 
opposite,  over  against,  fronting,  in  front;  ad- 
verse, hostile,  unfavorable,  opposing.  Adversum 
o.j,  turned  towards  the  enemy.  Adversoflumine, 
up  Or  against  the  stream.  lies  adversse,  adver- 
sity, calamities^  misfortunes. 

ADVERSUS,  adv.  and  prop,  with  ace,  adver- 
to, against,  in  front  of,  opposito  to,  facing,  to- 
wards. 

ADVERTO,  ere,  ti,  sum,  tr.,  ad-wrto,  to  turn 
to,  or  towards.  Advcrtere  animurn,  or  awfonitm 
advertere — by  ecthlipsis  amiinadvertere — to  ap- 
ply onc"s  thoughts  to,  observe,  perceive,  under- 
stand. 

ADVOCATDS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 
ADVOCO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ad-voco,  to  tall, 
call  to,  eumni'ii. 

ADVOLO,  are,   avi,  atum,   intr.,  — ad-volo, 
l0  fly-r-io  fly  to  or  towards ;  to  run  to,  rush, 
lias  ten  to. 
•     ^DIFICIUM,  i,  n.,  a  building,  from 

iEDIFICO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr., — sedes,  a  house, 
and  facxo, — to  build ;  erect  or  rear  a  building ; 
to  construct. 

JEDtTUS,  a,  um,  adj.  iEduan,  of  or  belonging 
to  tho  iEdui.  PI.  iEdui,  orum.  The  iEduans, 
a  people  of  Celtic  Gaul,  whose  country  lay  be- 
tween the  Loire  and  the  Saone:  1,10. 

JEGER,  gra,  grum,   adj.,  faint,  weak,  sick. 
iEGKE,  segrius,  segerrimbj  adv.  a?ger,  hardly, 
scarcely,  with  difficulty. 

2EMILIUS,  i,  m.  iEmilius,  a  Roman  gentile 
name.  L.  JEmilius,  a  decurion  in  the  Gallic 
cavalry  of  Cesar's  army  in  Gaul :  I,  2, 3. 

2EQTJALITER,  adv.,— sequalis,  sequus,  equal 
—equally,  Uniformly. 
.35QU.1TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  aequo. 
JEQUIXOCTIUM,  i,  n.,— mquus  and  nox— the 
equinox,  the  time  at  which  the  days  and  nights 
are  equal. 

.HQUITAS,  atis,  f.,  fsquus'- equality.  Fig. 
equity,  impartiality;  justice,  moderation.  An- 
imi  equilas,  equanimity,  tranquillity  of  mind, 
contentment. 

iEQUO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr..  to  level,  to  make 


smooth;  to  equal;  to  make  equal:  from 

iEQL'US,  a,  um,  adj.,  level,  smooth,  plain 
equal,  like.  Locus  mquus,  a  lovel  place;  also, 
an  advantageous  or  favorablo  position  or  place. 
Fig.  just,  equitabla,  fair,  reasonable,  right. 
imo,  pationtly,  with  equanimity,  will- 
ingly. 

iERARIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  ajs,  relating  to  cop- 
per, copper. 

2ES,  aris,  n.,  copper,  bronze;  anything  made 
of  copper  or  bronzo;  money,  coin.  AZsalitnum, 
money  owed  to  another,  a  debt. 

2ESTAS,  atis  f.,  summer." 

JESTIJIATIO,  oms,.f.  avtimo.  an  estimating, 
a  valuing;  an-.' estimate  or  valuation;  price, 
value. 

/E8TIMQ,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  res,  to  estimate, 
value,"  appraise,  esteem,  rate,  regard.  To  think, 
ho]  1,  judge,  determine,  believe.  Litem  ustimarc, 
mate  the  damages,  estimate  the  amount 
of  an  injury.  Levi  momenio  xslimare,  to  esti- 
mate lightly. 

JEST/VUS,  a.  um,  ailj.,  ajstas,  summer,  re- 
lating tn  summer. 

^STUARIUM,  i,  n.,  restus,  a  creek  or  arm 
oftheseain  which  the  tides  obb  and  il'.w,  a 
frith,  an  estuary. 

■ESTU3,  us,  m.,  an  undulating,  heaving  mo- 
tion, the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  tide,  the 
tide;  undulating  motion  of  air  from  boat;  heat. 

iETAS,  atis,  f,  —for  a:vitas  from  eevum,  att 
age,— age,  time  of  life. 

iETEENUS,  a,  um,  adj.,— for  scvi,tei;:'. 
ffivum,  an  age,— eternal,  everlasting;  durable, 
lasting,  permanent. 

iET'OLI,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  o 
iEtolians. 

iETOLIA,  m,  f.,  a  country  of  Greece  lying 
upon  the  north  side  of  the  Corinthian  gulf. 

AFFECTUS,  a.  um,  part.,  afficio. 

AFFEEO,  aflerre,  attuli,  alia  turn,  irr.  tr.. 
ad-fero,  Gr.  §111 }  to  bring  to;  to  take,  bring, 
carry — of  portable  tilings,  while  adduce  refers 
to  men,  animals,  R>.  To  impart,  gore,  bring 
'forward;  to  produce,  canae,  occasion;  to  assert, 
allege.    Afferre  furhi,  to  announce,  feport. 

AFFICIO,  ere,  eci,  eetum,  tr.,  ad-facio,  to 
ni'ive,  afTect,  influence.  With  an  ablative  it  it 
often  translates  by  a  verb  resembling  the  uoua 
in  sense;  za,afficcrejpplici",  to  punish,  D, 
lore  affici,  to  be  affected  with  grief,  to  bo  griev- 
ed, afflicted.  Ajjicerc  Iktitia,  to  delight,  please. 
— maxima  lictitia,  to  .might  very  greatlj 
cere  beneficio, to  bestow  kindness  on.  Ajjici 
benjtfici",  to  receive  a  favor. 

jSK^GO,  erojfci,  xum,  tr.J  ad«figo,  to  fix,  t  . 
fix'or  fasten  to,  affix,  attach  to,  annex,  join. 

AFJTNGO,  ere,  iuxi,'Sctum,  tr.,'ad-i}i]go,   t 
form,  fashion,  make  a  thing  as  an  appendage  to 
another;  to  add  something  false,  devise  iuad- 
ditujp  ;  to  attach,  jmpute. 


AFflNITAS— ALIftUlS. 


199 


AFFINITAS,  atis.  f..  afftnis,  ad-Aais) 
the  boundaries  joining,  nearness,  :i.Ti;-;. 
oeetion,  alliance  by  marriage     Q>njui 
&nitate,  allied  by  uiai 

A1T1KMATI0,  ouis,  f..  affirms,    a<i 
(firmation,  declaration    | 
portion. 

AFFIXUS.  a,  urn,  part,  afl 

(,  aro,  avi,  atum,   tr   fti  i . 
hatter,  dun 
jur.'. 

AJFFLTCTUS,  a,  pm,  part.,  from 

AFFLIGQ, 
throw  or  dash  violently  against  anythin 
ter;  to  throw  to  the  grbu         ; 
throw  :  to  hai  injure 

hurt. 

\  ,  I  .■'•■':.'.  : 

HC1  8,  a,  um 

the  piwim f  Afric  >  was  louthv 

AFl  l  •         iswn. 

AQ-ENDIC1  M,  i,  n.    Ag<  ndicu 
Celtic   I  ipital  "f  ii.r   .• 

think,  Pens :  VI,  -14. 
i,  m..  a  fi.-M.  tdj  a  tcr- 

mntry  ;  S  ■  .'.• 
atry,  Uio  bare  soil.  Regie 
ur  n.ii  of bonntry. 

A.UG  ad-gero,  a  heap   or  pile  of 

■nythij  wood,  <  tr.;  a 

ui'. an!. 

■!  i'ii  ;  ;  isod  in  making  a 

.m.  dep.  tr.,    . 
:  r  the  ptirpi 

•    sense, 

attempt,  • 

IlEOO,   .ir.',   avi,   atum, 

leel  :  to 

Unite,  ::  •.  tllllip:. 

I 

AOITAT1  8,  .i.  am,  pari 

um,  tr.  freq, 

. 

.4  '<  in'. 

■ 

V 

.    ■     '■'  i  urn 

inert,  tl.  i. 

ft»   'i,i 


discouAe    with;    to  hold   intero 

,     Affitur,  imp.,  they  act,  conduct  them- 
selves.   Agtrc  cuniculum,   t  >  run,   extend.    To 

B,  conduct,  direct,  carry  on;  to  pi 
contrive,  take  tneasui 

i  i  live, 

vineas  or  tur rr.s,  to  push'  forward 

■  war. 

[CULT!  \w.  .     ■•  .  dtivation 

round,  tilla  ;  .Mure. 

Al.\. 

pirits,  ready,   /..live. 
;  cheerful,    joyful ;  fl<         ea  The 

loubl  in! ;  pern 
or  from  ardeo,  arcer,  nicer, 

1 1  \cuiTAS,  atis,  f.,    alacer,    prom] 
eagerness,  ardor,  spirit,  liveliness)  briskness 
alacrity. 

Al  ARIUS,  a,  Dm,  adj.,  ala,  a  wing,  thi 
o£au  army;  of  or  portaining  to  the  win 
army,  (which  were  . 

ry  troops.)     Al  ..   auxiliariei, 

■  lj.,  white. 
'.  .  i 

vynian  forest,  priil>ably  tli 
AI.KSIA,  83,  i'..  iniw  Alise,  a  city 
dubii  in  CelticOiuil:  VII,  OS.  f 

ALIAS,  ilv.,  al  ns,  in  another  way,  alter  an- 
othcr    fashion,    at    another    tinn 
Alias— e  '.    i  u« 

tluwfr-at  another. 

A  U  F.N  A  i  :  ...  estranged,  i 

.  :r.,  .•ili'iiii-i.  ■  . 

a  phi-  .ii  another,  !■■  m  ike  >  I 
alienat 
Al.l 

■  i   tlier 

:   ■    ■  : 

til. 11 i 

.    •      ■     ■ 

,i.  ..ii  utrei 
ALU  .  ius,   to 

lullilc. 

ILIQIJANDO,  adv.,  Lliu 

BtU  il  i  v  ;    at 

- 


>m  alijlki,  ; 


rj 


gftf 


ALIQUOT— ANCEPi 


know  v.  ing,onc.  .' liquid  novi,  some- 

thing new.    Aliquid  novi  consulii,  some    new 

ALIQUOT,  pi.  inil.,  Gr.  (191,  alius-  quut,  somey 
several,  Bomc  certain,  a  few,  not  many. 

AL1TBU,  adv.,  alius,  in  a  different  way  or 
manner,  otherwise;  in  any.  other  way,  else. 
Miter  ac.  otherwise  than,  differently  from  what. 

ALIUS,  ;;.  lid,  adj.,  Gr.  £58,  Rem.  1;  another, 
ther.  Alius — alius,  one — another. 
Alii — alii,  soma — ithers.  Alius,  alia — axusa- 
illata,  one  offering,  one  reason  an  1  anotl 
other.  Alius  at  in  ?z  nave,  one  from  one,  an- 
other from  another.  Alius  atqueov  at, 
than,  different  from.  Alia  ratiom  ih  any  other 
manner.  Quid  ilindf  What  other?  what 
else-?  It  is  used  in  enumerations,  (1,1.)  and 
a  i;  as,  unus,  alius,  t'Ttius:  in  this 

! 

ALL-JTUo,  a,  nin,  part.,  affero. 

ALLEGO,  ere,  egi,  ectum,   tr,   ad-lego,    to 
for  one's  sell,  elect  to  any  thing. 

ALLICIO,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  tiv,  ad-lacio,  obt., 
;  i  allure,  to  attract,  invite,  allure,  entice,  decoy. 

ALL/SUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  allido. 

ALLOUUOX,  ogis,  m„  (ace.  sing.,   a   or  em., 

I]  —       .;  pi.  Allobroges,  am, 

the  AUobroges.    The  AUobroges  inhabited  the 

country  near  the  junction  oftheSaone  and  the 

J£hone;  J,  6. 

ALO,   ere,  alui,   aiituiu   and  altum,   tr.;   to 
h,  cherish,  facd,  support,  keep,  maintain; 
strengthen;  to  cherish,  promote 
the  prosperity  of. 

ALPES,  ium,  f.,   the  Alps,  lofty    mountains 
ihg  Italy    from  France  and   Germany: 
Til.  1. 

ALTER,  era,  erum,  adj.,  Gr.  §5f>;  one  of  tho 
two,  the  other;  the  pecoudj  Gr.  £05;  another; 
different.  Alter — alU  r,  the  one — the  other,  the 
former — the  latter.  Altcri — ulteri,  the  one  par- 
ty— the  ol  ii   -  -  . 

ALTERNUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  altsr,  ouo  after  an- 
other, by  turns,  interchangeable,  mutual,  recip- 
rocal, alternate. 

ALTlTf'DO,  inis,  f.,  altns, highness,  loftiness, 
height;  depth.  In  aUitudincm,  in  height  or 
depth. 

ALTUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  alo,  grown  great  by 
nourishing;  hence  high,  tall,  lofty.  (Of  perpen- 
dicular extent  downwards)  deep 

ALTUM,  i,  n.,  tho  high  sea,  tho  deep,  I 
the  main  Bea. 

ALf'TA,  ae,  i'.,  originally  an  adj.,'  s'c  pollis, 
alwrneu,  alum,  a  kind  of  soft  leather  prepared 
with  alum. 

AMBACTI,  orum,  m.,  (a  Celtic  word.)  the 
vassals  or  dependents  of  the  Gallic  knights: 
VI,  15. 

AMBARRI,  orum,  m.,  the  JEdui  Ambarri,  a 
people  of  Celtic  Gaul  whose  territory  was  near 


the  junction  of  tho  Saone  and  Rhone:  I,  11. 

AMP.KKl,  orum,  m.,  the  Ambiani,  a  people 
of  Belgic  Gaul  whose  principal  city  was  Sam- 
arobriva,  now  Amiens  :  II,  4. 

AMUT1L1RI,   orum,    m.,   a  peoplo  of  Celtic       , 
(lau!  belonging  to  the  Armoric  tribes  :  YII.  75. 

AMBILL4TE,  orum,   m.,   a  people  of  . 
Gaul. 

AMBIORIX,  igis,  m.  Ambiorix,  a  king  of 
one1  half  of  the  Etrarones:  V,  24. 

AMBIVABETI,  orum,  m.,  the  Ambivareti, 
a  people  of  Gaul :  VII,  75. 

AMBIVAR/TRorum,  ni.,  a  per-  '     oi 
Gaul,  whose  counjry  was  beyond  t!/    Meuse,  in 
the  region  of  the  pue"sent  ISreda  :  I  ►',  '.). 

AMBO,  ac,  o,  adj.rGr.  |o4,  Hem.  1;  both. 

AMENTIA,  ae,  f.,  amens,  a-mens,  madness, 
insanity,  folly,  absurdity. 

JTUM,  i,  n,  a  strap  cr  thong  attached 
to  javelins  and  ether  m  i.eam 

of  which  they  wore  thrown  with  greater  force. 

AMICITIA,  ae,  '-.,  amicus,  frifendship,  an  al- 
liance, league  of  friendship. 

AMICUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  amo,,  friendiy;  as  a 
noun,  friend,  ally. 

AMISSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 

AMITTO,  ere,  j'si,  issum,  tr.,  a-ia 
away,  dismiss, let  go;  to  lose — through  mistake 
or  accident,  while  p&rdere  is   to  lose  by  one's 
own  fault,  throw  away  needlessly. 

AMOR,  oris,  in.,  atno,   love,  desire,   affection. 

AMPLE,  adv.,  ampins,  amplins,  ampftssime  ; 
amply,  largely,  highly. 

AMPLIl'ICATUS,  a,  lim,  part.^  from 

AMPLIFlCO,  are,   avi,   aiuin,   tr., 
facio,  to  make  great,  to  enlarge,  amplify,  aug- 
ment, inc:case,  improve,  enhance. 

AMP  LIOR,  us,  adj.,  comp.  of  Ampins. 

AMPLITUDO,  inis,  L,  amplus,  greatness, 
largeness,  magnitude,  extent,  bulk,  size-.  Fij. 
greatness,  dignity,  distinction. 

AMPLIUsS,  adv.,  comp.  of  ample,  Gr.  l\&5. 
Rem,  4;  mote,  further,   1  ;iiger;  besides. 

AMPLUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  (root  ami),)  large,  spa-    "* 
cious,  ample,'  great,   extensive.     Fig.  splendid^ 
illustrious,   maguiticent,     die  Am-  . 

pli  tr,   largte  greater,   more   abundant,   nioro 
Amplhsimits,  greatest,   very    great,     spl< 
distinguished  or  illustrious. 

AN",  conj.,in  tho*Bcond  part  of  a  double  ques- 
tion, or- in  iattirect^uestions,  Whetlur;  in  di- 
r,ect  questions,  like  other  interrogative  parti- 
cles, it  is  not  translated^  Gr.  §214,  Rem.  2. 
An— an,  wjiethor-^ori  Ne—an—an,  whether— 
or— or.       '- 

ANER^sClUTn,  %$j  th"    Anertes,   a  nation  ' 
borderingalpon  the  ljacians :  VI,  25. 

ANCAL/'i'liS.  ium,  m..  the  Aucalitcs,  a  peo- 
ple of  Britain,  whosSsituati  >n  is  uncertain: 
V,  21. 

ANCEPS,  ipitis,   alj.,    am,    around— caput, 

-$ 


. 


ANCORA 


—at* 


LtCO. 


201 


having   two  heads:  doable:  uncertain?  doubt- 
t'nl;  dangerous. 

ANd  >i;  A.  ae.  f..  an  anchor.  Incncoris,  at 
anchor.  Jarrre  ancoras,  to  cast  er  drop  anchor. 
SCuttdllere  ancoras,  to  weigh  anchor., 

ANDKS.  ium.  in.,  the  Aml--i.ii  people  of  Cel- 

nntry   bordere  1  upon  the 

Loire:  II,  85. 

A  \  FRACTCS  ..'■  Amfrnctus,  ns,  m.,  am-fran- 

-   turning  or  winding  of  a  wax,  a  winding 

or  bending;  a  circuit,  cro  'v.  bonav 

ANGWLUS,  i,  m., a  '  draw  t.-^ctli- 

n:    an  angle,  corner,  iich  k. 

!v..  an  gust  us, 
itraitly,  closely,  oft)  i 
liKctly,  in  a  (  "«'  space.     /  i 

i  1 1  u  I  y .  fi  ■  ■   ■    ■ 

.-  |ly. 
AWUSTiA.ac.  f..  narrowness,  stiaitj 

place,   defile;  a   difficulty,   perplexity, 
i, Straits;  it  i.n  inosl  frequently    i 
ural. 
A M.i  ,  to   draw   to- 

gother;  strait,  narrow,  closo,  c  mfined,  limited; 
short,  liric!.     lies  in  angusto  tH,  thins,-' 
a  state  of  difficulty  i  r  danger,  ttlo   condition  is 
perilous.     Fig.,   scanty,    sparing      Montcs    an- 

.  ie   sea: 

I  M  A,  ae,  f..   air   in    wotii  n,   a  bi  - 
wind.     Air   inhaled,    1  ••■:•.;.:     life;    Ehe     loul, 
iind. 
AMMADYl'.RSI'S.  a.  um,  fart.,  from 
v  \  I  M  Ali  YKRTn.  cro.  ti. -urn,  tr.,  aninium- 
Kd— ve'rto,  to  turn  the   niiirl   toj  to   take   heed, 
•  fcUond  t  .,  oIh 
elder,  know.     To  take  e,  hence 

up.,  ani- 
utadverii 
AM'-: 
Miimal. 

AMP'  •  rindpk'i 

_;n,    in- 

(t-ntion,  ;ard,  feeling; 

'i  friendly 

ment. 

./.  "fa  year,  a 

I 

- 

.. 

.. .  .-iniifLu. 
\  n  -  #W. 

V  N  T  i 

i,  ,  n 


i-  omitted,  it  becomes  an  tslverb. 

ANTKA.  advAinte-ca,  ace.  pi.  of  is,  before, 
aforetime,  formerly,  heretofore,  'previously. 

ANTKHKi  i. ;  i  US,  i.  m.  Antebrogius,  un  am- 
bassador sent  from  the  Rem!   to  Caesar-;  11,  8 

ANtECEDO,  cro.  cssi.  essum,  tr.  andfntr., 
ante  cedo,  to  go  before,  precede, take  the  lead: 
to  surpass,  outdo,  exceed,  excel. 

ANTECURSOBi)  erut,  m.,  anto-cursfrr,  enrro, 
a  forerunner,  pioneer;  an  advanced  guard. 

ANTEFERO,  ferre,  tuli.  latum,  in.  tr.  ante- 
feroj  bo  carry  or  hear  before j  l"  S('1  before, 
• 

ANTENNA,  Ie,  f.,  thesall-yardv. 

ANTBl'ONO,  ere.  sui,  si  tutu.  tr..  aute-pono, 
to  place  befo7e,  prefer. 

AXTj-'.YKKTo,   er<»  ti,  sum,  tr.,    ante-veit... 

inticlpata :  to  plapc  bi  tors, 
prefer. 

ANTIQUJTUS,  adv,  anti'quus,  of  old,  an- 
ciently, lormerly. 

AXT/yiTS,  a,  urn,  adj.— ante,   old,   ofpnsed 
ont,  i  -I   L  eg  Btan  lin  :.  antique ; 

A\  I  ISTI1  S,  i.  m.,  se,o  Reginus. 

ANTONIUS,  i,  m.,  (Marcus,)  Mark  Antony, 
a  distinguished  Roman  general,   t lie  friend  of 

.  and  a  monilier  both  <4  the  first  an 
bud  triumvirate!, :   VII.  bl. 

Al'KUIO,  ire,  erui,  ertum,  tr..  ad-pario,  to 
open  or  Bet  open  ;  to  i 

Al'KRTK,  adv.. apcrtns,  openly, clearly, man- 
ifestly. 

Al'KRTUS,  a.  um.  part,  and  adj.,  aperio,  open, 

free  from  w Is;  uncovered,   unprotected,  cx- 

poscd,  naked.  Latere  aperio  or  ab  latere  aperio, 
on  the  uaprotected  Hank.  Aperlumr  litus,  an 
opi  ii  Bhore,  i.e.  ha>  ii  ;ions. 

APOLLO,  inis,  in.     Apollo,  the  god  of  music, 

poetry,  '■  >1  .Inpiter  and  ! 

twinbn  ia:  VI,  1". 

I 
AI'i'A  RO,  are,  a\  i,  atuni,  tr„  ad-paro,  topn 

pare  withlipeciaj  cs.ro  or  expense,  put  in  order; 

furnish,  ciuip,  provide. 

AITELLATUS,  a,  um,  part.,/rom 
AI'l'KLLO,  are,  avi,  ninm,   tr.,    ad  pello,   to 

drive  i .in '-.  self  to  for  I  he  purpi       of  addr< 

ll|io|],  r-:ill  bj 

.:  :  apply  to;   ; 
AITiil.Lo,   ere,  |  uli,  pulsuin,  i 

iir  to: 
to  go  ill  .      .; 

i 

■ 
K  I'l'l  I 
Claudius. 

.     AITI 


20: 


APPROBO— ARTE. 


with.    Applicire  st  ad  arbortm,  telean  against. 

APPROBO,  are,  avi,  atum/tr  ,  ad-probo,  to 
approvevconimond,  applaud,  praise;  to  prove, 
establish. 

API'ROriNQUO,  aro,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  ad-pro- 
jrinquo,  propinquus,  to  draw  nigh,  approach, 
coma  on,  approximate.  Primus  ordinibus  ap- 
propinquare,  to  be  near  ob'taining  thefirst  rank. 

APPULSUS,  a,  urn.  part.,  appello. 

APRILIS,  is,  m.,  (for  aperilis,  aperio,)  the 
month  in  which  the  buds  open,  April. 

APTUS,  a,  lAn,  adj..  originally  part,  of  apo, 
whonce  apiscor,  apt,  proper,  convenient,  suita- 
ble, adapted,  fit. 

APUD,  prep,  with  ace,  at,  close  by,  near,  with, 
by, among,  in,  before,  in  Dresencp  of:  at  or  in 
tin.  house  of,  in  possession  of. 

AQUA,   K,  f.,  water. 

AQIL-1TIO,  onis,  f.,  aquor,  to  gel  water,  the 
act  of  getting,  carrying,  or  fetching  water,  a 
watering.  Aqualionis  causa,  for  the  purposeof 
obtaining  water. 

AQUILA,  aj.  f.,  an  eagle :  aisp  the  standard  or 
ensign  of  a  Roman  legion,  which  was  commonly 
in  the  form  of  a  golden  or  silver  eagle.  The  eagle, 
as  a'  standard  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  by 
Slarius. 

AQUILEIA,  a>,  f.  Aquileia,  a  seaport  at  the 
northern  extremity  of  tho  Adriatic  sea  or  Gulf 
of  Venice  :  I,  10. 

AQUILIFER,  eri,  m.,  aquila-fero,  a  standard 
bearer,  an  officer  who  carried  the  chief  standard 
, of  the  Roman  legion. 

AQUITANIA,  a,  f.,  an  adj.,  sc. terra,  6no  of 
the  three  principal  divisions  of  Gaul,,  bounded, 
according  to  Julius  Cajsar,  by  the  Garonno,  Py- 
rennees,  and. the  Lay  of  Biscay  t  I, 1. 

AQUIT^INUS,  a,  tira,  Aquit^niam,  of  Aquita- 
nia;  subs.,  an  Aquitanian.    I 

AJIAH,  aris.  or  Araris,  is,  bu.,  Gr.  J3o,  Rem.  1, 
the  Saone,  a  river  of  CelticGaul  uniting  with 
the  Rhone  near  Lyons. 

ARBITER, ' tri,  v\.,  ad-beto=adeo,  one  to 
whom  persons  go  to  decide  disputes,  an  umpire, 
arbiter;  judge. 

ARBITR.4TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  a'rbitr  r. 

ARBITRIUM,  i,  n.,  arbiter,  the  sentence  or 
judgment  of  an  arbitrator,  a  determination, 
decision;  will,  pleasure,  inclination,  choice.  Suo 
arbitrio,  according  to  oners  own  discretion. 

ARB1TR0R,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.,  arbitei  '  f, 
|222,  29,  a;  to  judge,  think;  suppose,  reck  it, 
consider.     Active  form  arbitro,  to  estima 

B8S. 

ARBOR,  and  Arbos,  oris",  f.,  a  tree. 
AJtCESSPT'JS,  a,  im,  part.,  from 

ESSO,   ere,  ivi,  /turn,  tr.,   arcio,  ad  and 
do,  tq  call,  send  for,  invite,   summon,  fetch. — 
Hcnpqfe  arcesscre,  to  hiro  in,  introduce  on  pay. 
!E.    See  Arte:  frou- 
ARCTjg.     SecArtus. 


ARDEO,  ero,  si,  sum,  intr.,  to  burn,  bs  on 
fire,  blaze'.  Fig.  to  blazo,  be  on  fire,  as  v/UA 
anger,  <tc.,  to  be  ready,  eager,  impatient. 

ARDUENNA,  te,  or  Arduonna  silva,  f.  Ar- 
dennes, an  extonsivo  forest  in  Belgic  Gaill :  V,  3. 

ARDUUS,"  a,  um,  adj.,  high,  steep,  difficult', 
hard,  laborious,  arduous. 

ARECOMICI,  orunl,  m.,  the  Volc«e  Arecomici, 
a  people  of  the  Gallic  Province,  whose  territory- 
was  west  of  tho  Rhone  :  TIT,  7.     . 

AKGENTUM,  i,  n.,  silver. 

ARGILLA,  as,  f.,  white  clay,  potter's  eartjh.  » 

ARIDUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  arco,  to  be.dry,  dry. 
thirsty,  arid.  Fig.  slender,  meagre.  Ariduia. 
i,  n.. sc. solum,  dry  land.  . 

ARIES,  etis,  m.,  a  ram.  an  e«^;ine  us«d  in 
battering  clown  walls,  with  a  hoad  like  that  of  a 
ram ;  a  battering  ram.  Also  a  buttress  or  prop 
'Pro  ariete,  as  a  buttress. 

ARIOVISTUS,  i,  m.,  a  king  of  the  Germans, 
who  invaded  Gaul  but  was  defeated  by  Ca>sar  : 
I,  31. 

ARISTIUS,  i,  m.,  (M.)  Aristius,  a  tribune  of 
thesoldiers  under  Csesar  in  the  Gallic  .war  :  VII, 
42. 

ARMA,  orum,  n.,  originally  defensive  armor, 
then  arms  offensive  and  defensive,  armor.  It  is 
applied  only  to  such  offensive  arms  as  are  held 
in  the  hand,  while  tela  is  used  of  those  thrown 
tc  a  distanco.  Fig.  war,  warfare  ;  a  battle,  ac- 
tion; instruments,  equipments,  tackling  as  ef 
a  ship.  Esse  in  armis,  to  be  in  arms,  to  carry 
on  war;  also,  to  be  under  arms,  to  bo  armed. 

ARMAMENTA,  orum,  n  ,  anno,  implements 
(especially  of  ships,)  tho  ropes  and   cables 
ships;  the  rigging. 

ARMATCfRA,  as,  f..  anno,  the  kind  of  armor, 
equipment;    then,  soldiers,   soldiery.     jViiinii* 
levis  armaturm,  the  light  armed  Nuuiidians. 
.  ARM^ITUS,  a,  um,  part.,/w?» 

ARMO„are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  anna,  to  arm;  fit 
out,  equip  for  war. 

ABJVIORICUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  Armoiic,  of  or  be- 
longing to  the  Armoric  states. 

ARMORICJE,  sc. civitates,  the  Armoricro,  the 
general  name  of  tho  states  of  Celtic  Gaul  on  th-a 
jwstern  coast betwoen  the  Loire  and  the 
V.L  53, 

ARPINEIUS,  i,  m.  (Caiu^,)  A,-;, 
man  knight:  V,  27. 

ARROGANTER,  ^dv.,    arrogag 
pro^y,  insolently,  Arrogantly,  a™ 

iy-1     '     . 

.  Aip,OGANTIA,  03,  arrogaas,  ad 
haughtiness,  conceitedncss,  presumption,  arito- 
ganCe. 

ARSfltis,  f.;  contrivance.  skill;  science,  art, 
profesSon, *ecupation,employinont :  stratagem ; 
habit,  practice. 

ARTE  or  Arcto,  adv..  ;;;•<:<  ■'■  closely,  nan'-'.v- 
ly:  tightly. 


go,  pride. 


ARTICULUS— AUSCI. 


ARTICULUS,  i,  in.  dim.,  artut,  a  joint,  a 
inanll  joint;  juncture;  a  joinj  or  knot. 

ARTUS  or  Arctus,  a,  um,  ior,  issimus,  adj., 
arceo,  strait,  narrow:  close;  strict,  severe; 
scanty,  small. 

•  ARTIFIOIUM,  i.  n.,  artifcx,  ars-facio,  the 
exorciso  of  a  profession,  employment,  trade, 
art;  skill,  science,  ingenuity,  workmanship, 
iexterity  ;  any  ingenious  ooutrivance ;  device, 
trick,  strategem  :  I.  31.. 

.  ARYERNUS,  i,  nm,  adj.,  Arvornian.  Arver- 
tKU,  i.  m..  'in  Arvcrnian. 

ARX,  cis,  f„  arceo,  a  castle,  fortress,  citadel; 
d«ri  stnee  castles  were  usually  on  hill-taps,  a 
height,  summit,  peak.  » 

A.SCENDO,  ere,  di,  sum,  tr.  and  intr.,  ad- 
scando,  to  cliv$b  ;  to  ascend,  mount,  climb. 

; INS IV.' us.  m.,  oscondo,   the  act  of  as- 
cending: an  ascent. 

re,  ivi,  tium.  tr.,  ad-scisco,  to  ap- 
provt,  sciof  to  take,  receive,  admit,  unit 

ASPECTl'S.   us.   in.,  aspicio,  ad-epoi 
looking  at.  a  beli. .Ming;  the  sight;  of  the  thing 
seen,  countenance,  look,  aspect,  ail 

now. 

ASPER.'era,  erum,  adj.,  rough  to  the  touch, 
rugged;  harsh  to  the  taste,  sour;  of  prrscnal 
qualitv  'gp)    cruel.    Troubl 

us,  formidable,  perilous,  f. 
ASSIDUUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  assidoo,  ad-seJoo, 
t',  tit  near:  frequent)  Continual,  incessant,  per- 
petual, constant,    nndeaeing;   diligent,   indus- 
trious. 

ASHISTO,  are,  stitl,  tr.,  ad-sisto,  reduplicated 
from  sto  ;  to  stand,  to  stand  near. 

ASSI  I  .  eci,  aetum.  tr.,  assuco-fa- 

to  accustom,   habituate,   iuur»,   use  to  a 
g,  bring  one  to  anything  by  use  or  custom. 
all.  of  limitation,  or  the  inf. 
ASSVEFACTL'S,  a,  um,  part.,  nssuefacio. 
ASSDESCO,  ere,  e\i,  «tum,  tr.  and  intr.,  ad- 
enosco,  suoo,  to  beccme  accustomed  ;  to  accustom 
one's  self*  to  .version),  habituate;  to  he  accus- 
tomed. 

AT,  conj.,  Gr.  gl23,  Rem.  14;  but,  yet;  ot 
least,  but  yet. 

ATQUE,  conj.,  Gr.  J123,  Rem.  3;  ad-que,  the 
sxmc  at  ac.;  and,  and  also;  and  indeed,  and  even; 
is  sometimes  added  to  introduce  a  (fr- 
ee with  greater  empha^i      III.1*.    ♦.! 
'Ur  aliter,  secus,  alius,  Ac,  than;  of- 
similis.  Ac,  at;  as.  Idem atqut,  the 


At: 
ai  from  . 


■ami 


f 
ITBBTm,  atis,  m 'one  of  the  Atrcbi 
Atrebat 

ATREBj4TES,  lum,  or  um,  in.,  Die  Atribatcs, 
a  people  of  Relgic  Gaul,  wl  ;y  bcr-  [ 

dared  upon  those  of  the  MoriniaudXera£:  II.  4 


ATRIUS,  i,  m.,  (Quintus.)  Atrius, 
I  Caesar's  army :  V,  9. 


? 


ATTAMEX,  conj.,  at-iamenfbut,  but  yet,  for 
all  that,  however.  . 

ATTEXO,   ero.    xui,  xtuin.tr.,  ad-t, 
weavf  ;  to  weave  on  to,  add  by  weaving. 

ATTINGO,  ere,  igi,  actum,  tr.,  nd--ta- 
touch,  rcach.gain,  arrive  at ;  to  bonier  upon,  c *- 
tend  to. 

ATTUTRCO.  ere,  ni,  tttnm,  tr.,  ad-tri! 
attribute^  assign,  ascribo,  impute,  lay  to  the 
charge  of;  to  bestow,  give,  allot.. 

ATTU11UT1S.  a,  um.  part.,  attribus. 

ATTTLT.  etc.   See  Affero. 

AUCTOR,  oris.  m.  and  f., augOO,  an  author  i  » 
contriver,  creator,  maker,  inventor;  a  founder, 
establishes  leader,  bead  j  arepi  irter,attnonncer, 
informant;  «n  adviser,  approver,  instigator,  di- 
rector,    AucUttttse.  to"  favor,  approve.   M  out- 

tore,  by  my  advice. 

AUCTORITAS.  ntis.  r,  auctor,  being  an 
tor;  counsel,  advice,   infli  reight. 

credit,  reputation,  authority,  | 

AUCTUS,  n.  um,  J^.irt.,  an 

AUDACIA,   ae.  1'.,  and  ax.  audio,   in   a  gornl 
sense,  boldui  -s.  com  i 
sense,  audacity,  bare-faced  impudence,  prcsumj>- 

• 

auDacii  i 

ciislmj  j  adv.. 

courag.  u  ly. 

AUDEO.   ere.   auMii   sum,  intr..  Gr.  J&iii     t-- 
dare,  adventu.     :    pn   ume      '        <   . 
to  endeavor,  undertake,  attempt,  dare  t  .  do. 

AUDIEXS,  tis,  part,  ai  d  adj.,    hearing 
dient,  subservient,  from 

AUDIO,'  t're,  ivi,  .'turn.  tr..  to  hoar,  hearken, 
listen  tO  J  attend,  mind,  Jjccd,  understand:  »/> 
approve,  to  regard:    I     bo  informed  of,   hi 

AUDITIO,  onis,  f.,  audio,  the  act  of  hi 
a  hearing;  a  lesson:  a  report,  hearsay,  l     - 

AUDZTUS,"aV«n),  part.,  audio. 

AUQEO,   ere,  ami,  auctjiin,  tr.,    1  t  m 

augment,  magnify,  enlarge;  to  adorn,  furnish 
abundantly;  toadvance,  promote;   to  exalt   t.v 
i  .  commend,  extol. 

AL'LERCC8,a,Um,  adj.,  Aulercian.  Aulerci 
orum,m~,  the  Aulerci,  nations  of  Celtic  <im) 
whoso  territories  are  sup) 

uate.l  between  the  Seine  aad  the  Loire.    Thri*« 
branches  are  mentr n  :    th« 

Aulerci  F.burovircs,  or  Ebut   ni      HI,";  lulei 

nani,VII,  75  ;  and  Aulerci  "Iran: 
VII.  To. 

i  i  I .i"S.  i.  m.  Aulus.  a  Roman  pracnomen. 

Al'R/GA,  ao,  m.  an.lf .  aurea^rufie,  and  ago, 
'Jie  who  manages  the  reins,  the  chat  i 

from 
M'KIS,  [a,  C,Uieezt<  rnal  part  oftht 


AURUNCULEICS,  1,  m.  Bee  C 

i.  orum,  m.,  the  Ansel,  a  people  of 
iquitania:  111. 


>04 


AUSDS— BIPEDALI3. 


AUSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  audeo. 

AUT,  cmij.,  Grv J123,  Rem.  V ;  or  ;  or  else; 
either;  aup-aut, either— or. 

AUTEM,  conj..  (ir.  123.  Rem.  11;  but,  yet, 
nevertheless,  However ;  alio,  likewise,  more- 
over. 

AUTUMN  IS,  i.  in.,  for  nuctnmnus  from  au- 
geo, autumn,  the  time  of  abundance,  extending 
from  22nd  Sept.  to  22nd  Dec..  _ 

AUXi,  etc.  See  Augeo. 

AUXILIARIS,  e,  adj.  auxilinm,  assisting, 
aiding,  helping,  auxiliary.  Auxiliares,  7n.pl., 
-auxiliaries,  allies. 

AUXILIOR.  ari,  at  us"  sum,  dep.  intr  .  uuxil- 
ium,  to  assist,  help,  aid. 

AUXILIUM,  i,  n.,  augeo,  help,  aid,  assist- 
ance, succor.  A. uz  ilium  ferre,to brjng  assistance, 
to  aid,  succor;  pi.  auxiliary  troops,  auxiliaries. 
Auxilio  (gl44)-ucnire,  to  come  to  one's  assistance. 
Rtperire  auxilium  alicui  rei,  to  find  a  remedy. 
'  AVATiICENSIS,  e,  adj.,  Avaricum,  of  or  be- 
longing to  Avaricum.  . 

A-VAUICUM,  i,  n.,'  afterwards-called  Bituri- 
gao,  whence  its  modern  name.  Bourges,  tho 
principal  city  of  the  Bituriges:  VII,  13. 

AVARITIA,  ae,  f.,  avurus,  covetuos,  aveo  ; 
avarice,  coreiousness,  greedy  desire. 

AVEBSUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,/roTO 

AVERTO,  ere,  ti,  sum,  tr„  ab>-verto,  to  turn 
off  or  away,  avert,  withdraw ;  remove,  turn, put 
to  flight;  to  change,  shift ;  to  turn  one's  feel- 
ings from ;  hence  to  alienate,  estrange.  Hostis 
avcrsus,  ari  enemy  who  had  turned  his  back  in 
flight,  a  flying  enemy.  Aversus  ab  hostc  cir- 
eumveniri,  from  behind,  in  the  rear. 

AVIS,  is,  f..  a  bird,  fowl. 

AVUS,  i,  m.,  a  father's  or  mother's  father,  a 
grandfather  or  grandsire. 

AXOKA,  ae,  m.,  the  Aisne,  a  branch  of  the 
river  Seine;  II,  5. 


B 


BAC&'NTS.  is,  f.,  Bacenis,  a  forest  of  Ger- 
many, supposed  by  some  to  be  the  Ilartz  forest, 
by  others  to  bo  part  of  the  Thuringian  furest : 
VI,  10. 

BACULUS,  i,  m.,  (Sextius,)  Baculu«,  a  cen- 
turion in  Caesar's  army,  of  tho  firstvrank:  II, 
25 ;  III,  5 :  VI,  38. 

BALEARIS,  e,  adj.,  of  the  Balearian  islands, 
(Majorca,  Minorca,  and  some  smaller  islands 
situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain,  whose 
inhabitants  were  noted  slingers.)  Balearic, 
Balearian:  II,  7. 

BALTEUS,  i,  m.,  and  BALTEUM,  i,  n.,  a 
belt,  a  sword-belt. 

BAL  VENTIUS,  i,  m..  (T.)  Balventius,  a  Roman 
centurion  of  thef first  rank:  V,  35. 

BARBARU3,  a,  um,  adj.,  barbarian,  barbaric. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  called  all  nations  but 


themselves  barbarians,  and  despised  them  I 
civilized;  ktnrr,  wild,  savage,  rude, uncivilized. 
barbarous. 

BASILCS.  i.  m.,   (L.  Minucius.)  Basil: 
officer  in  Caesar's  amry:  VI.  20.    lie  was 
wards  one  of  the  conspirators  by  whom   Cacfitu 
was  slain. 

BAT -4 VI,  orum,  m.,  the  Batavians,  HoU&n 
ders,  Dutch,  the  inhabitants  of  the  territory 
called  by  Caesar,  Insula  Batavorum.  which  wa» 
fojmed  by  tjje  mouths  of  the  Rhine :  IV,  10. 

BELGA,  ae,  m.,  Belgian.  The  Belgians  in 
Tiabited  the  region  bounded  by  tho  Marne,  thn 
Seine,  the  Rhine,  and  the  ocean  :  1, 1.     - 

BELGIUM,  i,  n.,  Belgium,  a  #>untry  in   ttv 

western  part  of  Belgic  Gaul,  including  the  Bel 

lovaci,  the  Atrebates,  and  the  Ambiani:  V,  24. 

BELLICOSUS,  a,um,  adj.,  belluiu,  Gr.  g222 

19 ;  warlike. 

BELLICUS,  tu  nin,  ailj.,  bollum,  of  or  ]•>: 
taining  to  war;  warlike. 

BELLO,  are,  avi.  atum,  n.,  bollum,  to  war.  Ii 
wage  or  carry  un  war;  to  contend,  fight. 

BELLOCASSI,  orum,  m.,  the  Bellocassi.  h 
people  of  Belgic  Gaul  inhabiting  a  territory 
north  of  the  Seine. 

BELLOVACI,  orum,  m.,  tho  Bellovaci,  ii  wen- 
like  tribe  of  Belgac  adjoining  to  ths  BeUocast  i 
11,4. 

BELLUM,  i.  n.,  for  duollum,  duo,  war  ;  :i 
battle,  fight.  Jlfllumfacere  alicui,  to  make  \va 
upon.    • 

BENE,  adv.,  bonus,  melius,  optime ;  well 
successfully,  happily. 

BENEFICIUM,  i,  n.,  bene-facio,  a  kindnew 
favor,  benefit. 

BEN'OVpLEXTIA,ac,  f.,    bonovpleus,    beat 
volo,  friendly  disposition,    good-will,   kir 
favor,  sincere  regard. 

BIBRACTE,  is,  n.,  Gr.  J2I,  Exc.„  Autun,  Mi* 
principal  city  of  the  iEdui;  I,  23. 

BIBRAX,  actis,  f.   Bibrax,  a  city 
about  eight  miles  from  tho  -txona :  II,  6. 

BIBROCI,  orum,  m.,  the  Bibroci,  a  people  u) 
Britain,  who  are  saicT  to  have  inhabited  the  re- 
gion now  called  Bray. 

BIDUUMyJI,  n.,  bis-dios,  the  space  of  two 
days,  two  days.  ' 

'BIENNIUM,  i,  n,  bis-uuuus,  the  space  ol 
two  years,  two  years. 

BIGERRIONES,  um,  ru.,  tho  Bigerrionep.  a 
people  of  Aquitauia  near  the  foot  of  the  Pyre- 
nees: III,  27.  '      , 

BJNI,  ae,  a,  adj.,  Gr.  £63,  for  duini  from  d-w. 
like  helium  for  duettum;  two  at  a  time,  two  by 
two,  two. 

\  UT1T0,  adv.,  bi    or   bis,  and  partitu*. 
in  two  parts  or  divisions. 

BIREDALIS,  e,  adj.,  bis-pes,  two  feet  long, 
thick  or  wide.  BiptdaUt  trabes,  beams  twu 
feet  thick. 


BIS— CANTABRUS. 


12D-". 


BIS,  adv,  for  elm's  from  due,  like  helium  lb* 

■'ucVtim,  twice. 

BTTURTX.  if:;1',  m.,  one  of  the    Blturige •-,  fl 

i  of  Celtic  Gaul,   whose  territories  were 

weit  of  the  Loire,  by  which  they  were  Bepara- 

ted  from  the  £dui:  VII.  6. 

RODl'OGXviTUS.  i,m.,Boduognatus,  a  leader 
of  the  Nerrii:  II,  SB. 

HOTA,  ae.  f.,  sc.  terra,  tin untry  Inhabited 

by  the  Boil:  VTI.  14. 
POIUS,  a,  urn,  adj..  Boian. 
BOII,  ornm.  m.,   the    Boii,    ft   German   tribe, 
(I,  .'>,)  lacorporated  with  the  JCdui:  1,88, 
lidMTAS,  atis  f.,  bonus,  goodness;    excel- 
lent Quality. 
BOrJUSi   a,   inn,  adj  ,  melior,  optimum;  Gr. 
goi  d,  lit.  suitable;  skilful,  noble,  virtu- 
■us;  brave,  gallant;  favorable,  kind. 

l'.i'M'M.  i,  n.,  any  good;  a  good  thing;  bene- 
fit, advantage,  profit ;  bona,  n.pl..  goods,  prop- 
erty. elTects. 

BRACHIUM.  i.  n.,  originally  tLo  forearm, 
from  the- elbow  to  the  hand;  then  the  whole 
aria ;  an  arm  or  bough  of  a  tree. 

UKAWOY/CT.S.  inm,  in.,  a  tribe  of  the 
Lularci.    See  Aulerci:  Til, 75. 

BBANNOVTI,  orum,  m.,  a  people  of  Celtic 
(fall:  VII.  75. 

HRATUSPAXTTUM,  i.  n..  Bratuspintiuna,  a 
'    wn  Of  the  Hellovaci:   11.13. 

URKYIS.  o,  adj.,  short— both  of  time  and 
>p\  ■■:  transitory,  brief.  Brtvi,  abl:,  (sc.  Um- 
pire,) in  a  short  time,  shortly. 

RREV1TAS,  ntis,  t, brevis. shortness,  brevity; 
hortnen  or  townees  of  stature. 
BREVITER,  adv.,  breris,_short)y,  briefly,  in 
",  in  a  word,  summarily. 

3.   i.  m.,  a  Briton,  inhabitant  of 
n:  T.11. 
BRITAXXIA,    ae.   f.,  ic.  terra,   Britannus, 
Itritain  or  Great  Britain:  IV,  20. 
RRJTAX  X  KTS,  a,  nm,  adj.,  Britannug,  Brit- 
tle,irrithih. 

ffRf/MA,  ae,  f,  brevlssima,  brevima,  brenma; 
the  shortest  day  of  the  year,  the  winter  solstice, 
midwinter. 

BRUTUS,  i,  m.  (Decimtis)  Brutus,  one  of 
''■sear's  officers :  III,  11. 


BRE 

Krtta  I 


c 


C-,  en  abbreviation  of  the  praenomen  Calus. 
to  Roman  notation,  a  bajedred. 

CABILLONUM,  i,  n.  Chalons,  a  city  of  the 
fldui  upon  the  Saono  :  TIT,  42. 

CABf/RUS,  i,  m.  Cabnrns,  (C.  Velcrtus,)  n 
.  hirf  of  tbe  TTelvii  :  I,  4T ;  and  VTI,  65. 

CACrjMEN,  Inis,  n.,— acumen,  with  prefix  r, 
•i tuo  ;  the  top  or  summit  of  anything,  tl 

CAIMYKR,  eris,  ■  ,  sado,  cr,rp««,dead  1 

f"ADO,  ere,  sccidi.  casum,  intr.,  to  falf.tumbla 


down;  to  fall  or  die  in  battle,  be  slain,  perish. 

CADURCUS,  a.  am,  adj.,  belonging  to  the 
Qadurci,  a  people  in  theBonthern  part  of  Celtic 
Qaul;  ri/hs.n  Cadurcian:  VTI.  5. 

CJCDES.  is.  f..  cesdo,  Gr.  {33,  Rem. 8,  Bxi 
cutting    down,    murder,  slaughter,  df'strmtio'i 
tdem,  to  do  or  commit  murder. 
CTEDO,  ere,  ceci'di,  caesum.tr..  cado,  to 
to  fall :  hence,  cut  down,  lop,  fell,  cut :  to  strike. 
beat:  to  kill,  destroy;  to  sacrifice. 

O.'KR.'Ksrs.  a,  um,  Cnreslan,  pertaining  t.. 
tho  Caraesi.  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul:   II,  4. 

I'.l'lilMUXIA,  a<i,  f.  Crrcs.:\  very  ancient 
town  .,f  Btrnria' in  snme  Way  connected  with  the 
religious  worship  of  Rome; — religious  ccrciii.. 
nies,  sacred  rites. 

CJERULEUS,  a,  um,  rtlesius,  bluish  grey  : 
sUy-Muo. azkre,  sea-green,  cerulean. 

-AR,  aris,  m.,  caesos,  caedo,  Cesser, 
family  name  in  tho  Julian  pent.  Caius  Julia:. 
Cntar,  son  of  Lucius  Julius  Caesar  and  Anrelia, 
the  daughter  of  Co  tta.  Seelin  appended  to  this 
work.  L.  Cmsar,  a  lieutenant  in  Gaul  under 
Julius  Caesar,  and  a  kinsman  of  the  latter:  If  T. 
65. 

•t'S.  a, um,  part.,  caedo. 
CAICS,   i.  in.,  a  common  praenomeu 
'he  Romans. 

\MITAS,  fttis.  f„  calamus,  a  re,  d  ,,.• 
stem;  originally,  the  damage  or  destruction  ot 
crops;  calamity,  misfortune,  disaster, adversity 
loss,  injury,  damage. 

<\W.»;\D/K,  .arum,  f.,  pi.,  calo,  to  call;  Qi 
{234,5;  the  first  day  of  the  month  on  which 
the  high  priests  proclaimed  the  calendar  dates  ; 
the  calends. 

CAL.ETES,  lum.  m..  the  Caletes,  a  people  .  t 
Gaul  who  lived  near  the  mouth  of  the  Seine  ■ 
11,4. 

CALLIDUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  calico,  to  have  callum 
or  thick  akin  by  reason  of  exercise  ;  hence,  tot* 
skillful:  skillful, experienced, shrewd. practised: 
in  a  bad  senw,  crafty,  bIv.  subtle,  deceitful, 
cunning. 

CALO,  onis,  m..  the  slave  of  a  common  sol- 
dier, a  camp  boy. 

CAMPESTER,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  campus,  of  er 
belonging  to  a  plain  or  field,  level,   flat,  cham- 
paign. 
CAMPUS,  t,  m.,  a  plain,  field. 
CAMULOGjENUS.   i,   m.      Camnlogonn".    a 
general  of  tbe  Aulerci :  Til,  67. 
CAXINIU8,  i,  m.  See  Rebilus. 
CANO,   ere,  cecinl,   cant  urn.  Intr.  and  tr .,    i 
make  musical  sounds,  to  alng:   to  sing  or  chant 
the  praises  of  any  one;    to  celebrate  in  verse.— 
Since  prophuiej  were  giitn  in  rerte^  to  prophe- 
sy  foretell,  predict.     To  play   or  blow  npon   a 
rnu-ical  instrument.     Oinilur,  imp.,  a  signal  ie 
piven. 
CAXTABRUH.  a,  nm,  adj.,  of  or  pertaining 


203 


C  A  N  TIUM— C  AUTES. 


to  the  Cantabrians,  a  warlike  people  in  the 
north  of  Spain  :  III,  26. 

CAXTIUM,  i,  n.  Kent,  a  district  of  England 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames :  V,  W. 

CAPILLUS,  i,  m.,  root  cap,  whence  caput; 
the  hair  of  the  head;   while  crinis  is  any  hair. 

CAPIO,  ere,  eepi,  captum,  tr.,  to  take  ;  to 
seize,  lay  hold  of;  to  take  possession  of,  occupy; 
to  capture,  take  captive,  take  prisoner  ;  'to  ac- 
quire, obtain  ;  to  enjoy,  feel,  as,  dolorem,  volup- 
tattm ;  to  choose,  select,  make  choice  of.  To 
captivate,  allure,  attract ;  to  take  in,  deceive, 
entrap,  ensnare,  Capert  consilium,  to  form  a 
design,  to  adopt  a  plan  or  measure.  Caprre  lo- 
cum, portum,  ete.,  to  gain,  make,  reach  or  ar- 
rive at  the  plac»  of  destination,  port,  etc.  Ca- 
ptrt  locum  (in  military  language.)  to  select  a 
place  suitable  for  a  camp.  Capert  fugamto  flee. 
Capert  initium,  to  begin. 

CAPRKA,  a?,  f.,  capra,  a  Bhe-goat ;  a  roe. 

CAPT/VUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  capio,  captive,  taken 
prisoner,  enslaved;  subs,  a  prisoner,  captive.. 

CAFTUS,  us,  m,  capio,  a  taking  or  seizing; 
capacity,  talent,  genius,  ability,  state,  condi- 
tion. Ut  est  captum  Germanorum,  considering 
the  condition  of  the  Germans,  for  Germans. 

CAPTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  capio,  taken,  seized, 
caught ;  robbed  of  the  free  use  of  ono's,powers, 
deprived;  occupied;  captivated,  delighted,  at- 
tracted-; chose  a,  selected.  Capta.  orum,  ».,things 
taken  in  war,  booty,  -spoils. 

CAPUT,  itis,  n.,  root  cap.,  a  head  of  men  or 
animals ;  of  inanimate  things,  the  top,  extremi- 
ty; of  a  river,  the  mouth;  by  mttonomy^a,  man, 
person,  life.  Caj)itum  Helvetiorum  mille,  a  thou- 
sand head  of  Helvetians,  i.e.  a  thousand  Helve- 
tians.    Capitis  poena,  capital  punishment. 

CARCASO,  onis,  f.  Carcassone^a  city  of  the 
Gallic  Province  west  of  Narbo :  III,  20. 

CAREO,  ere,  ui,  itum,  intr.,  to  be  without, 
want,  be  in  want  of,  be  free  from ;  to  be  absent 


from. 


CARJTNA,  ae,  f.,  the  keol  or  bottom  of  a  ship. 
CARNUTES,  um,  m.,  the  Carnutes,  a  people 
of  Celtic  Gaul:  11,35. 

CARO,  carnis,  for  carinis,  f.,  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals. 

CARPO,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  tr.,  akin  to  rapio  ;  to 
gather,  pluck  or  pick  fruits  or  flowers  ;  of  ani- 
mals, to  graze  To  pluck  one's  character;  htnee, 
to  carp,  fin.'  fault  with,  blame;  to  vilify,  slan- 
der, calumniate,  asperse.    To  diminish,  weaken. 

CARRUS,  i;  m.,  and  Carriim,  i,  n.,  a  kind  of 
vehicle  used  by  the  Gauls  and  Germans  for  con- 
voying heavy  burdens;  a  eart. 

C-4RUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  dear,  cqgtly.;  lience,  pce- 
cious,  beloved. 

CARVILIUS,  i,  ju.  Carvilius.  a  king  of  Kent : 
'  V,  22. 

CASA,  ae.  f.,  a  hut,  shed,  cottage,  cabin;  a 
thatched  house ;  a  soldier's  hut. 


CASEUS,  i,  m.,  and  Casrum,  i,  n.,  cheese, 
-CASSI,  orum,  m.,  the.Cassi,  a  British  nation  : 
V,  21. 

CASSI^INUS,  a,  um,  adj.  (Cassius.)  of  or  be- 
longing to  Cassius.  Cassian.  Bdlo  Cassia  ■■:  I. 
13,  the  war  in  which  L.  Cassius  command*  1  and 
in  which  he  was  slain  by  the  Tigun'ni. 

CASSIS,  idis,  f.,  a  helmet  of  metal ;  gau. 
ihg  a  leather  helmet. 

CASSIUS,  i,  m.  Cassius,  ,the  name  of  a  T. 
gens.  Lucius  Cassius  Lgnginus,  a  Roman  consul 
defeated  and  slain  by  the  Helvetii :  A.  U.  C.  047  : 
I,  7-12. 

CASSIVELLAUNUS,  i,  nr.  Cassivcllaunus.  a 
British  king  who  was  appointed  commaii.!ir-in- 
chief  of  the  British  forces  in  the  war  against 
Csesar:  V,  11. 

,    CASTELLUM,  i,  n.,  dim.,  castrum,  a  castle, 
town,  fort,  r«doubt. 

CASTICUS,  i,  m.  Casticus,  a  Sequan,  whom 
Orgetorix  persuaded  to  aim  at  the  sovereignty 
of  his  state:   I,  3. 

CAST/GO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  castum-ago,  to 
chastise,  punish,  correct;  to   reprehend,   chiel« 
reprove;  to  mend,  improve. 

CASTRUM,  i,  n..  a  fort;  p'.  caatra,  orum.  •• 
camp,  encampment.  Fig.  war,  warfare.  As  . 
Romans  pitched  their  camp  at  the  close  of  >  .< 
Hay,  caatra.  <&  put  also  for  a  day's  march.  ( '<s- 
tra  navalia,  the  fortification  around  ships  druwil 
up  on  land.  In  castris  usum  habere,  to  have  ex-  I 
perience  in  military  affairs. 

C.4SUS,  us,  m.,  cado,  the  act  of  falling,  a  full. 
That  which  falls  out  or  happens  unexpectedly, 
au  event,  change,  accident,  opportunity.  As 
chances  are  nftener  bad  tha7i  good,  a  calamity, 
misfortune,  mishap.  Ran  ad  extrcmum  perdu- 
cere  casum — bring  to  the  last  pass,  the  last  ex- 
tremity 

CATAMANTALEDES,  is,  m.    Catamantale-  * 
des,  a  chief  of  the  Sequani :  I,  3. 
CATENA,  ae,  f.,  a  chain;  fetter. 
CATIVOLCUS,  i,  m.    Cativolcus,  a  king  of 
the  Eburones :  V,  24. 

CATURIGES,  um,  m.,  the  Caturigcs,  a  Gallic 
nation  inhabiting  the  Alps:  1, 10. 

CAUSA,  a»,  f.,  a  cause,  reason,  ground ;  mo- 
tive, inducement ;  a  causo,  suit,  or  process  at 
law;  in  a  bad  sense,n,  pretence,  pretext, excuse. 
A  state,  situatiou,  condition.  Causam  dicere,  to 
plead  for  one's  self,  to  plead,  make  a  defence. — 
Ctiusa  with  agenitive  is  a  very  common  mode  of  . 
expressing  a  purpose;  on  account  of,  for  th» 
purposfe  of,  lor  the  sake  of.  Qua  de  causa,  for 
which  reason.  It  is  sometimes  omitted  with 
the  genitive.  Per  causam,  for  the  sake  of,  on 
account  of. 

CAUTE,  adv.,  cautus,  cautiously,  warily,  cir- 
cumspectly, prudently. 

CAUTES,  is,  f.,  a  ragged  or  pointed  rock, 
crag,  cliff. 


CAUTUS— C1NG0. 


CAUTUS,  a,  nm.  part.,  eaveo,  with  ■■  ntidd  ■  \primorum  ordinwn,  ore  also  tho  three 

first  centurions  of  each  legion,  via:  Woprimipi- 
l  at,  the  primus  princeps,  and  the  primus  hatt  '- 
tut.  See 
CEPI,  etc.  See  Capio, 

CERNO,  ere,  cri  vi,  en  turn,  tr.,  to  separate,! 
sift;  to  distinguish,  jndgo,  determine,  perceive, 
comprehend,  understai 
to  Bee,  discern,    bsi  rve. 

CERUMEN,  into,  n.,  oer%,  a  contest  eithei 
friendly  or  hostile;  a  strife, contention,  dehate  : 
a  game  or  exercise;  a  battle,  engagement.fight. 
CERTS,  adv.,  certus,  certainly, aesnredly, un- 
doubtedly; at  least,  at  all  evi  rits. 
CERTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr..  cerno,  to  decido 
vr,-,  to  c  intend,  contest,  strive. 
vio,  itrnggle,  fight:  to  attempt. 

is.  a,  um,adj.,cenib,  determined;  fixed 

tablished,  appointed;  certain,  sure,  on- 

oat-worthy,  fixed,  tried,  faithful ; 

dear,  well-known,   v.  ".  ascertained,  manifest. 

evident,  true.     0  ■  ■'  .'>'»>'' •   ,;r 

t  .  inf. .rm,  acquaint,  a;  prise.  Cert 
I  am  inform  ■!  or  apprised,  I  receive  intolll- 
With  de. 

\UB,  i.  m..  a  stag;  ce'.vi,   in  military 
language  ■       resembling 

the  horns  of  a  stag,  achovauxdi  frise,  abattis 
CXSPES,  or  CJ  SP  '    '''■  il  t,lrt 

or  -  id  cut  out, 
CESSl  Oedo. 

CETERA,   urn,  a  lj.,    (n  mi.  sing,  masc 

residue,   remainder 
'. 
tains  in  the  GatUc  pr   rin  ■  west    f  th   ' 
separating  tha  Arverni  fr..m  the  Tlelvii  : 

CHEItUSCX  olrum,  mi,  the  Chen: 
of  Genu  t 

irtl%,i.!i..  th 


tense;  having  guarded  one's  self;  legally  secur- 1 
ed;  secure,  safe,   defended; 'cantio 
wary,  provident,  circumspect. 
CAVARILLUS.  i,  m.    Cavarillus,  a  chief  of 

i lie  /T.dui:  VII.  67. 

CAVAR7NU8,  i,  m.    Cavarinus,  brother  of 
Moritasgus,  king  of  the  Senones  :  V,  64 

CAVEO,  ere,  cavi,  caututn.  tr.  and  ii 

be  on  one's  guard,  to  beware  or  tako  u 1  of, 

against,  avoi  '.    Ok 
security  by  ho 

CF.CIIH.  etc,    Se<  Qado. 

C/-;Dit.  ereierssi,  ctfjun,  ti    and  intr.,   logo 
from  a  place,  withdraw, .retire,  depart.    To  3o 
■  nut  of  some  one's  way.   give  place  to,  yield,  re- 
treat.    T"  yield  in  ran):  or  position;  be  inferior 

'"■  -        • 

CELSIUS,  a.  am, 

CELER,  «'m  to  impel ;  swjft, 

speedy,  fleet,  quick. 
CELEUITAS  Btis,f.,  eeler,  swiftness,  quicfe> 
eed,  celerity.     Ad  cfUritatem  onerandi, 
Ling  expeditiously. 
CELEKIT  Kit,  celerius,  celerrime,  a A\ 
swiftly,  quickly,  -;  ■   lily,  immediately. 

CKI.'I.   are.   avi.   atum.   tr..    M.'l.a.    t>  hide, 
conceal,  kepp  sevet, 

CELT.t:,  arum,  m.,  th 
of  Celtic  Gaul,  called  by  tin  li:  1,1. 

F1LLD8,  i.  m.    Celtillus,  the  fathei  of 

\  '     ', .         :    V 1 1 .  ' 

NX  orum,  m.,    tho  Ceninuupt,  a 
anciently   i 
in  the  eastern  part  of  England    i 
•s:  V,  -1. 
CEXOM  INI,  omm,  m.,  the  Cononiani,  one  of 
ie  tribes  of  the  Aulcrci:  VII,  75. 
CEKSEO,     i'     ui,  censuin,  rar-'i/  c«  nsitum, 
tr..  to  weigh,  • 

ipinion,   to  advise,  bo   in  favor  of 
Ive. 

• 

i  ving  bwii  taken. 
CENTItoN  US,  u  a,  m..  the  Csntr  >n  is,a  Gallic. 
nation  luhabiujn  :  the  Alps:  1, 10 

• 
i  M       :.  num. ad  ,a  bun  Ircd, 

rli  nn- 
iing  at 
a  (bit  tieth  part  ■  f  t lie 
infantry  in  al  f  1 

d  i  eople. 

i  i   n  .  nirion. 

ifantry   in  a 
Ccntu 
*ontn: 


Cibariu  wit 

»,  i. 

■ 


an  allowance  or  : 

:  dour. 

n  mrUhnieni,  victuals.    « 
tua  Tullius)  ' 
the  brotlier  i  f   •' 
Tullius  Cii  ■  .  '.     II"  was  on 

Gaul,  bdt  during       •      '•      war  atta 

llllll-el!   to  tll<- 

I     I 

■ 

' 


208 


CIPPUS— CLAM. 


I  ingere  murum,  sc.  militibus,  to  man  the 

CIPPUS,  i,  in.  acippus:  a  sharp  slake  or 
pailisadc. 

CIRCA,  prep,   with   ace,   and   adv.,    ciFcus, 

■i-aa,  around. 

CIRCINTJS,  i,  :n.,  circus,  an  instrument)  with 

'which  circles  are  described,  a  pair  of  compasses. 

CIRCITER.  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,   circus, 

.)■  \it.  near,  somewhere  about. 

CIRCLED  ■•!  i,  iri,  iri  and  ii,  ituin- 

tr.,  irr,  circuin  andeo,  togo  round  or  about;  to 
surround, 'encompass,  invest,  environ;  to  visit 
in  course  or  successively,  to  go  the  rounds. 

CIRCUIT  US,   us,  m.,  circueo,  a  going  round 

in   a  circle;  a  circuit,  revolution, kmpass  ;   a 

circuitous  path  or  ros  litu,  in  circuit 

or  circrfm    i  so,    Dund  about,  circuitous- 

....  fifteen  miles 

ii 

CIRCUIT..  part.,  circueo. 

CIRCUM,  prep,  with   ace.,  and  adv., 
circus,  around,  'about ;  near. 
CIECUilCZDO,  ere,  »'di,  isuni,  tr.,circni 

i  .it  or  paro  about,  te  cut  around,  diminish, 
.  ribe. 

,  urn,  part,  and  adj., i 

.  ill  o 
'. 
CIRCUMCLi- "DO,  ei  sum,  tr.,   circuui- 

, 
Ivor. 

..,  urn,  part.,  from 

. 

id :  to  surround, 
... 

rcumaafA  mu- 

build  a  Willi  aroun  L 

...  ■ 

to  lead  or  draw  aiuum^H 
LCUMDUCTUS,  a,um,p2».. 

CIRCTTMrUMX1,  ci  i. a,  tr.,  ciruun- 

uindo,  fJ14S,  Ex.,  to. pour  around;  1  o  surround, 

iron.  ■  -.'.;  sense, 

to  scatter   themselves   around  in   crowds,    to 

press  upon. 

CIRCUMFETSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,   circumfundo. 

CIRCCMITUS,  a,  um,  part.,  circumeo. 

CIECCMJECTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  from 

CIItCUMJICTO,  ere,  eei,  ectuiu,  tr.,  circum- 
jacio,  to  cast,  throw  or  place  around ;  to  en- 
compass, surround. 

CIRCUMMISSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  from 

CIRCUMMITTO,  ere,  si,  ssuni.  tr.,.  i 

it  to,  to  scud'around. 

CIRCUM.MUMO,  ire,  tvi,  itum,  tr.,  circum- 
munio,  to  fortify  all  around. 

C^BCUMMUN/TUS,  a,  um.  part.,  circum- 
munio. 

CIRCL'MPLECTOR,   ti,   xus  sum.    dcp.   tr., 


circum-plecto,   to  twine;  to  embrace   ., 
around,  to  surround. 

CIRCUMSISTO,  ere,  steti,  tr.  and  iutr.,  Ctr 
cum-sisto,  reduplicated  from  sto,  to  plact  :  t 
stand  around,  surround. 

CIRCUMSPICJ    ■ 
th,  oil  cnm-spi  c'ii    .....  :  i    i  i 

cautious,  to  take  heed,    t     wi  igh, 
fully,  ponder  over,  examin- 
revolve,  consider. 

CIRCUMSTO,  ai   ,  irenm- 

sto,  to  stand  around,  surround. 

CIRCUMVALLATUS,  a,  um,  part.,/ro»l 

CIRCUMTALLO,  ■  ..,  tr-.,  eircuni- 

vallo,   tomalct  to   surround 

rampart;    to  be  ■  ;■  to  surround. 

CIRCUMVECTUS;  a,  um,  part.j/rom 

CIlfcUMYEIIO,  ere,  xi,   ctnm,   tr.,  circuni- 
voho,  to  carry;  to  carry,  round  about.     / 
ride  around. 

CIRCUMVEXLJ,  ire,  vcui,  ventuni,  tr.,  cir- 
cuiu-veuic,' i  .  tando  around; 

round  iu  a  hostile  manni  r;  ass,  if) 

vest,    beset,    blockade;    to   oppress,    afflict-;    to 
.  i  heat,  defraud,  circumvent. 

.  ;  i  STUB,  a;  um,  part.,  circiu. 
CIS,    prep,  with  ace,  (akin  to  ii  With  the  de- 

. 
. .  .  .  .    usually  denotes   th 

1 1  Rome. 
•CISALP/NUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  cis-Alpes, 
pine,  on  t! 

,  cuue. 

i  -iNUS,  a,  um, 

.    ,t  or  Gal 
side. 

CITA, 
knight:    . 

up,  moved;  hii  ried,  swifti  peedy,  rapid. 

EKIOR,  oris,  adj.  comp.,   Gr.  ... 
a  .i.    .  -  hither. 
CITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr    I 

late;  to  summon. 

I  IITO,   citius,  i  i  i 
quickly,  speedily. 

CITRA,  prep.,  abl.  sing,  of  'citur.  on  thi 

CJ,TRO,  •adv.,  old  ace,   citpoh  of  citer, 
only  m  connection  with  ultro;  ultra   e, 
this  way  and  that,  to  and  fro,  backward  and  for 
ward. 

,    C/VIS,;  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  citizen,  a  free  man  01 
woman. 

CIVITAS,  atis,  f.,ciTis,i;itizenship;  an  assem- 
blage of  citizens  ;  a  nation,  the  inhabitants  of 
state  ;  a  city  or  state. 

CLAM,  adv.  and  prep.,  with  aec.  or  abl.,  G, 
JJ.20,  Rem.  1,  celo,  without  the  knowledges u 
privately,  privily,  secretly. 


Ci.AMl'P)     CO  IT. 


.  I.  atutu,  ii .  .-ml  iu'r.,  freq., 
■  lamo,  to  csy  al  ml,  vociferate. 
CLAMO,  a#e,  avi,  atum,  tr.'and  hitri,  tocry, 
ud,  exclaim,  complain  w ith  a  loud 

• 

CIijCSII  li:,  oris,  1. 1.,  '':.<.!!".  a  loud  void-.  Crj  oi 

tuon  or  animals,  ehout ;  clam  ir,  .my  loud  noisa 

US,      urn,  idj.,  clarn^  i  ei  ret, 
led,  hidden,  unkuov,  n,  private,   i 
tine. 

CLARE    adi ..  cl  :•    di  - 

tinctly  ;  openly,  plu  lyjai 

CLAK  ■  J.-, 

:   .  :  ueutal 

man         .     ■  i "- 1 in  >us,   illu 

t!i.'    Roman    peopl  'nltiib  ; 

bodj  of  or  in  0 

i  i  lament. 

( \LA  i'l'l  is.  i.  in  .  is,  a  con- 

sul, A.  1  .  0.  Tim  :  V.  1. 

CLATTbO,  ei •'.  -;.  sum,  I  I  >sc  up; 

up  the 
rear  of  the  ai  my. 
CLACSl'S.  a,  urn,  port.,  i  laud  >. 
CL.lVl'  8,  i.  VOL.,  (k  nail. 
OLEMENTBR,  exh 
toltly, 

nassioi  ,i,l!;.. 

Cl.r.Mi.NTl  A.   ae,  .'..  . ,  entlej    mihl- 

umanitj .  cli  money, 
iearance,  mercy. 

I.T  !).*.. S.    tl-.    n  :■  cluens,  from 

.1,.    ne  under  the  protection 
s,  the 

i",.;  liN'Xj:;  \.    .  ,  state  or  rela- 

1    otectibn  ;  j*!., 
.its  or  ,h  pendents.     Of  a 

or 1  a  in-  . 

erful   ■:  adenl   states   them- 

.  ■  iileliia/it'uj,. 
rliunt  or  dependent. 
CLTVUS,  i  ■  uinfii 

livlty. 

I  I.  'lil  1  .-.  1.  in.    (l'ulih;  .  Roman, 

nili   and   talent*,   but   still 

r  hit)  endaoious  profligacy;  lo- waskilled 

v  II.  1. 

CN.,  "  1  abbntoialion  n/tht  prmnomen  CdScur. 

<  N  1.1  3,  •  1  Cm  as,  1.  hi.    Cneus,  .1  oommt  D 

praeiionien  among  the  Romans.    See  J\,mpi:ius. 

'  OACi  i.\  \  1 ;  B,  a,  am,  putt. .from 
COA('Ki;\ '  >.  in  1 ,  ari,  atnra,  i:  . 

v  ,)  to  b<  ap  :  igi  t','  1  :  toheap  up, 
. 
'■'  tlljj,    a.  uai,  part.,  cog",  a  f.,ning,  con- 
straining;  compulsion.  Utodonly  in  abt,0r.{51. 

r2 


COAGMENTO,  are,  avi,  aUim,  tr..  coagmeri- 

t'.i-ten  togother,  conn 

COARCTO,  or  Coal  1  •  nni.  tl'.,(cou- 

- 

I    II'    I'--'. 

•  -.I'i'KS.  u;u,  anil  ium,  111, t 
[uttania  :  I II.  27. 
COB  • 

('(ELESTI8,    e.   adj.,   ccctum,  the    heavens; 
lial.     (fylesics,  ium,  m.  ; 

COSMO,  ere,  emi,°euiptum,  tr., 
buy  up,  to  purchase  I 

a,'um,  pu:.. 
ii, i  ivi,  ii,  ami  iiiiiu.  Intl'i  in 

'.i,    COl- 

(M  I'l.         1,  dof.,   Or.,  §113,  1  b 
. 

lilive-. 
OOl'.I'l'l  s.  a,  inn.  part.,  ccepi.1 
COERCEO,  <i'j,  ui,  it  urn,  tr.,  c  ■ 

binder 

rrom   motion;     to    keep    in.    confine,    restrain. 
check;  tor.  pre;  s,  eurb. 

.  i\.  COgito,a  lliinkir 

berately ;  a   thought,  an  op 
j  udgmeut. 

COGITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  and  intr., 
agito,  to  pursue  something  in  the.  mind,  think 
upon:  onsider,  meditate,  reflect. 

deliberate;  to  design,  intend. 

\Tio,  onis.  I  in-nascor,  re- 

lation by  hloodV  kindred.     Homo    '..'•, 
tionis — having  powerful  relatives. 
ilTUS,  a<-wm,  i»art../;on» 

vi,  itum,  tr.,  e.on-nosco>Gr. 
0  be  acquainted  with,  examine:  I 
I'teover.  unil, 

mod,  know,  invesl  ,-,  ro- 

counoit  gnitum  at,   it  I  was  found 

Cignila  ■ 

COGO, ere, CO«gJ, 00actum.tr.,  co-ag  i,  to  bring 
or  collect  together;  to  drive,  impel  . 
do  any  thing;  to  condense. 

COIIORS,  ti>.  I.,  an  Inclosuro,  cattle  or  poul- 
try  yard  ;  thai  the  things  inclosed.  In  military 
language,  a  cohort,  a  ban*  of  foi 

1  three  manipuli,  or  six  centQi  Ii 

■la   legion.     Cohort prmtoria,  tlie 

praetoriM  cohort,  the  1 j  guard  chosen  by  tin* 

or  commanding  general  for  his  ow  u  de- 

1  "lim.TAi  10,  i,  an  txb  it- 

'■'  '■ 
COHO  •■  uiu,  part.,/rom 

COHORTOR,  ari.atus  buu.,      i    tr  .  eon-hor- 
tor,  to  *xhort.  «ncouraga. 
001  *». 


210 


COLLATU3— COMMQVEO. 


COLLviTUS,  a,  urn,  part.;  confero. 

COLLAUDATUS,  a\  urn,  part., /rom 

COLLAUDO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-laudo,.to 
praise  in  all  respects,  extol,  commend  highly. 

COLLECTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  colligo. 

COLLi'GA,  ae,  in.,  con-lego,  one  who  is  cho- 
sen at  the  same  time  with  another;  a  colleague, 
partner  in  office. 

C0LLIG.4TUS,  a,  um,  part.,/ro»i 

COLLIGO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-ligo,  to 
to  bind  or  tie  together ;  to  join  or  fasten 
together,  connect. 

COLLIGO,  ere,  egi,  ectum,  tr.,  con-lego,  to 
g  ither,  draw  or  bring  together,  collect,  assem- 
ble ;  to  obtain,  acquire,  procure.  OMigere  se, 
to  recover  or  collect  one's  self,  recover  one's 
courage. 

COLLIS,  is,  m.,  Gr.  g33,  Rem.  6;  cello,  hill, 
rising  ground.  liicolle  medio,  halfway  up  the 
hill. 

COLLOCATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 

COLLOCO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-loco,  locus, 
to  place,  put,  settle,  post,  station,  establish;  to 
dispose,  arrange;  set,  place,  lay.  Of  money,  to 
put  at  interest.  Of  a  daughter,  to  give  in  mar- 
riage. 

COLLOCcT'CUS,  a,  um,  part.,  colloquorS 

COLLOQUIUM,  i,  n.,  colloquor,  the  act  of 
conversing,  conversation,  discourse;  a  confer- 
ence, interview. 

COLLOQUOR,  i,  cwtus  sum,  dap.  iutr.,  cou- 
loquor,  to  speak  together,  converse,  confer. 

COLO,'ere,  ui,  cultum,  tr.,  to  cultivate,  till; 
to  bestow  care  upon,  attend  to,  foster,  cherish, 
practice;  to  respect,  regard,  venerate,  worship. 

COLONIA,  ae,  f.,  (colonus,  a  farmer,  fr.  colo) 
the  lan«l  of  a  farmer;  a  colony  or  plantation 
to  which  people  are  sent  to  dwell;  thai  a  num- 
ber of  people  transplanted  from  one  country  to 
another  to  form  a  colony;  colonists. 

COLOR,  oris,  m.,  a  color,  complexion,  tint, 
hue. 

COMBc/RO,  ere,  ussi,  ustuin,  tr.,  con-uro, 
to  burn ;  to  burn  together,  to  burn  or  consume 
utterly. 

COMES,  itis,m.  and  f.,  con-eo,  a  companion, 
associate,  comrade,  attendant. 

COMINUS,  adv.,  con-manus,  nigh  at  hand, 
hand  to  hand,  in  close  combat. 

COMIT^ITUS,  a,  um,  part.,  comitor. 

COMITIUM,  i,  n.,  ooiy-eo,  the  comitium,  a 
place  for  assembling  in  the  Roman  forum  for 
tLe  trial  of  causes  and  tho  holding  of  elections. 
Fl,  comitia,  the  comitia,  an  assembly  of.  the 
whole  people  to  make  or  repeal  laws,  choose 
magistrates,  etc.    The  election?, 

COMITOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  come. 
£222,  29,  a;   to  accompany,  attend,   ; 
with,  follow. 

COMME ATVS,  us,  m.,  cemmeo,  a  going  back 
and  forth :  permission  to  go  back  and  forth,   a 


furlough,  leave  of  absence  from  the  army  for  a 
limited  time';  persons  who  go  back  and  forth,  a 
trading  company,  caravan;  that  which  is  trans- 
ported; provisions,  supplies.  Duobu.i  comnieat 
ibus  exercilum  reportare,  at  two  transportation* 
or  passages.  , 

'  COMMEMORO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-mem 
oro,  memor,  to  mention,  call  to  mind,  detail 
recount,  relate. 

COMMEXDO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-mando 
to  commit  to  any  one's  charge  for  safe  keeping 
consign  to  any  one's  eare ;  entrust  to ;  tt 
commend  to;  to  recommend. 

COMMEO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  con-meo,  to 
go;  to  go  and  come  ;  to  pass  back  and  foi  tu  ;*ti 
go,  come,  visit,  frequent.  Commeare  ad  aliquem . 
to  go  to  any.  one  frequently,  to  visit. 

COMMILITO,  onis,  in.,  con-miles,  a  fellow - 
soldier,  comrade. 

COMMISSfRA,  ae,  f.,  committo,  a  joining 
together,  knot,  joint,  juncture,  seam. 

COMMISSUS,  a,  um,  part., .from 

COMMITTO,  ere,  isi,  issuin,  tr.,  con-mitto,  to 
join  together,  connect,  unite,  to  bring  togethei 
in  a  contest,,  to  begin  (a  battle,  war;)  to  begil 
any  course  of  action  (especially  what  is  wrong. 
to  Commit.  '•  With  ut,  to  be  in  fault  so  that, 
cause  that,  To  place  a  thing  somewhere  for, 
protection,  to  give,  commit,  intrust.  Commissus 
est,  a  fault  has  been  committed,  a  cause  ha- 
been  given:  commissum  (aliquid,)  a  crime  com- 
mitted. 

COMMIUS,  i,  m.  Commius,  a  king  of  tin- 
Atrebates,  sent  by  Ctesar  to  Britain  :  IV,  21.— 
lie  afterwards  joined  iri  a  general  revoli  I'  the 
Gauls  under  Vercingetorix  :  VII,  70. 

80MM0DE,  adv.,commodu3,  duly,  iith 
conveniently,  rightly,  advantageQuflly,  c^n...u 
diousl'y;    opportunely;   well,   suitably.     Stttk 
commode,  conveniently  enough,  with  sufficient 
readiness  or  ease. 

COMMODUM,  f,  n.,  (u.  of  commodus,)  advan- 
tage, profit,  utility,  convenience. 

COMMODUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  con-modus,  having 
full  measure,  complete,  perfect,  suitable,  conve- 
nient, apt,  fit,  expedient;  useful,   opporl 
agreeable,  acceptable. 

COMMONEFACIO,  ere,  eci,  actum,  tr.,  (eom- 
monco,  to  remind,  and  facio,)  Gr.  glu7,  Rem.  1, 
to  put  in  mind,  to  remind  forcibly,  warn,  im- 
press upon. 

COMMOR^tTUS,  a,  um,  part., /row 
■    COMMOROR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.  and  iutr  . 
con-moror,   to  stop,  pause,  stay,  abide,  remain, 
tarry,  sojourn  with.  To  stop,  detain. 

COMMOTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  moved,  troubled 
disturbed,  alarmed,  from 

COMMOVEO,  ere,  ovi,  omrn,  tr.,  con-moveo, 
to  meve  together  or  wholly,  put  in  violent  mo 
tion.  Fig.  to  affect,  agitate,  move,  touch;  to 
disquiet,  trouble,  alarm. 


COMMUNlCATUS»-Ci>NCITATUS. 


:n 


( ■■  >MMUN1C.4TL"S,  a,  inn.  part.,/rom 
COMMUN'ICO,  arc,  avi,  atom,  tr.,  communis, 
to  make  common  with  one,  I  licato,  im- 

part, share  with  an  j  one,  make  n  partner  at, 
hold  communion  with;  make  a  common  cause 
with  one,  commune,  confer,  partake,  shared  to 
join,  unite.  Cum  aliqwconfilium  ounmwiicarc, 
to  impart  or  communicate  to,  share  h  tl 
mune  or  consult  with. 

■    IMTJNIO,   i"\  I'vi,  itum,  ir..  con-munioj 
n\  all  around  or  stro  soure,  fortify. 

t  OMM  r\IS.  e,  adj.,  con-munus, 'common  to 
several  or  all,  common,  general,  univei 

ing  to  the  public. 
or  tji  11 1  nit  interest, 
COMMl  1'ATIO,  onis,  r. 

for  tilt  bettt  r  o 
.   )MMC1tO,  are,,avi.  atum,  cou-muto,   to  al- 
ter :  (•'  exchange,  barter. 
c.>Mi'AK.rrrs,  a,  um,  parfc,/row 
COMPARO,  arc'.  a\i.  atum,  tr.,    con-paro, 
p  ire  earnestly  or  carefully,  furnish,  pro- 
■   procure;  get;   to  make;  acquire;   to 
buy.  purchase. 

COMPELLO,  ere,  pnli,p  n-pello, 

to  drive  or  briug  together,  ass<  mbtaj  collect ;  to 

drive,  impel,  urge,,  compel,  constrain",  r 

•COMI'KM'I!  M.   i.  n.,  con-pendOj  what    is 

i  together,    b  ad  ;  gain 

.    saving)  profit,  advantage.    A  sparing, 

abbreviating. 

eri,  pertum,  tr.,  c.  a-pario, 

with  certainty,   ascertain 

accurately;  get  intelligence  "1".  detect,  lean), be 

rtum'habeo,  (stronger  titan 

■    i.  I  k in >w  .    i 
ml.  a  discovery  is  made. 
COLLECTOR,   i,  exus 'sum,  dcp.  tr.,  con- 
:  win*  roifiid,  go  round,  an- 
-.  surround :  to  comprisi 
head,  contain ;  to  love,  favor;  to 
COMPfcEO,  ere,  i \i,  num.  tr.,  cou-pleo,  obs., 
full,  fill  up;  complete;  to  perform,  finish, 
fulfill. 
COJiri./.  II  a.  a,  im,  part.,  compleo. 

'LEXUS,  ub    in.,  GMnplei  -tin  .   i  irrumfc- 

npleetor. 

1  i  >>1  ii. M;     -  :  .    urium,  u.Jj.,  con- 

[ilus,  '  ■  .     . .ml.  a 

ui,  Mtinn.  tr.,  .k-u-i    . 
put  or  |  i  r.  to  join,  connect,  pUtce  in 

> 

.\  i.  atum,  tr.,  i  o&forto,  to 
illo  t. 

■  '•■  i  c  •     ;  ;  .  <  hendo, 

.    .t  with   I '"ih  lin 
apprehend;  tal 

i  illi  the 


miii'l,  comprehend,  understand,  discover.    Com- 
ffrehendunt  utrumquo— laj    hold 
ikt  fire. 

COMPREHENSUS,   a,    urn,    put.,     i 
hendo. 

CQMPROBO,  arc,  avi,  alum,  tr..  con-probo, 
to  approve  entirely,  to  sanction;  prove,  '-"ii- 
lir  ii.  make  go  id,  reniij  .  bo  shon  to  beg I. 

COMPULI,  i 

COMPULSUSj  a.  am,  part.,   compello.   - 

C  ,v.  ITUM,  i,  n.,  conor,  a  thing  atten 
an  endoavor,  effort,  nndertal 

ClNMTUS,  as,  in.,  cwior,  the  acl  of  attempt- 
ing, an  ai  tempt,  endi 

COX-I'lTS.  a,  um.  part..    I 

O0NC£DOlere,  essi,  osBiim,  tr.  and  im      c  m 
retire,  yield,  depart,  withdraw 

to    go,   repair   (to   it 
place;)  t  i  assent  to;  to  yield,  give  up ;  to 
.  allow,   permit,  o 

dum  est,  imp.,   permission   should 
request  should  be  granted. 

liUTi »,  art',  avi,  atum,  intr  ,    con-ccrto, 

. 
DESSDS,  us.  m.  permitting  ; 

pftrmisa 

Ii,  isum,  tr..   con-credo,  Or. 

l'-2l,  S  ;  to  cut    I  :    i  ui 

down.  kill,  slay,  destroy    utterly;  to  1 
■   ruin. 
'1)|>,   ere.   idi,   intr..   coii-fcado,    td  fall 
down.  .'.■  in. I  ;   (of  the  win,]., 

si.lt- ;  to  fall  in  i 
ill  cay,  i  ruin. 

COXC1  l.l'>.  ai  -.  a\  i.  atum,  tr.,     oncil 

(Mite,  jl 

to  attach,  unil  .  tiring 

about,  make. 

■ 
■in  assembly,  mi 

'  u<  h  an 

as  emblj  -     Ih  i  .   an-   often 

interchanged  and  the  distinction   lost    siulit    of. 
C'lN'  n  meeting  m 

where 
an  oral' 

.  c|ituni.  tr..  con-capio,  to 
with  both  li  in 

'.    im- 


conoito— confiteor. 


,   ire,  avi.  atum,    tr..    con-cji  >,    to 
~tir  tip.  put  in  violent  motion,  excite,  stii 
i,  move,  raise. 
CO-NCI..-!''1"-  are,ftvij  atuin,  intr'., eou-clamo, 
!.■>  cry  ;  to  crj  cl  y  aloud,  shout,  ex- 

claim. !■,  ure'SM'efort'ajn,  Gr> §150, 

Hem.  2,  total's  ';    of  victory:  concla- 

'viarc  a  Shout   to  arms  I     With  4tZ 

.when  a  desire  is  implied. 

CONCLrilO.  ere,  si,  sum.  tr.,  cbn-fcjaudo,   to 
shut  up,  confine,  inclo  e,  circuntecribe)  to  hem 
in:  to  include,  comprise;  to  end,  close. 
CONCLITSI  -  it ■:.,  conclwdo. 

CONCUPO,  are.  in,  itinii,  intr.,  QOn-Cupo,  to 
rattle,  to  mak<  '    -h.  rattle-,  ring:  ccn- 

cupare  B ■•  to  male  a  i 

striking  th    shi  Id    '  ith  tlie  sword. 

GON(  DIJ.RO,  ere.  eurri,  cursum,  intr.,  eon- 
cuwyl  crowds-;  flock  or  rush 

t.<  gether;  to  i  un  together  (with  or  without  vio- 
lence.) To  rnu-together  in  a  hostile  nia 
to  fight,  engage  hi  "fight,  charge.  To  happen 
together;  to  concur,  to  occvir  simultaneously: 
eoncurritur.  imp.,  they  rush  or  llocl  to 
Ad  arma  coricurri  oporlet,  it  is  necessary  for 
the  soldiers  to  ran  t 

CONCTJRSO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.  freq.,  con- 
curso,  to  rush  violently  together,  to  run  to  and 
fro,  to  run  up  and  down:  concursalur,  imp., 
they  run  up  and  down,  hurry  to  arid  fro. 

CONCURSTJS,  us,  in.,  cmcurro,  a  running  or 
flocking  together ;  a  meeting,  assembling;  an 
assembly,  concourse ;  a  dashing  Or  striking  to- 
gether ;  a  hostile  running  together,  a  conflict, 
charge,  attack,  onset.  ■ 
CONCUKSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  concorro. 
CONDEMNO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-damno, 
to  sentence,  find  guilty,  to  condemn,  charge 
with. 

CONDITIO,  onis,  f.,  condo,  to  put  together,, 
establish ;  the  external  position,  state,  position, 
condition,  circumstances  ;  nature,  quality.  The 
establishing  of  terms,  a  contract,  condition,  com- 
pact, stipulation,  terms ;  a  proposition,  propo- 
sal :  conditionem  ferre,  to  offer  or  propose  terms. 
•  CONDONO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con*-doijo,  to 
give  fretly,  grant,  prusent,  bestow-,  offer  as  a 
sacrifice.  To  give  one  a  debt ;  to  remit,  excuse; 
.  to  pardon,  forgive  :  with  jtAe  accusative  of  the 
crime  and  the  dative  of  the  person  it  si'/nifies  to 
pardon  the  fault  for  his  sake,  on  his  account. 

CONDRITSI,  oruni,  m.  pi.,  the  Coudrusi,  a 
peeple  of  Belgic  Gaul :  II,  4. 

CONDi/CO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.  and  intr.,  con- 
duco,  to  bring  or  lead  together,  assemble,  col- 
lect, to  bring  together  by  pay,  to  hire.    Intr.  to 
be  profitable;  to  serve. 
CONDUCTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  condttco.. 
C0NET0Dt7NUS,  i,  m.    Conetoduuus,  a  lead- 
\  er  of  the  Carnutes  :  VII,  3. 


eONFBCXUS,  a,  um,  part. 

'ERCJO,  ire,  (no  pexf.,)  turn,  tr.,  con- 
farcio,  to  stuff;  to  Btuff,  crowd,  or  cram  together, 
to  press  close  together. 

CONFERTUS.  a,  um,  part,  asd  adj.,  crammed, 
full,  crowded ;  thick,  cl      ■;  dense,    in   close   ar- 
ray: confertissima  acie  or  agminecpnferti 
in  very  clo^e  array. 

C0NFER0,  ferre,  contuli,  collatum,  tr.  irr..  • 
con-fero,  to  bring,  carry,  put.  or  lay  together : 
to  collect,  gather.  To  contribute,  pay.  To 
into  connection,  to  unite,  join;  (in  a  hostile 
sense,)  to  fight.  To  briug  together  in  compari- 
son, to  compare.  To  shorten  hy  l>:  lights  -to- 
gether, to  abrid-.  Can,  {n,tnsive,  to 
carry  or  direct,  a  thing  somewhere,  to  betake  : 
se  fin/.,  to  betake  one's  self.  To  apply,  bestow; 
to  attribute,  ascribe,  (culp  im  alicui.)  To  trans- 
fer to  a  future  time,  to  put  off,  defer, .delay. 

CONFESTIM,  adv.,  a'cin  iofcstinb,  fero.  forth- 
with, immediately,  speedily,  with  mt  a  moment's 
delay.  ' 

COXflCIO,  ere,  cci,  ectum,~tr.,  con-facio,  t.> 
make  completely;  to  finish,  terminate,  com- 
plete, settle,  accomplish:  tb  effect,  to  cause;  to 
execute,  perform ;  to  finish  a  person,  to  kill,  ' 
sweep.  away,.destroy.  To  prepare,  provide,  bring 
togfSfeer :  conjlctre  tubules  Uteris  Grxcis,  to 
compile,  write. 

COKE /DO,  ere,  idi.  and  isus  -um,  intr.,  con- 
fido,  to  trust,  to'tFHSt  to,  •feel  confident  in;  to 
coniide  in  ;  to'rely  upon;  to  believe  certainly, 
to  be  assured. 

CONFJGO,  ere,  xi,  xum,  tr.,  con-figo,  to  fix  ; 
to  fix  or  fasten  together,  fasten ;  to  pierce, 
transfix.  «  , 

CONF/NIS,  e,  adj.,  con-finis,  next  to,  adjoin- 
ing, bordering  upon,  contiguous. 

CONFINIUM,  i,  ii.,  confinis,  a  boidering  up- 
on, a  oonfirje,  common  boundary,  bound,  limit, 
frontier ;  neighborhood,  nearness. 

CONFIO,  clef.,  cou-fio.    See  Confit. 

CONFIRMATIO,  onis,  f.,  coufirmo,  a  confirm- 
*■*  j 

ing,   establishing,     securing;    encouragement, 

consolation;  confirmation,  proof ;  an  assertion, 
information,  declaration. 

CONFIRMylTUS,  a,  um.  part,  and  adj.,  cou- 
firmo, confirmed,  established,  settled;  eneou r- 
aged,  consoled;  resolute. 

CONFIRJUO,  are,  ari,  atum,  tr.,  con-firmo, 
firmus,  to  make  firm,  strengthen,  fix,  confirm, 
establish;  to  Strengthen  one's  courage,  encour- 
age, animate,  enliven,  persuade,  consolu,  sup- 
port;  to  satisfy,  confirm  ;  to  prove;  to  affirm, 
assert,  assure,  declare.  Lege  confermare,  to  set- 
tle or  fix  by  law.  Confirmare  se,  to  encourage 
one's  self,  take  courage.  ^ 

C0NF1SUS,  a,  um,  parw,  confido. 

CONFIT,  confieri,  cou-fio,  Gr.  gl!3,  11 :  it  is 
done. 

CONFITEOR,  cri,  essus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  eon-fa- 


I 


CON  FIXUS—  CONSENSUS. 


!I8 


;or.  f>  confess,  acknowledge,    fu^ly.      wit,    can 

i    'lie,  admit,  allow,  grant. 
CONFIXUS,  a,  am, ;  art.,  c 
CONf    '        •        .  avi,  atum,   intr., 
!  urn,  to  burn,  be  on  nre. 
■     .  i     i 

t   r  ■ 

■ 

■ 

COXORJU 

I, 

1 


CO^?UJRATIO,  •nis,  f.,  conjwro,  a     < 

ion  :  in  a  b,i  ' 
spiracy,  plo(  :  i 
be  j  . 

■  f,  atum,  int:  . 

1 

4 

C 

! 

having  a  common 

board  ship,  ta 

j  .in!    knowl 
■;   with 

- 

»i,   kill 

kuow- 
.   privy 

i 

I 


A,    t. 
with 


■ 
atum,  t: 


•i 

■       I 
I 


214 


COSSENTIO— CONSUL. 


.'-•nt:  consensu  omnium  vestrum,  by  consent  of 
you  all,  as  you  all  agree. 

CONSENTIO,  ?re,  sensi,  gensnm,  intr.,  con- 
sentio,  to  agree  in  opinion,  to  consent,  assent, 
agree  in  asserting,  to  determine,  decree  ;  to  plot 
together,  conspire. 

COHSEQUOR,  i,  cittus  sura,  dep.  to\,  con-se- 
quir.  to  follow  so  as  to  lie  along  with,  go  after; 
to  follow  succeed;  to  imitate;  to  pursue;  to 
come  up  with,  overtake,  reach,  attain  ;  to  pro- 
cure, gain  pcssession  of,  obtain,  get,  gain,  ac- 
quire; to  attain  intellectually ;  to  understand, 
learn. 

CONSERVJTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 

CONSEEVO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  conserve,  to 
preserve,  leave  unhurt,  take  care  6f,  keep,  de- 
feud,  protect,  save  alive  ;  to  observe,  keep. 

CONSIDIUS,  i,  m.,  (P.)  Considius,  one  of 
Cmsar's  officers:  I,  21. 

CONS/DO,  ere,  scdi,  scssum,  intr.,  con-sido, 
to  set  d<nvn,  a  collateral  form,  of  sedeo;  to  sit 
down,  seat  one's  self;  to  meet,  hold  a  meeting ; 
to  settle  permanently,  take  up  one's  abode ;  in 
military  language,  to  encamp;  to  settle,  fall, 
sink,  subside.        * 

CONSILIUM,  i,  n.,  (co?»  and  obs.  sulo,  whence 
consul,  consirfo,)  counsel,  advice,  deliberation ;  a 
design,  measure,  course,  scheme,  plan:  art, 
management,  stratagem,  design,  intent,  pur- 
pose, drift,  judgment,  determination,  resolve: 
presence  of  mind,  prudence,  wisdom,  skill,  dis- 
cretion, sagacity.  Sometimes  confounded  with 
concilium,  a  council  of  war :  coiuilio  abcsse,  to 
take  no  part  in,  have  nothing  to  do  with  a  plot: 
consilium  capere,  to  form  a  design :  consilio  est, 
it  is  a  matter  for  deliberation. 

CONSIMfLIS,  e,  adj.,  con-similis,  exactly 
like,  similar  in  all  respects. 

CONSISTO,'  ere',  constiti,  constitiim,  intr., 
con-  sisto,  to  cause  to  stand,  reduplicated  from 
sto ;  to  stand  firmly,  stand  fast,  make  a  stand, 
stand,  halt,  station,  one's  self,  stop.  To  stay, 
post  one's  self;  to  rest,  continue)  exist,  con  sist 
of:  censent  ut  consistanl,  they  _ determine  to 
make  a  stand.  Vita  c»tisistit  in,  —  is  occupied 
or  spent  in  :  contra  consisterc,  to  oppose.  Ad 
ancoram  consistere,  to  ride  at  anchor.  In  ali- 
quo  consistere,  to  persist,  persevere  in  anything. 

CONSOBR/NUS,  i,  m.,  con-sobn'nus  fur  sor- 
orinus  from  soror;  the  son  of  a  mother's  sister: 
in  a  more  general  sense,  a  first  cousin. 

CONSOLJTUS,  a.  um,  part.,  from 

CONSOLOR,  ari  atus,  dep.  tr.,  consular,  to 
console;  to  console  earnestly,  comfort,  oheer,  en- 
courage, solace. 

CONSPECTUS,  us,  m.,  conspicio,  *a  sight, 
view.  In  conspectu,  in  sight.  In  conspeclum 
venire,  to  coin;'  in  sight. 

CONSPEXI.     See  Conspicio, 

CON'S  PIC  JITS,  part.,  eonspicor. 

CONSPICIO,  ere,  exi,   ectum,   tr.,   couspeeio. 


to  look  ;  to  see,  look  at  with   attention,  behold, 
discern,  observe,  get  a  sight  of,  perceive. 

CONSPICOR,   ari,  atus,  dep.  tr.,   (colli 
form  of  conspicio,)  to  get  a  sight  of.. see,  behold, 
descry. 

CON'SP/RO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,   con-spwv. 
to  briaiht's  to  breathe  together,  blow  or  sound'.' 
together;  to  harmonize,  agree;  to  unite,  ccni-i 
biue.    In  a  bad  sense,  to  conspire,  plottogethei; 

CONSTANTEll,  adv.,  constans,   oonsto,    firnA* 
ly,  steadily,  constantly,  uniformly,  consistently 
with  one  consent:  constantcr  nunciare,   to  a  1 
gree  in  announcing,  give  the  same  report., 

CONSTANTLY,  ae,f.,  constaii3,  iconsto,  firm- 
ness, steadiness,  self-possession,  constancy,  con- 
sistency, perseverance;  <jpol  courage. 

CONSTERN ATVS,  part.,  from 

CONSTERNO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-sterno. 
to  spread  f  to  stretch  on  the  ground,  overcome : 
to  alarm,  terrify,*  affright,  dismay,  disquiet.  To 
disquiet  politically,  excite  to  rebellion,  arouse: 
perhaps  in  this  sense  ihe'expression  Animo  con- 
sternati,  excited  to  new  effort  by  fear ;  but 
more  probably,  prostrated,  cowed. 

CONSTERNO,  ere,  stravi,  stratum,  tr.,  con- 
sterno,  to  spread  ;  to  spread  or  cover  all  over. 

C0NST7P0,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  cou-stipo,  to 
pack  ;  to  crowd  closely  together,  pack,  cram. 

CONSTITI.  See  consisto  and  consto. 
•  CONSTITUO,  ere,  ui,  tttum,  tr.,  con-statuo, 
to  cause  to  stand,  sto;  *o  set  up,  place,  dispose, 
post,  station  ;  to  stop,  halt.  To  establish  in  the 
mind,  intend,  determius,  appoint,  constitute, 
fix,  settle,  agree  upon,  resolve,  decide;  to  decree, 
ordain,  proscribe;  to  regulate,  arrange;  to  cre- 
ate, make.    JVavem  constituere,  to  moor  a  ship. 

CONSTITt'TUS,  part:,  cunslituo. 

CONSTO,  are,  stiti,  statum,  intr.,  con-s»o,  to 
stand  still,  stdp,  stand  together,  stand ;  to  be. 
exist ;  to  be  consistent ;  to  st  and  firm,  persist. 
remain,  continue  ;  to  agree,  correspond  ;  to  rest. 
depend,  consist;  to  be  established,  settled,  evi- 
dent. To  stand  at  a  curtain  price,  to  cost  :•  coh- 
starepenes  aliquos,  to  rest  with,  depend  upon  : 
constat,  imp.,  it  is  evident,  clear,  plain,  it  is  a 
greed :  constat  inter  unities,  all  agree  or  admit, 
everybody  knows. 

CQNSTRJTUS,  part.,  consterno. 

CONSUESCO,  ere,  cvi,  etum,  tr.  and  intr., 
con— suesco,  sueo,  to  accustom;  to  accustom  one's 
self,  to  become  accustomed :  consuevi,  Gr  §113. 
Rem.  5,  I  have  accustomed  myself,  htuef,  1  a  i 
used  or  wont. 

CONSUETZ7DO,  iuis,  f.,  consuesco,  custom, 
usage,  habit,  manner  of  life.  Social  Intercourse, 
acquaintance,  familiarity,  intimacy.  Prx^tr 
,conswludincin,  unusuaL:  conswtudo  itineris, 
manner  of  marching.  Ex  consuetttdinef&ccord- 
iny  to  custom,  as  usual. 

CONSUL,  ulis,  m.,  (on  same  stem  with  cpnsulo 
and  consilium,)  a  consul,  olie  of  the   two  chief 


>'■ 


CONSULATUS— CONTRA. 


2]  ft 


magistrates  annually  elected  at  Rome. 

CONSUL.  1TUS,  ns,  m.,  (consul,  through,  the 
Intermediate  form  consulare,  to  be  a  consul,)  the 
of  consul,  consulship,  time  of  being  con- 
sul. 

CONSTJLO  ere,  ui,  tnm,  tr.  and  intr.,  (con 
and  nlis.  sulo.)  to  consult,  deliberate;  to  delib- 
erate upon  a  thing,  consider,  disease,  weigh.  To 
Isk  advice  of,  consult;  to  conclude,  determine. 
IVith  a  <l«t.  to  provide  for,  take  care  of,  took  to 
the  safety  of,  regard,  respect.  SorttbtU  consul- 
Wk,  to  deliberate  or  determine  by  lot:  coiisid- 
\en  vitte  alicujus,  to  spare. 

(80NSULT0,  arc  avi,  atum.  tr. and  iutr. freq., 

mi  ulo,  t.i  ask  advice  p-f,  consult ;  to  take  care, 
provide,  look  to ;  to  deliberate  maturely,  con- 
sult, advise.  i. 

CONSULTO,  adv.,  (aM.  of  consuUum,)  with 
deliberation,  deliberately,  designedly,  on  pur- 
pose; considerately,  prudently,  wisely. 

CO.WSL'I/n'M,  i.  n.,  consultus,  a  thing  delib- 
eratedand  decided  upon, a  docre^gtatute, prdi- 

ICMO,  ere.  jisi,  ptnm,  tr.,  con-aumo^  to 
wholly  or  completely,  take  to  one's  self, 
sal  up;  devour,  consume,  destroy,  kill.  slay. 
Of  time,  to  spend,  pas?. 
C0N8UMPTUS,  put.,  oontumo. 
CONSURGO,  ere,  surrexi,  rectum,   iptr.,  con 
drgu  for  surrigo,  sub-rego,  to  rise  up 
iMtcd   or   assembly;  to  rise, 
adjourn.  t 

GONTABDLATIO,  onis,  f.  oontabulo.  a  plank- 
ing up  or  over,  covering  with  planks  or  boards, 
.  plauking ;  a  floor,  Btory, 
CONTABULO,  are,  avi,  atnni.  con-tabulo, 
tabula,  to  cover  with  planks  or  boards,  to  plank 
djp  or  over,  to  plank  or  floor  with  hoards.  Mu- 
ruin  lurribus  coilahulare,  to  elevate  with    tow- 

Mroral  Stories,  or  with  w ten  towers. 

CONTACT  i.  i  Bis,  f..  COOtingo,  touch,  contact, 
connexion  :  in  a  had  sense,  contagiou,  infection. 
CONTAMINATES,  part.,  from 
CnNTAMlNo.  an,  avi.  atum,  tr.  (con  and 
(amino/,. r  tngmiuo,  strengthened  f.rm  of  i;v-o, 
tango,)  to  pOQuU  by  touching,  stain,  contami- 
nate,  defile. 

I  '  i\TKG<>,  ere,    xi,    ctum,    tr.,   r,n-l 
•"over  over,  conceal  by  covering,    bide,   conceal. 
CONTBMNO,  ere.  psi,  jit  inn.  tr..    c  'n-temno, 
to  despise,  to  set  small  value  upon,   to   despise, 
contemn,  slight,  treat  with  contempt. 

CONTKMPTIO,  onis,  f.  contemn,  a  despising, 
contemning;  disregard,    contempt,   scorn,  dis- 
dain, lieui,   te   fall 
nipt  with.  !>••  despist  '1  U\ . 
CONTl.MI'l  : "-".  11-,  m..  contemt 
-corn,  disdain,  dcrisio  t'-inpt. 
CON'I                      o.  Am,  tr.  and    Inti 
beta   with   all 

attempt ;  to 


hasten,  go,  shape  one'.-  Course;  to  peek  for  ear- 
nestly, urge,  entreat,  beg;  to  assert  earnestly. 
insist,  contend.  ( Cos — together.)  to  strive  to- 
gether, contend,  dispute, fight.  Oentendit  ju'err. 
he  persists  in  begging,  begs  earnestly.  Summis 
copiis  contendere,  to  come  to  a  general  erigage- 
nienl      Obntenditur,  a  contest  is  carried  on. 

CONTENTIO,  snls,  f,  coutendo,  an  earnest 
Btretching  »>•  straining;  an  effort,  exertion,  en- 
deavor;  a  strife,  debate,  contention,  contest, 
dispute. 

CilNTKNTUS,  a.  urn,  part,  and  adj.,  contineo. 
holdiog  one's  self  in  one's  proper  place,  re- 
straining  one's  self  from  (undue  desire;  Aence, 

content,  satisfied. 

i  i  INTESTATUS,  part.,  coutestor. 

COXTESTitK,  ari.  alns  dop.  tr.,  con-testor. 
testis,  to  i -all  to  witness,  invoke,  conjure. 

C0NTK3C0,  ere,  ui,  turn,  tr..    con-texo.  to 

weavt,  to  weave  together,  interweave,  entwine. 

unite,  connect,  join  together;  to  make  by  Join- 
ing, compose. 
G0NTJ5XTUS,  part.,  contexo. 
OONTIGI,     SeeContingo. 
CONTINENS,  entis,  part,  and  adj..    c  mtineo, 
holding  together,  holding,  containing;  adjoin- 
ing,  adjacent,    next  to ;  continuing. . continual, 
holding  on  without   interruption  : 
noun,  sc.  terra,  the  continent. 

COXTINENTKi:,  adv.,  centihons,    continual- 
ly, unceasingly,   without  intermission  <ir   inter- 
ruption. 
C<  IN  TiNENTIA.  ae,  f,  continens.  resti 

;.  beeping  within    ,  i  tem- 

tnoderation,  abstiw  nee, 
CONTINJBO,    ere,   tinui,   tentum,    tr.. 

tei to  hold  in  c  mipletcly  or  on  all    si  h 

contain,  comprise,   comprehend;  to  oncoi 
surround;  to  keep,  keep  in,  detain ;  to  hold   in 
check,  curb,  restrain.    To  confine,  limit 
to  take  up,  ocean/;  to   connect,  join. 
ner«  tt,  to  restrain  one's  self;  also,  to  slm: 
self  up. 

CONTINOO,  turn,   tr.  and   intr., 

con-tan 

to  reach, "arrive  at;  to  border  upon.  Of  occur- 
rences, usuiUy  favorable  ones,  to  happen,  fall 
out,  turn  out,  come  to  pas. 

OONTINUABPionis,f.,con-tinuo,continuus. 
a  joining  without  interruption,  a  continuation 
succession. 

CONTINUO,   adv..  following  without  any  in- 
|   delay,   immediately,    (brthwitl 
stantly,/roffl 
• 
.  uninterrupted,  «  [|  I  glon. 

■ 

the 

other  ha 


I 


216 


CONTRACTUS— CRASSUS. 


flic  other  hand.  Foll&ved  by  ae.  atque,  rt  ..  oth- 
■  rwise  than. 
CONTRACTUS,  a,  um,  par*  and  adj., /rom 
•  ONTRAUO,  ere.  xi.  ctum,  tr.,  con--traho,  to 
draw  together,  assemble,  unite,  collect;  to  di- 
minish by  drawing  together,  to  draw  in,  con- 
tract. 

'CONTRARIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  contra,  lying  oyer 
against,  opposite;  contrary,  at  variance  with, 
"repugnant,  opposed.  Ex  eontrario,  on  the  con- 
trary. In  contrariam  partem  revincire — upon 
the  opposide  side,  in  the  opposite  direction. 

COXTROVERSIA,  ao,  f.,controversus,  contro- 
verto,  a  being  turned  in  the  opposite  direction  ; 
a  controversy,  debate,  dispute,  quarrel.     Dedu- 
.    eere  rem  in  controvcrsiam,  to  call  into  questioa, 
make  a  subject  of  discussion  or  dispute. 
CONTULI,  etc.    See  ConfCro. 
CONTUMELIA,  ae,  f. ,  con  and  root  tem,  whence 
t-enino,  an  affront,  abuse  arising  from  contempt, 
a  reproach,  outrage,  insult,  contumely:  a  shock, 
brunt,  violence.  Contumelia  vcrborum,  insulting 
Or  abusive'  language. 

COXVALESCO,  ere,  lui,  intr.  inc.,  con-vales- 
co,  valeo,  to  grow  entirely  well,  to  acquire 
rtrength,  grow  strong ;  to  recover  from  a  dis- 
ease, convalesce. 

COXVALLIS,   is,  f. ,  con-vallis,   a  plain  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  with  hills,  a  valley;  while 
eallis  is  a  plain  surrounded  on  two  sides.  ■ 
COXYECTUS,  a,  um,  part. 
COXVEUO,   ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  con-veho,  to 
carry  or  bring  together. 

COXYEXIO,  ire,  eni,  entum,  intr.  and  tr., 
cou-venio,  to  come  together,  meet,  flock,  assem- 
ble, collect.  Convenire  aUquem,  to  meet,  have 
an  interview  with.  To  agree,  correspond ;  to  be 
agreed  or  settled.  Convenire  ad  aliqucm,  to  go 
to,  betake  one's  self  to  :  convenit;  imp.,  it  is  fit, 
proper ;  it  is  agreed,  agreed  upon,  settled. 

CONYENTUS,  us,  m.,  convenio,  a  meeting, 
assembly,  convention ;  a  judicial  meeting,  court ; 
the  assizes.  Ad  conventus  agendos,  to  hold  the 
assizes:  eonventibus  peractis  or  conventuper- 
acto,  when  the  assizes  aro  over. 
CON  VERSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 
CONVERTO,  ere,  ti,  sum,  tr.,  con-verto,  to 
turn  or  wheel  about,  whirl  about,  turn  ;  to 
change,  transform,  convert.  Signa  converterel  to 
change  the  direction  of  the  standards,  i.  «.  to 
face  about,  turn  about. 

CONVICTOLITANIS,  is,  to.  CouvictoUtanis, 
a  chief  of  the  Mdai :  VII,  32. 
CONVICTUS,  a,  um,  part., /row 
CONVINCO,  ere,  ici,  ictum,  tr.,  con-vinco,  to 
conquer  by  argument ;  to  convict,  prove  a  crime 
upon ;  to  prove,  demonstrate. 
CONVOCATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  frtm 
CONVOCO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  con-voco,  to 
cull  together,  assemble,  summon,  convoke. 


CO.ORIOR,  in.ortus  sum, dep.  inir.,  con-ori^i . 
to  rise  together  :  to  rise,  arise,  st.vnd  forth,  ap- 
pear. 
COORTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  coorior. 
COPIA.  ac.  f.,  c  m-ops,  plenty,  abundance  : 
supply,  store.  PL  effects,  substance,  wealtli. 
stores,  necessaries,  conveniences  of  life,  resour- 
ces, goods  and  chattels  :  an  armed  force,  army, 
forces.  Factre  copiam,  to  supply  or  furnish. 

COPIOSUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  copia,  full  of,  plenty, 
copious,  abundantly  provided;  plentiful,  rich. 
wealthy,  abounding. 

COPULA,  ae,  f.,  con  and  root  ap,  that  which 
joins,  a  grappling  hook. 

COR,  cordis,  a.,  the  heart..  Cordi  est,  it  *>■ 
agreeable  or  pleasing ;  pleases,  is  dear  U>. 

CORAM,  prep,  with,  abl.,  (aiintoo*,  with 
dem.  prefix  c,)  before,  in  preience  of,  before  the 
eyes  of,  openly,  in  person. 

CORIUM.  i.  n.,  the  skin  er  hide  of  a  beas'  ; 
leather. 

CORNU,.  us.  n..  the  horn  of  an  animal,  i 
trumpet,  horn  :  the.trjng  of  an  army. 

CORONA,  ae,  f.,  a  crown,  garland  ;  a  ring  .,/■ 
crowd  of  people  :  a  circle  of  troops  round  a  be- 
sieged city.  Vender?  sub  corona,  to  sell  nndei 
the  corona,  to  sell  for  slaves,  the  captives  being 
Crowned  with  garlands  like  animals  preparsd 
for  sacrifice. 

CORPUS,  oris,  n.,  a  body,  solid  substance ;  the 
body,  person. 

CORRIPIO,  ere,  ipui,eptum,  tr., con-rapio.  t.- 
snatch,  seize  violently,  take  by  surprise  ;  to 
take  away  by  force,  carry  off;  rob,  plunder;  to 
attack  ;  to  reprove,  blame. 

CORRUMPO,  ere,  upi,  upturn,  tr.,con-rnmpo. 
to  break;  to  break  all  ft>  pieces,  to  desdroy,  to 
waste,  impair..' mar,  spoil,  damage,  hurt,  injure. 
corrupt. 

CORTEX,  icis,  m.  and  f.,  the  bark  of  a  tree, 
the  rind. 

CORUS,  i,   m.,  or  Corns  yentus,  the  north- 
west wind :  V,  7. 
COSS.,  an  abbreviation  of  Consnlibus. 
COTTA,  ae,  m.   Cottu,  (L.  Aurunculeius,)  one 
of  Caesar's  lieutenants  in  the  Gallic  war:  II,  11. 
COTUATUS,  1,  m.    Cotuatus,  a  leader  of  the 
Carnutes :  VH,  3. 

COTUS,  i,  m.  Cotue,  a  nobleman  of  the  JEdui : 
JII,  32. 

CRASSITCDO,  inis,  f.,  crassus,  thick;  thick- 
ness, bigness. 

CRASSUS,  i,  m.  Crassus,  a  Roman  family 
name  of  the  gens  Licinia.  Marcus  Licinius 
Crassus,  a  Roman  distinguished  for  his  immense 
wealth,  who  united  with  Pompey  and  Caesar  to 
form  the  first  Triumviate:  1,21.  Publiut  Cras- 
sus, the  son  of  M.  Crassus,  was  one  of  Cajsar's 
lieutenants  in  Gaul;  J,  62,  and  II,  34.  U.  Cras- 
sus, a  quaestor  i«  Csesar's  army :  V,  24. 


ORATES-CUSTOS. 


!17 


CRATES,  is,  f..  a  hurdle,  wicker  work  :   a 

texture  of  rods  or  twigs  wattled  together  ;  in  t 
military  language.,  fascine?. 

CRE.4TUS,  a.  am,  part.,  oreo.     . 

CREBER,  lira,  brum,  akin  to  cresco,  adj.,  fie- 
quent,  repoated,  thick,  close,  crowded,  nnmor- 
ou  . 

CREBRO,  adv.,  creber,  frequently,  oftentimes. 
repeatedly. 

CRA'DO.  ere,  idi.  ituin.  tr.  and  intr..  irrtuui— 
do,  to  commit  or  intrust,  (  rcdit,  have  confidence 
in,  believe,  trust;  to  think,  suppose,  imagine, 
be  of  opinion. 

CREMO.  are.  avi.atum.tr.,  to  burn,  tine  usual 
expression  for  burning  the  dead,  criminal?,  Ac. 

CREO,  are,  avi..  atum,  tr.,  to  make,  create, 
torm,  generate,  begot ;  to  appoint,  elect. create; 
to  produce,  cause. 

CR.ES,  rtis,  m.,  ace. pi.,  Oirtas.  adj^  Cretan. 
Subs.,  a  Cretan,  one  born  in  the  island  of  Crete: 

n,  7. 

CRESCO,  ere.  crevi,  upturn,  intr.,  creo,  to  in- 
CT(  we,  grow;  to  be  promoted,  advanced;  rise, 
thrive,  acquire  authority  ;  to  become  greater. 

CR/MEX,  inis,  d.,  (for  crimen, /row  i  ernoy) 

origi/iaily  a  judicial  decision,  then  a  charge,  ac- 
cusation, indictment,  impeachment;  a  fault) 
offence,  crime. 

CR/XIS,  is,  m.,  (usually  referred  to  root  C£R, 
whence  cerno,  crimen,)  the  hair  of  the  head  > 
hair. 

CRITOQX^ITUS,  i,  m.,a  chief  of  the  Arverni: 
VII.  77. 

C$UCI.4TUS,  us,  m.,  crucio,  crux,  torture, 
pftin,  agony,  distress,  vexation, angufth.  IV  wire 
in  summum  mutatum,  to  suffer  the  severest 
torture,  to  be  tortured  to  death. 

CI'.l'Di'LIS.  e,  adj.,  (crudus./or  cruidus./rom 
eruor.)  cruel,  fierce,   unmerciful,  hard  I 
inhuman,  savage,  barbarous. 

CRUDELITAS,  atis,  f.,  cruddis,  cruelty,  bar- 
barity, inhumanity. 

CRUDEMTKR,  udv.,crud'lis,  in  a  crud  man- 
ner, cruelly,  barbarously. 

CRUS,  uris,  n.,  the  leg  from  the  knee  to  the 
anklo. 

CUB7LE,  is,  cubo,  to  lie  ;  a  place  where  met 
or  bea-t ,  lie  down, a  coucb,  bed;  a  n<  <t. 

CDI  and  Cujus.    Pee  Qui  and  Quia. 

CCJCSQUEMODI  or Cuj usque  modi, of  what 
k,lnd  or  sort  soever,  of  every  kind.    See  quiiqut. 

CULMEN,  inis,  n.,  {for  columcn. /rom  cell<>.) 
the  top  or  summit  of  anything. 

CULPA,  ao,  f.,  (by  some  thought  to  bo  akin 
to  tcflun,)  crime,  defect,  fault,  failure,  blame, 
guilt. 

COLTUS,  us,  m.,  colo,  cultivation,  culture.-* 
Fig.  cultivation,  civilization,  elegance,  polish  ; 
style,  manner  of  living.  Cultus  corporis,  dress, 
apparel,  attire. 

CUM,  prep,  with  abl.,  Gr.  $120.   with,  along 

S 


with  ;   together  with:  in  conjunction  with.    In 
a  hostile  sense,  with,  i.e.  against. 

CUM.    See  Quum. 

CUNCTATIO,  onis,  f.,  cunctor,  a  delaying, 
lingering,  deferring;  delay,  doubt,  hesitation. 

CUNCTOR.  an.  atus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  (by  some 
derived  from  CO  nor,  by  Others'  from  Cltnctus;)  to 
delay,  linger;   to  hesitate,  be  perplexed,  doubt. 

CUNCTUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  con-junetus,  all,  all 
together,  the  whole. 

ITX  I'.ATIM.  adv..  wedge-shaped,  in  theform 
of  a  wedge,  from 

CUNEUS,  i,  m.,  a  wedge  ;  a  body  of  Soldier* 
placed  in  the  form  of  a  wedge. 

CUNICULUS,  i,  m.,  a  coney,  rabbit.  From 
the  custom  of  European  rabbits  to  burrow  ir.thr 
ground)  a  mine,  a  subterranean  passage. 

CUPIDE,  ius,  issimf.  adv.,  cupidua  fondly. 
eagerly,  desirously,  zealously,  vehemently. 

CI  I'IDITAI,  ntis,  f.  cupidus.  desire  With 
longing,  eagerness  ;  eager  or  inordinate  desire. 
lust ;  thirst  for  gain,  avarice,  covetousness. 

CLTIDUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  cupio,  desirous,  fond, 
eager,  sarnost;  greedy,  lustful. 

CUPIEXS,  tis,  part,  apd  ailj.,  desiring,  desi- 
rous, wishing,  eager,  from 

CUPIO,  ere,  ivi,  itum,  tr.,  to  covet,  desire,  be 
willing,  wish,  long  for.  Cupcre  alicui,  to  wish 
one  well,  be  friendly  to. 

CUR,  adv.,  quarc,  why?  wherefore?  for  what 
to  what  purpose?    with  what  intent  ? 
or  in  indirect  questions,  why,  for  which,  where- 
fore. 

Cl'RA,  ae,  f.,  quaero,  care,  concern,  anxiety, 
solicitude,  trouble,  sorrow,  affliction,  grief;  care, 
diligence,  attention,  pains,  study,  thought,  re- 
gard ;  guardianship,  charge  ;  management,  ad 
ministration.  Est  tnihi  curie,  I  have  a  care,  I 
take  care  of,  attend  to. 

CURIOSOLITES,  um,  or  Curios olitas,  arum, 
m.  pi.,  the  Curiosolites,  a  people  of  Celtic  Qaul  : 
II,  34. 

CTRO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  cura,  to  take  care 
of,  see  to,  order,  treat,  provide,  care,  attend  to. 
manage,  administer.  With  afui.  past,  part.,  to 
order  or  cause  the  doing  of  a  thing,  have  It 
done. 

CL'RRO,  ere,  cucurri,  cursum,  intr.,  to  run. 

CURSUS,  us,  m.,  curro,  a  running  speed;  a 
course,  journey,  way,  passage,  march,  ilagno 
curat,  at  full  speed.  Cursum  ter.cre,  to  hold  or 
keep  one's  course  at  sea. 

CUSPIS,  idis,  f,  a  point ;  a  spear,  javelin. 

CUSTOD1A,  ao,  f.,  custoe,  the  act  of  keeping, 
mg,  watching,  guarding;   care,  charge  ; 
a  guard,  watch. 

'UM,  ire.ivj,  »tum,  tr.,i  nstos,  to  guard, 
».it  li.  preset  'fend. 

CU8T08,  odis  m.  and  f.,  a  keeper,  preserver, 
guard,  watch;  a  spy  placed  upon  ons's  actions. 


213 


D1CI— DEFATIGATIO. 


D 


ID.,  an  abbreviation  of  the  prasnomea  Dec- 

iMXtB, 

DACI,  orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Dacians,  a  warlike 
people  inhabiting  a  large  country  on  the  north 
of  the  Danube,  extending  eastward  to  the  Eun- 
ice, and  comprehending  Transylvania,  Moldavia 
•$B  Walachia :  VI,  25. 

DAMX.4TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  condemned. — 
Dzmnati,  m.  pi.,  condemned  persons,  convicts  : 
from 

DAMNO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  <3nr::-nuni,  to 
i-nndemn.  doom,  sentence. 

DAMNUM,  i,  rr.,  (perhaps  from  demo,  to  take 
,?way,)  loss,  hurt,  damage,  injury.  i 

DANUBIXJS,  i,  m.,  the  Danube,  the  great  river 
of  southern  Europe :  VI,  25. 

DATES,  a,  um,  part.,  do. 

DE,  prep,  with  abl.,  down  from,  away  from, 
from.  Of  time,  from,  immediately  after,  at  ;  aa 
de  node,  at  night ;  de  terlia  vigilia,  after  the 
netting  of  the  third  watch,  at  or  during  the 
third  watch.  De  media  node,  immediately  after 
midnight.  Of,  about,  concerning,  with  respect 
to.  Of  the  causes  from  which  an  action  prociedsr 
for,  on  account  of,  because  of;  7m  de  causis*  De 
improviso,  sc.loco,  suddenly,  unexpectedly. 

DEBEO,  ere,  ui,  itum,  tr.,  de-habeo,  to  owe, 
be  in  debt.  Pass^  to  be  due,  to  be'come  due. — 
With  the  infinitive  it  denotes  duty,  it  is  proper, 
it  i3  indispensable.,  one  ought.  Debere  aliquid 
alicui,  to  be  indebted  or  under  obligations  to 
one.  Debet  pugnare,  imp.,  a  battle  should  be 
fought,  they  should  fight. 

DEC.EDO,  ere,  essi,  essum,  intr.,  de-cedo,  to 
depart,  go  away,  withdraw,  retire,  retreat.  Dis- 
cedere or  vita  discedere,  a  euphemism  for  moriri, 
to  die,  decease :  discedere  alicui  or  aliquo,  to  de- 
part from,  shun,  avoid. 

DECEM,  num."  adj.  indl,  ten. 

DECEPTUS,  a,  um.  part.,  decipio. 

DECEENO,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  tr.,  de-cerno, 
t9  decide,  determine,  decree ;  to  think,  judge, 
conclude,  resolve.;  to  give  sentence,  vote,  order, 
appoint,  settle.  To  decide  by  a  contest,  to  fight, 
combat,  contend,  engage. 

DECERTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  de-certo,  to 
contend  vehemently,  strive,  fight,  dispute-. — 
Prcelio  decertare,  to  fight,  engage. 

DECESSUS:  us,  m.,  decedo,  a  going  away,  de- 
parture; decrease,  disappearance.  Decessus  «*- 
tus,  the  ebbing  of  the  tide. 

DECETIA,  ao,  f.  Decctia,  a  city  of  the  ^Edul : 
VII,  33. 

DECIDO,  ere,  idi,  intr.,  de-cado,  to  fall  from, 
fall  down. 

DESIM^INUS  or  Deiumanus,  a,  um,  adj.,dec- 
imus,  of  the  tenth.  Dtcimana porta,  the  deel- 
man  gate  or  rear  gate  of  the  Roman  camp,  so 


called  because  the  tenth  cohorts  were  sfaiioaci" 
there. 

DECIMUS,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  decern,  the- 
tonth. 

DECIPIO,  ere,  epi,  eptnm,  tr.,  de-capio,  tc- 
ensnare,  entrap,  deceive,  beguile. 

DECLvlRO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  do-claro,  cla- 
ms, to  show  clearly,  make  clear ;  to  prove, 
ovinco,  manifest;  to  proclaim,  announce,  de- 
clare. 

DECL7VIS,  o,  adj.,  de-cltvus,  cli'EO,  bending 

or  sloping 'downwards,  steep,  eloping.    JEtftiali- 

ter  declivis,  sloping  regularly. 

DECLIVITA3,  atis,  f.,  declivis,   a  declivity, 

escent,  eloping  downwards.    Ad'  declivitatunre 

fastigium,  a  descent,  downward  slope. 

DECRi'TUM,  i,  n.,  (part,  from  decerno,)  a 
thing  determined,  voted  sr  ordered  ;  a  decree,-' 
aet,  ordinance,  statute.' 

DECR£TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  decerno. 
DECUMvlNUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  decimu?.  See  Dec- 
imanus.  * 

DECURIO,  onis,  in.,  decuria,  decern,  originally 
the  commander  of  a  decuria  or  ten  horsemen. 
Jt  is  used  also  for  the  captain  or  commander  of 
a  turma  or  troop,  consisting  of  thirty -two  horse- 
men. 

DECURRO,  ere,  curri  and  cucurri,  cursuni, 
intr.,  de-curro,  to  run  down  or  along,  to  run, 
hasten. 

DEDECUS,  oris,   n.,  (de-decus,  glory,  from 
decet,)  disgrace,' dishonor,  shame,   infamy;   a. 
shameful  or  disgraceful  action. 
DEDI.    See  Do. 
DEDIDI,  etc.   See  Dedo. 
DEDITIO,  oais,   £,  deab,  a  yielding  ap,  sur- 
render,  submission,  capitulation.    Accipere  or 
recipere  in  dedttionem,  to  admit  to,  surrender. 
Venire  i?i  dediiioncm,  to  surrender,  capitulate. 
DEDITITIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  deditn3,  one  who 
has  surrendered.    Subs,  dediiitii,  orum,  m.,  sub- 
jects. 

DEDITUS,  a,  am,  part,  and  ad^,  dedo,.  g'v  i> 
up ;  devoted,  addicted,  attached  to. 

D.EDO,  ere,  idi,  itum,  tr.,  de-do,  to  give  or 
deliver  up;  to  submit,  surrender,  consign,  yields 
to  devote  one's  self. 

DEDJ7C0,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  de-dnco,  to  bring, 
lead  or  draw  down  or  away;  to  draw  or  lead  off, 
withdraw,  remove,  bring  or  lead  forth,  lead  out, 
to  bring,  conduct,  lead  ;  to  conduct  a  bride  to 
her  husband,  to  take  as  a  wife ;  to  accompany 
out  of  respect ;  to  bring  to  an  opinion,  lead, 
move,  induce  ;  to  turn  away,  \lraw  aside,  mis- 
lead, seduce.  Deducere  naves,  to  bring  down 
from  land  to  sea,  to  launch. 

DEDUCTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  deduco. 
DEEST,  &c.  See  Desum. 
DEFATIGATIO,  onis,  f.,  defatigo,  a  wearying 
out,  tiring  down,  fatiguing ;  weariness,  fatigur^ 
exhaustion. 


"DEFATIGAT'OS— DBMITTO. 


210 


©EFATHJjiTOS,  part.,  dcfatrgo. 
DEFATiGO,  arc,  avi,  atuni,  tr.,  dc-fr' 
woary  or  tire  greatly,  tiro  out,  fatigue,  exhaust. 
DEFECTIO,  ouis,  f.,  deficio,  a  failing,  filling 
-iff,  defect,  failure  ;  a  revolt,  defection. 

DEPENDO,  ere,  di,  sum,  tr.,  de-fendc,  cb.t.,  to 
r  ward  off,  keep  away,  repel ;  to  defend) 
keep,  protect,  guard,  preserve,  Support. 

DEFENSIO,  cnin,  f.,  dofendo,  a  defending,  de- 
Xvoee. 

DLFEXSOR,  oris,  in.,  dofendo,  one  who  keeps. 
or  wards  off,  a  defender,  an  advocate. 
DEFENSJ  ::,  a.  811  ,  [art.,  defend©. 

.  ESQ,    terrc,  tuli,  latum,  in-,  tr.,  de-fero, 
to  bear,  bring,  or  carry  down  or  away,  to  carry, 
bring,  convoy ;   to  carry   over,   transfer, 
: .  give,  coiner,  bestu\   , 
Dnoojnee,  tell,  narrate,  report.    Ad   ali- 
■•.   to   lay   anything   before 
•  inc. 

DEFESSUi,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  de-fctiscor, 
tired  down,  worn  out,  fatigued,  faint,  weary, 
languid,  exhausted. 
DEFETISCOR,  i,  fessus, i  -latiscor, 

I  i  v,  eatj   out,  exhau-'. . 
DEFICIO,  c  re,  f:ci,  fectui:i,  tr.  and  inl 
facio,   urt ih  a  middle  sense,   to   make  on 
down   or  off  from,  hence,  '  •  I,  leave, 

,iba:i  ■■  intr.  to  fail,  be  wanl 

*efiri«:it,  cease,  disappear,  losestreDgth  wcqur- 
i  i>h.   Defieere  ab  aliquo,  to  revol  I . 
DE1VGO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  de-fi'go,  td  fix  in 
the  ground,  plant,  fasten  down;  to  fix,  fasten. 

1  XIO,  ire,  t'vi,  t'tura,  tr.,  de-fiuio. 
minute,  hound,  limit;  to  designate,   mark  out 
the  limits  of,  define,  determine,  explain ;  to  pre- 
scribe, assign. 
DKl'iX/TUS,  part.,  definio. 
DEJ  IXb'.S,  a,  uni,  part.,  d 
.     DEI  '  Gr.  J113,  15;  to  bo  about  to 

.   will  cr  would  be 
minting. 
'DK.  ['.,r;aa,  ugly, ml  sho- 

iftightly,  deformed. 
DEFi  I  i-fugto,  tofli 

•diun.  avoid. 
DEI  .    j:nn. 

8,  adv.,  .hi  ii-  r  anotb- 

ly,  continuously,  immediately   foj- 

I>iii.\°DK*  or  Bein,  adv.,   de-ind*,  then,  after 
in  the  next  j 
rule,  ia  the  fu-i  plan — In  I 

...  dejicio,  athi 

-. 

ECTU8,    a,  I    adj.,    dejlclo. 

:  down,  Uuil  dewn,  .Iriro  d   . 


overthrow,  kill,  slay ;   U>  drivo  away,  dislodge. 
To  cast  down  from  a  hope  or  prospect,  do;.rir 
or  rob  of  a  thing. 

BEL.-1BOR,  i,  lapsus,  dep.  intr,  do-labor,  fall 
down,  slip  or  slide  down,  fall. 

PE  LAPSUS,  part.,  delabor. 

DEL.1TUS,  part.,  defero. 

DKLECTO,   are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  freq.,   ( 
de  and  obs.  lacio.  to  allure.)  to  allure,  invite  ;  I  > 
charm  by  alluring,  delight,  please. 

DELECTUS,  US,  r.i.,  deligo,  a  picking  on;. 
choosing,  selecting,  choice;  a  lirvy,  draft,  of 
soldiers. 

DELECTUS,  part.,  deligo,  ere. 

DELEO,  ere,  cvi,  etum,  tr.,  de-ole  ',  to  blot 
out,  hinder  from  existing,  efface,  overthrow,  de- 
stroy, annihilate. 

DELjETUS,  a,  um,  part.,  deloo. 

DELIBERJTUS,  a,  um,  part., /rom 

DELIBEKO.  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  (de-libra,  a 
balance,  from  liber,  froo  to  move  either  way,)  to 
weigh  well,  to  consult,  deliberate,  advise,  de- 
bate, think  upon,  consider,  ponder. 

DELIBRviTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 

DELIBRO,  are.  avi,  atum,  tr.,  (do-lib. ■; . 
to  strip  6IT  the  bark,  peel. 

DELICTUM,   i,  n.,   (dellnqno,   to  do   wrong.) 
lly  a  thing  left  undone;  tfun   a  fault 
either  of   emission  or  commission,   ac:i:; 
fence,  sin. 

DELIG.iTUS,  a,  um,  part.,/ro.7v 

BELIllO.  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  (do-ligo.  ,' 
to  tie,  bind,  make  fast. 

DELIGO,  ere,  egi,  cctum,  ir.,  de-leg. >.  to  pick 
out,  to  select,  choose,  detail;  of  soldiers,  to 
levy, 

DELITESCO,  ere,  litui,  intr.  inc.,  d< 
lateo,  to  lie  hid»  be  concealed    i 
self. 

DEMENTIA,  ae,  f.,  (demons,  Triad,  de-men*,) 
madness,  roily,  fooli*hne:>«,  insanity. 

DEMESSUS,  a,  um,  part.,from 

DEMEIO,  ei 
mow  duwn,  reap,  cut  down,  gather. 

DEMKiK.ITI  .-.  a;  um,  part  .from 

DEMXQRO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  (de-migrc. 
' .  remove,)  to  remove  from,   chanf 
from,  xmigrati 
dciiart.    • 

DXMINUO,  ere,  ul,  utum.  tr.,  de-minuo,  to 
lessen  by  taking  from,   (diminuo,  meai 
break  Into  snja'.l   pieces:)    to  diiniui-'^ 
take  fruia  a  thing,  withdraw,  impair. 

PEMIN/'TI'.-v  a.  um,  part.,  dcji 

i,    li*uni,    tr., 
.  t  down,  sink,  let   down,  let  fall. 
■  Ure  u,  to  deecend,  ? 

1,  despair. 


310 


DEMO—  DES1UO. 


D.EMO,  ere,  psi,  ptum.  tr.,  do-enio,  to  take 
away,  take  off,  subtract,  withdraw,  remove. 

DEM0NSTR,1TUS,  a,  uru,  part.,/rom 

DEMONSTRO,  are,  avi,  atuni,  tr.,  (de-mon- 
stro,  to  show,  nionco.)  to  show,  point  out,  prove 
evidently,  demonstrate  ;  to  represent,  signify, 
declare,  name,  mention,  make  mention,  state. — 
Demonstralum  est,  it  has,  been  shown,  mention 
has  been  made.  ,* 

DEMOROR,  ari.atus  sum,  dep.intr.  and  tr.,  dc- 
moror,  to  delay,  tarry,  wait  for ;  tp  stop,  retard, 
hinder,  prevent,  impede. 

DEMOVEO,  ere,  ovi,  otuni,  tr.,  de-moveo,  to 
remove,  put  away,  displace,  dislodge. 

DEMPTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  demo. 

DEMUM,  adv.,  (a  lengthened  form  of  demon- 
strative suffix  dcm,\  at  length,  .it  l-tst.  just,  pre- 
cise, not  till,  in  fine,  finally,  l.i„.i,>.  Turn  di- 
mum,  then  indeed. 

DENA'GO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de-nego,  nr-c- 
*io,  to  say  no,  to  deny,  refuse,  reject  (a  request 
or  petition.) 

DEHI,  ae,  a,  adj.,  decern,  ten  by  ten,  ten  each, 
ten  at  a  time,  ten  apiece. 

DEN1QUE,  adv.,  probably  for  deinque,  in  fine, 
at  last,  finally,  lastly;  in  short,  in  a  word;  at 
length  ;  at  least.  4 

DENSUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  ior.  issimus,  thick,  close, 
*et  close,  frequent. 

DENTJNCIO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de-nuncio,  to 
announce  officially,  intimate,  declare,  forewarn, 
ibretell ;  to  threaten,  menace,  denounce ;  to 
command,  enjoin,  order. 

DEPELLO,  ere,  puli,  pulsum,  tr.,  de-pello,  to 
drive,  cast,  or  thrust  down  ;  to  drive  away,  ex- 
pel, remove,  repel.  Loco  depellere,  to  drive  from 
a  p»8t  or  position,  dislodge. 

DEPENDO,  ere,  di,  sum,  tr.,  de-pendo,  to 
weigh ;  hence,  to  pay  ;  to  spend. 

DEPERDO,  ere,  didi,  ditum,  tr.,  de-perdo,  to 
lose;  to  destroy,  ruin. 

DEPEREO,  ire,  ii,  intr.,  de-pereo,  to  perish, 
be  lost,  go  to  ruin,  be  undone. 

DEPQNO,  ere,  sui,  situm,  tr.,  de-pono,  to  lay 
or  put  down ;  to  lay  aside ;  to  leave,  leave  off, 
resign,  give#vp ;  to  laj  up,  put  by,  to  put  in  a 
place  of  security ;  to  deposit.  jUeponert  mnn- 
uriam  alia/jus,  to  forget. 

DEPOPUE-i'IUS,  a,  um,  part.,  de-populor, 
used  passively,  Gr.  $10V,  2. 

DEPOPULUR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  de-pop- 
ulor, to  lay  waste,  pillage,  spo.I,  ravage,  plun- 
der, depopulate. 

DEPORTO,  are,  avi,  alum,  tr.,  de-psrto,  to, 
carry  down;  to  carry  oil',  convey  .  away,  trans- 
fer from  one  place  to  another. 

DEPQSCO,  ere,  poposci,  tr.,  dc-posco.   to  de- 
mand or  request  earnestly,  requii  ". 
DEPOSITUS,  a,  «m,  part,,  depouo. 
DEPR^VO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de-pruvus,   to 
.  make  crooked,   distort,   pervert ;    to  deprave, 


spoil,  corrupt,  vitiate,  impair,  mar. 

DEPRECATOR,  oris,  m.,  dopj^cor,  he  that 
averts  by  praying,  an  interccssou;  mediator. 

DEPRECOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  de-pre- 
cor,  to  pray,  prex,  to  avert  by  praying,  depre- 
cate, pray  against,  try  to  beg  off  from  ;  to  pray 
or  entreat  earnestly ;  to  allege  or  plead  in  ex- 
cuse, excuse.  Deprecdndi  causa,  to  pray  for 
forgiveness. 

DEPREHEN'PO,  ere,  di,  sum,  tr.,  de-prehen- 
do,  to  seize,  catch,  take  unawares,  overtake ;  to 
detect,  to  find  out,  discover. 

DEPREHENSUS,  a,  um,  part.,   deprehendo. 

DEPRIMO,  eri,  essi,  ostium,  tr.,  de-premo,  to 
press  or  weigh  down,  depress,  sirfk. 

DEPUGNO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  de-pugno,  to 
fight  eagerly,  to  fight  it  out,  contend  violently. 

DEPULSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  depello. 

DERECTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  derigo. 

DEUEL1CTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 

DERKLINQUO,  ere,  /qui,  ictum,  tr..  de-relin- 
quo,  to  forsake  utterly,  to  abandon,  leave,  de- 
sert, leave  behind.^ 

DERIGO,  ere.  exi,  ectuni,  tr.,  de-rego,  to 
make  straight.  JJerecta  ad  papcndicalum  tig* 
na,  set  or  sunk  perpendicularly. 

DERIV ATUS,  a,.um,  part.-,   from 

DER/VO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  do-rivo,  to  drain 
off,  rivus,  to  lead,  convey  or  draw  off. 

DEROGO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de-rogo,  to  tak* 
away  or  repeal  part  of  a  law ;  to  take  away 
from,  abate,  lesson,  diminish.. 

DESCENDO,  ere,  di,  sum,  intr.,  do-scando,  to 
climb,  to  go  or  come  down,  descoud,  march 
down ;  to  lower  one's  self  to,  to  have  recour«j{ 
resort. 

DESECO,  are,  secui,  sectum,  tr.,  de-eeco, '  to 
cut,  to  cut  off. 

DESECTUS,  a,  um,  part,  deseco. 

DESERO,  ere,  ui,  turn,  tr,,  de-sero,  to  join  to- 
gether, to  undo  one's.conjpction  with";  to  aban- 
don, leave,  forsake,  steseJfc 

DESEUTOR,  oris;,  mi'-desero.  .me  who  for- 
sakes or  abandons ;  atwserter. 

DESERTUS,  a,  uni,  part,  and  adj.,  de-rtjg>. 
deserted;  desert,  lonely,  uninhabited. 

DESIDER^iTUS,  a.  um,  part,  and  adj.,  fr,,m 

DESIDERO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr..  (de  and  root 
sid  akin  to  vid,)  to  look  with  longing,  to  de- 
sire, wish,  long  for;  miss.  Zhsiderari,  pat:s., 
to  he  lost,  wanting,  missing. 
•  DESIDIA,  ae,  deses,  slothful,  desedeo,  sitting 
a  long  time  in  a  place,  sloth,  slothfulness,  idlr-  • 
ness,  inactivity. 

DESIGNO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr:,  de-signo,  sig- 
num,  to  mark,  mark  out,  describe,  define;  t<* 
signify,  designate,  denote,  mean;  to  appoint, 
elect. 

DE6ILIO,  ('re,  silui,  sultumjilntr.,  de-salio,  to 
leap,  to  jump  or  leap  down,  alight,  ICquites  «d 
pedes  desiluerunl, — alighted,  dismounted.       » 


lJEiS!>0-l'l(T10 


221 


DESIXO,  exo,  ivi  *r  ii.  itum.  tr.  ami  intr., 
de-sino,  to  leave  off,  give  over,  desist ;  to  cease 

M"]i.  end. 

DIOSIS'IM.  ere,  Btiti,  Btitnoi,  tr.  and  inlr..  cfe- 
reduplicated  from*  sto,  to  cease,  ^•\'1  over, 
Ei  om,  discontinue,  leave  off. 

DESPECTUS,  a,  urn,  f.iri.,  despicio. 

DESPECTUS,  us,  in.,  despicio,  a  looking  down 
upon,  a  view  or  prospect  from  an  elevated  plai  e. 

DESPERATIOj  anls;  f.,  deepen),  h  despairing) 
despair. 

DESPERATUS,   ft,   urn.   part,  mid   adj..   de- 
.  despaired  of,  desperate,  abandoned. 

UKSl'/'KO,  are,  avi,  atum.  tr.  and  intr..  de> 
spero,  with  dat.  or  dc  and  llic  all.,  to  despair 
of,  be  without  hope,  despond. 

DESPICIO,  ore.  i'xi.  ertum,  tr.,  de-specio,   to 

.<«•-•.  to  look  down,  to  look  down    ui"'ii  ;  despise, 

look    upon    with   contempt.     Qua  dmpici  pot~ 

i  ould  look  dow  n    whence 

there  was  a  pr 

DESPOUO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de  -polio,  to 
robj  plunder,  rava  pillage,  strip. 

depriti  i 

ItKSTIN  <Ti  >.  a,  um,  part.,  desttno,  assign- 
ed, appointed,  destined;  fastened,  intent. 

DEST/NO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr..  (de  and   root 
«ta  if  st.'.)  to  cause  to  stand  firm,  to  tie.  fasten, 
bind';  to  destine;  to  determine,   resolve,   aim; 
ii  assign,  appoint,  choose ;  to  depute,  send. 
,  I  ii.    See  Desisto. 

1  (TUO,  ere,  r.i.  utum,  (r.,  de-statno,  to 
put  di  w  n  :  to  put  one's  self  away  from;  hrnre, 
»K-a;  forsake,  nh  indon. 

"IfcESTITJ/TlIS,  a.  um,  part.,  destituo. 

DESTR1CXUS,  a.  um,  part.,  from 

DESTRlXG  >,  ■  ■  ,  iuxi.  ictum,  tr.,  do-stringo, 
to  draw  tight,  to  ^t  rip,  pull,  or  pluck  off;  to 
draw,  mslicath. 

l'l.r-l'M.  essu,  l.il,  intr.  irr.,- de-sum,  to  fail, 
to  be#  wanting  or  laekinL    *_ 

DESUPBR,  adv.,  >U-4apcr,  from  above. 

BETERIOR,  US,  adj.,  *Hjv-gV4,  1;  deter,  de- 
ter^ physically  worse,  poorer,  moaner.  Faeere 
dtfrrius,  to  make  worse,  injure,  impair. 

DJtfCERREO,  <-re,  ui,  itum,  tr.,  do-tcrreo,  tp 
•care  off,  to  deter,  frighten  ;  to  hinder,  discour- 
age from,  prevent. 

l>KTEST.m>.  a.  um.  part.,  from 

DKTESTOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  dc-testor, 
i>  curse,  to  execrate,  devote   to  destruc- 
tion ;  abominate,  detest. 

DET1XEO,  ere,ui,  entuin,  tr.,  ae-teneo,  to 
hold  off,  to  detain,  itay,  kn  p  1.  ck,  hold,  stop, 
hinder. 

DETRACT)  >  #r  DKTRECTO,  are,  avi,  atnm, 
tr„  de-trio  to,  traho,  to  draw  back  from,  to  de- 
cline, refuse. 

DETRACTL'S,  a,  um,  pafC.,  /rum 

•  ETRAHO,  ere,  xi,  ctuin.   tr.,   dc-traho,    to 


draw  or  drag  down,  pull  down   or   off,    take   a- 
way,  snatch  away,  remove,  withdraw. 

DETRIMEXTOSUS. a,  um,  adj..  detrinicn- 
tum,  full  of  harm  or  loss,  detrimental,   hurtful. 

DETRIMENTUM.  i.  n.,detero,«ie-tero,  arub- 
bing^iff,  detriment :  disadvantage, damage,  loss, 
harm. 

DETULI,  etc.    Bee  DEFERO. 

DliTURB.ITU?.  a,  um,  part.,  from 

DETURBO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de-turbo,  to 
disturb,  to  tumble  down,  cast  or  throw  down 
violently,  to  overthrow  ;  to  pull  or  tear  down, 
demolish,  dislodge,  drive. away. 

PKf'RO,  ere,  ussi,  ustum,  tr.,  de-uro,  to  burn 
down. 

DEUS,  i,:  m.,  a  god,  deity  or  divinity. 

DEUSTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  deuro 

PEVEHO.  ere.  xi.  ctum,  tr.,  de- velio.  to  earn 
down  ;  to  carry,  convey  or  bring  to  a  place. 

DEVBNIO,  ire,  eni,  entumj  devvenlo,  to 
come  from  one  place  to  another;  to  come,  ar- 
rivo,  reach. 

DEVEXUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  deveho,  Inclining 
downwards,  sloping,  declining,  steep. 

DEVICTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  devinco. 

DEVINCIO,  iii'.  inxi.  inctum,  tr.,  de-vincio. 
to  bind  fast,  tie  tightly;  to  oblige,  place  under 
obligation. 

DEVINCO,  ere,  tci,  ictum,  tr.,  de-vinco,  t' 
conquer  completely,  vanquish,  subdue. 

DEVOCO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  de-voco,  to  call ' 
down  or  away.     In  dubium  dtvocart,   to  bring 
into  danger,  endanger,  expose. 

DEVOTUS,  a,  um,    part,  and  adj.,   devoveo, 
bound  by  a  vow,  d(  voted,  doomed,  deatini 
voted,  attached    /'•  voti,  crum.  m.pl.,  devoted 
followers. 

DEYOYEO,  ere,  ovi,  otum,  tr.,  de-voveo,  to 
vow;  to  devote,  give  up,  attach  one's  self  to  an- 
other; to  curse. 

DEXTER,  ten  and  tra,  terum  and  trum,  a>U-- 
Gr.  l"2,  4;  on  the  right  hand,  right.  Dtxkrm 
or  dr.xlra,  sc.  manuf,  the  right  hand. 

DIABLIXTES,  ium,  in.,  the  Diablintea,  a  peo- 
ple of  Celtic  Qaul :  111,9. 

DIOO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  to  proclaim,  offer, 
give  up,  set  apart,  dedicate,  devote,  consecrate, 
vow.  Dicart  it  alicui 'in  clienU  lam  or  serviiu- 
tern,  to  give  ono's  self  up  to  be  a  client  or  bond- 
man. 

PICO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,   to  Bi«"ik,  say,   tell, 
.  i   ■    unt,   write  of;  nar- 
rate, rclatu ;  to  appoint,  name,  determine,   fix 
upon,  agree  to,  promise ;  t©  mention.    Dm  tun, 
(jl,  imj  tion   baa  been 

made.     rUcerr  _,.-.■  ..niirtr  Justico,   giv«- 

Judgment. 

DICTIO,  onia,  f.,  dico,  a  speaking  or  uttering. 
a    word,    aajlng   or   expression;    »   phrase;    a 
.•course  ;  a  pleading,  a  doftnc*. 


s2 


i 


222 


DICTUM— DISCEDO. 


DICTUM,  i,  d.,  dico,  a  word,  saying,   expres- 
sion, remark ;  a  command,    picto  audiens,  obe- 
dient, Gr.  §148,  2. 
DICTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  dico. 
DIDICI,  etc.    See  Disco. 
DID  TOO,  ere,  xi,  cturn,  tr.,  dis--d«co,   to  lead 
«r  draw  apart,  separate,  sever,  part,  divide ;  to 
distribute,  disperse,  scatter. 

DIES,  d,  m.  and  f.,  Gr.  j!19;  a  day;  time,  a 
period  of  time.  Diem  dicert,  V>  appoint  or  fix  a 
•hue  or  day.  Diem  sumere,  to  take  time.  Diem 
*»  die  ducere,  to  put  ofl'  day  after  day.  Ad 
diem,  at  the  appointed  time  or  day.  In  dies, 
daily,  from  day  to  day,  every  day.  Diem  noc- 
Gsmquc,  day  and  night. 

DIFFERO,  ferre,  distuli,  dilatum,  irr.  tr.,  dis- 
fcro,  Gr.  gLll  ;  to  carry  apart  or  in  different  di- 
rections, carry  up  and  down,  scatter,  disperse; 
Ifa  spread  abroad,  divulge,  publish,  proclaim  ; 
its  defer, ,-}>ut  off,  prolong.  Intr.  to  be  different, 
differ. 

DIFFICILE,  (ius,  lime,)  adv.,  difficilis,  diffi- 
«ttltly,  with  difficulty. . 

DIFFICILIS,  e,  uor,  limus,)  adj.,  dis-facilis, 
Ward,  difficult.  I'alus  di_[ficilis, — of  difficult  pas- 
sage. 

DLFFICULTAS,  atis,  for  difficilitas,  difficilis, 
difficulty,  trouble.    Affici  difficultate,  to  be  in 
difficulty,  to  meet  with  difficulty.    lies  est  mihi 
«a  magnis  difficultatibus,  I  am  in  great  trouble. 
DIFF/DO,  ore,  fiaus  sum,  intr.,   dis-fido,  to 
Artist,  not  to  trust,  to  distrust,  mistrust,,  lack 
*oafidence,  despair,  be  hopeless.     With  dat.  or 
trU.  with  de. 
DIFF/SUS,  a,  um,  part.,  diflY'do. 
DIFFLDO,  ere,   xi,   xum,   intr.,  dis-iluo,  to 
fitva,  to  flow  asunder  *r  in  different  directions. 
JZJienus  in  plures  difflait  parte.-., — divides    or 
•roparates. 

DIFFDNDO,  ere,  udi,  usnm,  tr.,  dis-fundo,  to 
pour  out,  sprei  i.  scatter,  diffuse ;  to  spread  out, 
extend. 

DIGITUS,  i,  m.,  (root  Die,)  that  which  points 
»ut,  a  finger;  of  the  foot,  a  toe.  Digitus  pollex, 
the  thumb. 

DIGN1TAS,  atis,  f.,  dignus,  worthiness,,merit, 
desert ;  dignity,  greatness,  grandeur,  authority, 
nank,  value,  excellence,  worth.  , 

DIGNUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  (root  wc,)  worthy,   de- 
serving ;  convenient,  meet,  fit,  suitable,  proper. 
DII,  etc.    See  Deus. 

DIJUDICO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tp.,  dis-judico,  to 
ifistinguish,  discern,  decide,  determine. 
DILECTUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  diligo. 
DILIQENTEB,  ius,  issime,  adv.,  diligens, 
•filigo,  carefully,  attentively,  industriously,  earn- 
estly, diligently  .  particularly,  accurately,  ex- 
actly. 

DILIQENTIA,  a?,  t,  diligens,  diligo,  careful- 
ness, attentiveness,  circumspection,  caution,  at- 
tention, earnestness,  industry,  diligence. 


BILIGO,  ere,  exi,  cctum,  tr.,  dls-lego,  fo  dis- 

tiuguish  by  selecting  from  others ;  to  love,  es- 
teem highly ;  to  thoose,  select. 
DIMENSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  dimetior,  measured 

or  being  measured,  Gr.  gl09,  2. 

DIMETIOR,  iri,  ensus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  dis— ni?- 
tior,  to  measure  out,  (each  part  being  in  due 
proportion.)  Tigna  ad  Jluminis  allitudinen* 
dimensa, — proportioned  to,  adapted  to. 

DIMICATIO,  onis,  f.,  dimico,  a  fight,  strug- 
gle, furious  encounter,  battle;  then,  a  fwnteit 
or  any  kind. 

DIMICO,  are,  avi,  rarely  ui,  atum,  intr.,  dis- 
mico,  to  move  quickly  to  and  fro,  'to  brandish 
one's  weapons ;  hence,  to  fight,  skirmish,  en- 
counter ;  to  contend,  struggle.  Dimicatur,  i>np.. 
a  battle  is  fought,  they  fight,  Gr.  glli,  5  Divn- 
care  prcelio,  to  fight,  coutend.  * 

DIMIDIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  dis,  medius,  halved, 
divided  into  t\v\»  equal  parts,  half.  Dimidut 
pars  or  uimidium,  halt  or  the  half. 

DIM1NUO,  ere,  ui,  utum,  tr.,  dis-miuuo,  tu 
break  into  small  pieces,  diminish,  lessen,  abate, 
withdraw,  take  away,  detract. 

-  DlMlNfT'US,  a,  um,  part.,  dis-minuo.   ' 

DIM1SSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  diuutto. 

D1M1TTO,  ere,  t'si,  issuin,  tr.,  dis-mitto,  to 
send  different  ways,  send  off  or  away,  dispatch; 
to  dismiss,  discharge,  let  go  ;  to  break  up,  dis- 
band ;  to  lay  down  ur  aside,  give  up,  abandon, 
leave  off;  to  reject,  discard;  to  leave,  desert, 
forsake;  to  omit;  to  lose,  let  slip,  let  go;  to 
free. 

DIKECTO,  adv.,  directus,  in  a  straight  line. 

DIRECTUS,  a,  um,  part,  'and  adj.,  dirigo 
made  straight,  in  a  straight  line  either  korizon- 
tal  or  perpendicular;  level,  horizontal,  straight 
right,  direct ;  precipitous,  headlong,  steep.  Di- 
recta  materie  injecta, — laid  on  lengthwise. 

D1REPTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  diripio. 

DIK1GO,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  tr.,  dis-rego,  to  lay 
straight  or  parallel  with  something  else  ;  hence 
to  place  straight,  draw  up ;  to  direct,  point, 
guide,  steer,  level,  aim ;  to  arrange,  set  in  or- 
der. Dirigere  opera,  to  extend  the  works  to  a 
certain  place. 

DIRIMO,  ere,  enii,  eniptuin,  tr.,  dis-emo,  to 
part,  divide,  separate ;  to  interrupt,  put  an  em 
to,  break  off,  bring  to  naught,  frustrate,  destroy 

DIRIPIO,  ere,  ipui,  eptum,  tr.,  dis-rapio,   ■ 
snatch,  to  tear  asuudor  or  iu  pieces;  to  plunder, 
spoil,  pillage,  lay  waste,  destroy. 

DIS,  Ditis,  m.  Pluto,  the  god  of  the  infer 
nal  regions.  ' 

DIS,  m.  and  f.,  dite,  u.  gen.,  ditis,  adj.,  whence 
ditior,  ditissimus,  same  as  dives;  rich,  wealth; 

DISCjEDO,  ere,  essi,  essum,  intr.,  dis-cedo,  to 
part  asunder,  separate,  divide ;  to  depart,  go  a- 
way,  leave,  march  off,  set  out.  Di'sceditur,  imj 
a  departure  is  made,  they  go,  depart,  go  away 
Ab  armis  discedere,  to  lay  down  one's  arms. 


DISUEPTATOR--  DIV1D0. 


D1SCEPT.4TOR,  iris.  in.,  discepto,  an  umpire, 
urbitrator,  judge. 

DISCEPTO,  arc.  avi.  utuin.  lr.,  dl6-capto, 
eapio,  to  separate  persons  quarreling;  hence,  to 
judge,  decide,  determine.  To  debate  before  com- 
ing to  a  decision,  to  dispute,  discuss,  troat. 

DISCERNO,  ore,  crtvi,  crctum,  tr.,  dis-cerno. 
to  separate,  distinguish,  discern,  make  a  differ- 
ence. 

DISCESSI.    See  Disced... 

DISCESSUS,  us,  in.,  disenio  a  separation;  a 
going  away,  departure,  marching  off. 

DISCESSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  discedo. 

DISCIPL/NA,  ae,  f.,  for  discipulina,  disci- 
pulus,  disco,  instruction,  teaching,  learning,  ed- 
ucation ;  knowledge,  science,  skill  ;  an  11:1,  pro- 
fession, system ;  nlllltarj  discipline. 

DlSCiiVDO,  orejsi,  sum,  tr.,  dis--<.lau.f..  to 
shut  up  apart,  separate,  keep  at  the  proper  dis- 
i.uirr  apart. 

DISCLiVSUS,  a,  uni.  part.,   dis  ludo. 

WSOO,  ere,  didfei,  tr.,  for  dic-sco,  root  mc, 
to  learn,  acquire  the  knowledge  of  a  thing,  to 
become  acquainted  with  ;  to  be  informed  or  ap- 
prised of.  t"  become  acquainted  with. 

DISOK/MEX.  inis.  11.,  for  diacerimen,  from 
dtBoerno,  dh  I  ion,  separation,  interval ;  ■>  differ- 
distinction;  tlie  turning  point,  danger, 
risk,  liazard,  crisis. 

DISCURRO,  ere,  curri  and  cucurri,  cursum, 
intr.,  dis-curro,  to  run  different  ways,  to  and 
fro,  up  and  down,  hither  and  thither. 

DISCUSSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  from 

DISCUTIO.  ere,  ussi,  ussum,  tr.,  dis-quatio, 
to  shake  asunder,  dash  to  pieces,  destroy,  shat- 
ter, break  up,  disperse. 

DI8JECTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  disjicio. 

PI8JICI0,  ere,  eel,  ectum,  tr.,  dis-jacio;  to 
drive  asunder,  disperse,  scatter,  rout,  discomfit, 
put  to  flight. 

DISPAR.  aris,  adj.,  dis--par,  unequal,  dis-imi- 
lar,  unlike,  different. 

DISPARO,  are.  avi,  atum.  tr.,  dispar,  to  lap- 
arato,  divide. 

DISPERGJO,  ere,  si,  sum,  tr.,  dis-spargo,  to 
spread  or  scatter  on  all  sides,  scatter  about, dis- 
perse, distribute. 

DISPKRSIS,  a,  um,  part.,  dispergo. 

DISPOXO,  ere,  posui,  positum,  tr..  dis—pono, 
to  place  here  and  there,  set  in  different  places, 
place  or  set  in  order,  draw  up,  arrange,  distrib- 
ute. 

DI3POSITU8,  a,  bin,' part.,  dispone. 

DISPUTATIO,  onis.  f.,  dispute,  a  disputati.  11, 
arguing,  renaming,  disputing,   debate,  dispute. 

IHSPL'TO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  dis-puto,  t" 
think  differently ;  hettct,  to  del, ate.  dispute,  ar- 
pie,  discuss;  to  treat  or  d  1-  M amine, 

Investigate. 

I'lsHNMo.onis.  ^difference  of  opinion. «is- 
i 


agreement,  dissension,  difference;  v.vrltvnce,  dls- 
cord,  quarrel ;  from 

DISSEXTI  ).  ire,  si.  sum,  Intr.,  dis-sentip,  t« 
differ  in  opinion,  dissent,  disagree. 

DISSER),  arc,  cvi,  itum.  tr.,  dis- 
to  fix  at  certain  distances,  plant  in   the  ground. 

DISSIMUI/>,  are,  avi.  atum.  tr.,  dissimtlia,  t  1 
make  a  thing  unlmo  it  really  is,  t,>  dissemble, 
cloak,  disguise,  conceal,  counterfeit. 

inssii'.ms.  a,  nut,  part.,  dissfpo. 

DISSIPO,  are.  avi,  ahi.u,  tr.,  dis-sipo,  ODS.,  I'i 

throw,  to  scatter  abroad,  disperse,  dissipate. 

DISSOLT  i>  era  olei,  olutu  u.  tr.,  dis  -sol*  >, 
to  loosen  asunder,  to  dissolve,  loose,  untie*  na- 
loose,  disjoin,  disunite,  destroy. 

DISS!'  Vl',    >  .   <      ;.  sum,  tr.,   dis  -sun  I 
advitt,  to  dissHiade.  advise  to  the  0  mtrarv. 

DI3TBND0,  .■•!■<■.  di.  turn,  tr.,  dle-tendo,  Is 
stretch asund or,  extend;  toswelloul     J 

DISTINEO,  ere  iuul,  entuin  tr..  di-t--tcn  •  •  ;• 
keep  separate,  keep  apart:  to  separate,  divide  : 
Ife  distract  the  attention,  perplex;  t  •  hold,  off, 
hinder,  prevent,  del  liu,  stop. 

DISTO,  are,  intr.,  dis-sto,  to  stand  apart,  to 
he  distant  or  apart  ;  t  >  dilV  1.  I>  .   lifidreul 

DISTRAHO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  ti\,  dts-traho,    te 
draw different  ways,  draw  or  pull  a,ua  1  -i.  tear 
:  toseparate,  divide,  disjoin ;  to  alien- 
ate, estrange. 

DI8TRIBU0,  ere.  tii,  1H11111  tr.,  dU-tribu  >.  to 
divide,  distribute. 

IMSTRIBTTUS.  a,  um,  part.,  distribu  .. 

D1STR1XU0,  ere,  xi,  ctum.  tr..  dis-stringo. 
to  chaw  apart,  detain,  hinder. 

DISTUI.I.  etc.     See  Difforo. 

DISTURBO,  are,  avi.  atum,  tr.,  dis -turbo,  t  • 
drive  violently  asunder;  to  throw  down,  otii. 
throw',  demolish,  destroy. 

D1TI0,  onis,  f.,  probably  from  do,  rulo,  pow- 
er, dominion,  sovereignty,  empire,  authority. 
control. 

D1TISSIM1  S.  a.  um.alj.,  sup.  of  dis. 

DIU,  adv.  Gr.  §119,  3,  in  the  day  tint",  b) 
day.  As  dies  frequently  means  a  period  of  time, 
long,  for  a  long  time,  a  long  while.  Diutiut, 
longer ;  too  long. 

DIUKNUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  dies,  of  or  pertaiuing 
to  the  day,  diurnal,  daily. 

DIUTINU8,  a,  um.  adj.,  din.  long,  durable, 
lasting,  continual. 

DIVEBJO,  ere,  ti.  sum.  intr.  and  tr.,  dis-- 
verto,  to  turn  aside;  to  separate. 

DI  VERSUS,  a^um,  part.  an. I  adj.,  div  1 
different  directions, separated ;  InftMdoi 
a  different  way.    at    different    places,   separate, 
different,  nnliki  .  diverse;   distant,  remote. 

DlVICOk enis,  m  DW  •.  a  lUlvntlan  g«net- 
al  I  I.  13. 

DIYSPO, '  ■  ■■  »n''  ■* 

In,  part,  separate. 


.CJ 


221 


DIV1NUS— DURITIA. 


DIV/NUS.  a,  urn,  nilj.,  divus,   dem,   relating 
deity,  divine   Iwavenly.    lies  divinaL  a 
religious  ceremony,  sacrifice,  etc.,   divine   wor- 
ship. 

P1V/SUS,  a,  rim,  part,  and  adj.,  divido. 

DiyiTIACDS,  i,  m.  Divitiacas.  a  chief  of  the 
JEdui:  fc  8  and  16,  Also,  a  king  of  the  Sues- 
•ionea :  II,  4-. 

DiVUb'-t),  are,  avi,  aluai,  tr.,  dis-vulgo,  to 
make  public,  mike  common  to  all,  publish,  di- 
vulge, 

DIAL  etc.    See  Uico. 

DO,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  tr.,  to  give,  bestow, 
grant,  concede,  allow,  permit;  to  commit,  con- 
fer; to  make  cause,  occasion;  to  bestow,  offer, 
present',  tfure  arbitros  to  name,  appoint.  Dare 
iter  to  Slow  a  passing,  permit  to  pass.  Dare- 
in  fnjiJ-iii.  to  put  to  flight.  Dare  se  verity,  to 
commit  one's  self  to*the  wind,  to  set  sail,  put  to 
fiea. 

DOCEO,  ere.  cui,  ctuin,  tr.,  to  teach  instruct; 
ii  show,  point  out,  inform,  tell,  declare,  apprise. 

D0CUJ1ENTUM,  i,  u.,  docoo,  a  means  of 
allowing  or  proving,  a  document,  example,  pat- 
tern, lesson,  warning;  a  proof,  instance,  speci- 
men. 

D  OLLO,  ere.  ui,  hum,  intr.  and  tr.,  to  suffer 
pain,  to  grieve,  sorrow,  be  sad  or  sorry,  bo'  in 
pain;  to%iourn,  deplore,  lament. 

DOTOjkpris,  mi.,  doleo,  grief,  'pain,  distress, 
sorrow,  aguish;  chagrin,  vexation,  mortifica- 
tion, indignation  ;  a  cause  of  grief,  offence,  af- 
front, insult. 

DOLUS,  i,  m.,  craft,  /a  device,  artifice,  artful 
contrivance,  trick,  guile,  deceit,  treachery,  cun- 
ning, fraud. 

.  DOMESTICUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  domus,  of  or  per- 
taing  to  a  house,  home  or  family,  domestic, 
familiar,  private,  household;  of  or  belonging  to 
one's  country,  domestic,  civil. 

D0MICIL1UM,  i,  n.,  domus,  a  habitation, 
place  of  abode,  residence  ;  a  house.  - 

DOMINATIO,  onis,  f.,  dominor,  dominion, 
rule,  mastery,  authority,  power,  sovereignty ; 
usurpation,  tyranny,  despotism,  domination. 

DOMINOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  doniinu*, 
to  be  lord  audmaBter,  rule,  bear  rule,  domineer. 

DOMINUS.  i,  n.,  domus,  a  master  of  a  house, 
master  of  slaves,  proprietor  of  anything,  possess- 
or, owner,  lord,  ruler,  master. 

DOMITIUS,  i,  m.  (L.)  Doniitius  Ahenobar- 
bus,  a  consul,  A.  U.  C.  699 :  V,  1. 

DOMUS,  us,  and  i,  f.,  Gr.  J4S,  Rem.  4;  a  house, 
home,  dwelling,  place  of  abode.  Domum  after 
a  verb  of  motion,  home;  Gr.  (S154.  Domi,  Cr. 
§166,  Exc,  at  home,  in  one's  own  house :  in  on«'s 
own  country. 

DONO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  domum,  to  give  as 
a  present,  bestow  freely,  present ;  to  pardon, 
remit  a  deb*  or  obligation;  to  give  up,  yield. 

DONOTAURUSJ,  m.    See  Valerias. 


D0NUM,  i.  n„  do,  a  gift,  present,  offering  t« 
a  deity. 

DORSUM,  i,  n.,  the  back  of  a  man  or  beast. 
Montis  or  juyi  dorsum,  ridge  or  summit. 

DOS,  dotis,  f,  dj,  a  marriage  portion,  dowry. 

DRUIDES,  urn.  in.  pi.,  the  Druides,  priests  of 
Britain  or  Gaul :  VI,  13. 

DUJBIS,  is,  in.,  the  Daubs,  a  river  of  Belgi« 
Gaul :  I,  38. 

DUBITATIO,  onis,  f.,  dubito,  a  doubting; 
doubt,  uncertainty,  hesitation.  Dubitatio  mi/ii 
I  itur,  doubt  is  excited  in  me,  I  doubt,  hesitate. 

DUBIlUruS,  a,  um,  part.,  dubito. 

DUBITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  to  doubt,  be  hi 
doubt,  be  uncertain,  scruple.  Non  dabtto,  qtfin; 
Gr.  gl'JJ,  Rem.  4;  JJ195,  Examples. 

OUBIUS,  a,  u,n,  adj.,  duo-via,  having  tvre 
ways  which  we  cannot  choose  between;  hence. 
a  :tiv  -iii,  wavering,  uncertain  ;  passively,  doubt- 
ful, undecided:  uncertain,  precarious,  critical. 
Non  est Uubiuin,  quia,  there  is  no  doubt  that: 
Gr. \  193,  Rem.  i ;  §195,  Examples.  Dubinin,  », 
n.,  doubt,  uncertainty". 

DUCENTI,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  two  hundred. 

DfiTCp,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  to  lead,  conduct, 
draw,  .take  along;  to  lead,  command,  cause  to 
move-or  march,  be  loader  of;  to  bring  forward; 
to  protract,  prolong;  to  defer,  put  off,  make  t» 
wait;  to  spend,  pass;  to  draw,  extend,  build, 
make  or  construct;  to  draw,  deduce,  derive  oiie'n 
origin  from  any  thing:  to  lead,  induce;  to  rs- 
teem,  hold,  think,  consider,  reckon,  regard. 
Da  (ire  uxurentf  to  marry. 

DUCTUS,  us,  m.,  dueo,  a  leaJiug,  conduct 
command. 

DUCTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  d«co. 

DUM,  alv.au.i  c.mj.,  Or.JlJi';  while,  whilst. 
as  long  as,  until. 

tflJMXORIX,  igis.  m.  Duimiorix,  a  chief  of 
the'-JEdui:  1,3,9,18. 

DUO,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.,  two.  Gr.  §61. 

DUODECIM,  ind.  num.  adj.,  duo— decern, 
twelve. 

DUODECIMOS,  a,  uui,  num.  adj.,  duodeciut. 
the  twelfth. 

DUOD.ENI,  ae,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  duodjeim, 
twelve  by  twelve,  twelve  eacli,  twelve. 

DUODEVIGINTI,  num.  adj.  ind.,  (duo,  de 
and  viginti,)  eighteen. 

DUPLEX,  icis,  adj.,  duo--plieo,  to  fold,  doub- 
le, two-fjld ;  of  character,  false,  deceitful.  Du- 
plicem  aciem  instrucre,  to  draw  up  an  army  -in 
two  lines.  ( 

DUPLICATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  from 

DUPLICO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  duplex,  to 
double;  increase,  enlarge. 

DURE,  ius,  issime,  adv.,  d«rus,  hardly ;  harsh- 
ly, roughly,  sternly. 

DURITIA,  ae,  f.,  durus,  hardness,  callousness 
harshness,  roughness  ;  hardness, ,  austerity  1» 
living ;  self-denial ;  cruelty,  severity. 


DURO— EIS. 


225 


DURO,  are,  aTi,  ntiini,  tr.,  dtuus,  to  harden, 
tnako  hard;  to  inure  to  hardships,  make  hardy 
or  strong.  Intr.  to  bear  up,- hold  out,  endure, 
stand  linn  ;  to  remain,  last,  continue. 

DUROCORTORUM,  i,  n.  Durocortorum,  a 
town  of  the  Rem!  from  ilfhom  it  afterwards 
took  the  name,  of  Rheims :  VI,  44. 

DUKUS,  i,  in.     S«e  Laberius. 

Df/RUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  hard  ;  harsh  to  the  taste; 
toilsome,  laborious,  difficult,  arduous,  severe, 
disagreeable,  adverse;  hard  in  manners,  rough, 
unpolished,  rude,  uncouth,  hardy:  bard  in 
character,  rigorous,  severe,  inflexible,  obstinate. 
cruel.     .St  nil  sit  during,  if  there  is  no  unusual 

dancer. 

DUX,  ducis,  m.  and  f.,  a  leader,  guide,  con- 
ductor :   general,  captain. 

DUXI.  etc.     See   Duco. 


E 


K,  of   Ex.  prep,  with  abli  E  stands  befort 

consonants  only,  ex  before  cither  vowels  or  conso- 
nants. From,  out  of,  of ;  alter:  on  account  of, 
iu  consequence  of;  according  to,  in  accordance 
with.  With  partitives,  of,  among.  Denoting  a 
chaniji  of  condition,  from,  in  place  of.  instead 
of,  from  being;  ;'.'-".  Facilia  ex  dificiUiun 
iu  place  or  instead  of.  Aquitania  ex  lertia parte 
GaVin  ustimanda — as  the  third  part.  Una  ex 
part'.  6n  our  side.    Ex  tisu,  of  advantage. 

EA,  EA8,  etc.    Sec  Is. 

EA,   adv..  (abl.  of  is,  bc.  parte,)  thai    \...\, 
there. 
JfeADEM.  etc.   See  Idem. 

fEBUKoXKS,  um,  m..  the  Eburones,  a  people 
Belgic  Gaul.  See  Aulerci:  11,4. 
BBDB0V7CES,  um,  m..the  Eburovici 
pie  of  Celtic  Gaul :  III.  17.   dee  Aulerci. 
ED/CO,  i  re,  m.  i  turn.  tr.  and  iutr.,  e- 
declare  publicly,  make  known,   decree,   ordain, 
.  ad,  order,  issue  an  i 
ED1CTUM,  i.   ii..   edioo.  an  edict,  proclama- 
tion, order,  charge,  injunction, 

EDISCO,  el  '•.  didici,  tr.,  e  in!<  nsiri , — disco,  to 
learn  thoroughly,  barn  by  heart,  commit  to 
memory. 

l.l'l  i  I  S    i.  um.  part,  and  adj..  cdo,  put  forth, 
published,  raised,  elevated;  nigh,  lofty. 
EDO,  ere,  idi,  itum,  tr..  i  eat,  to 

put  forth  ;  1  o,bring 

.       to    I    \- 

bibit;    to  publish,  spread  abroad,    hlrreomnia 
•    in    aliqu<  iii,   t  i  inflii  t  upon  on< 
p  mishment. 
!  i"  ii  r<  >  ere,  ni, 

■  il  i.r  in- 
IOW. 

I  l  S,  ;i-  um.  | 
BD    ■  •    draw  w 

lead  i  irth,  draw  nut.  draw,  bring  out,  summon; 


of  time,  to  spend,  pass.  Of  fowls,  to  bring  out 
from  the  egg,  to  hatch,  raise,  rear;  of  children, 
to  bring  up,  maintain,  educate. 

EDI  CTUS,  a.  um,  part.,  educo. 

EFFARCIO  and  Effecclo,  4re,  noperf.,  turn. 
tr.,  (ex-farcio,  to  stuff.)  to  stuff,  cram,  fill  up. 

EFFECTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  efflcio. 

EFFAMIXAXD08,  a.  um.  part., /rom. 

EFFEMIXO,  are,  avi,  atum.tr.,  ex-  femina,t" 
make  a  woman  of:  to  render -soft  or  effeminate, 
unman,  enervate. 

EFFERO,  efforre,  extuli,  elatum.  tr.  irr.,  <\- 
fero,  to  bring  forth,  carry  forth  or  out.  to  pub- 
lish, spread  abroad,  proclaim ;    lift    up,  elevate. 

valt.    Effi  rri  aliqua  re,  to  be  puffed  up. 
elated. 

EFFICIO,  ere,  cci.  ectum,  tr..  e«-facio,  tc 
workout,  to  bring  to  pass,  do,  effect,  accomplish. 
calico,  occasion,  render ;  complete,  finish,  exe- 
ento  :  t  i  make,  form,  construct ;  bo  make  out  of 
another,  to  get,  obtain,  jirocure ;  Jo  produce, 
yield:  to  make  out,  prOTC.  Um.Vm  arena  if. 
cere,  to  convert  into — . 

EFFODIO,  ere,  odi,  oesum,  tr.,   ex-ibi 
dig  out.  dig  up;  to  tear  or  gouge  out.  put  out. 

II  I  OSSUSj  »•  um,  part.,  effodio. 

EFFUG10.  ere,  ugi,  intr.  and  tr.,  ex-i' 
fly,  flee  away,  escape;  to  avoid,  shun,  flee  from 

EFFDXDO,  ere,  »*di,  usuin,  tr.,  cx-fundo,  to 
pour  out,  pour  forth,  drive  out.  east,  out,  send, 
out,  spread  abroad;  to  hurl,  discharge ;  to  over- 
throw, to  expel;  to  spend,  Bqhander,  consume, 
wa-t.-.  Effundere  se,  to  rush  forth  in  crowds, 
pour  forth,  scatter,  disperse. 

EGEXS,   ti  ■-..  pa  it.  anil  adj.,   egco,   m 
wanting:  needy,  in  want.  poor. 

EGEO,  ere,  ui.  intr..  to  be  poor;  t  inei'd,want. 
be  in  want  of:  to  bc  without,  lack,  be  destitute 

of. 

EGESTAS,  atiftj  f..  egeo,  want,  extrcn 
city,  indigence,  beggary. 
tc.    Bee  Ago. 

i.  pro..  Or.  £7-  ■    i  ■ 
Qr.g78,  Hem.  2:  I  mj 
v.i-  ours 

EGHEDIOR  ■■  dep.,  iutr.  and   tr.. 

(e-gradior,   to  step,)  to  go  out.  move   or    • 

I  ■ 
climb.    Kjitti:    •  i bark. 

debark,  land,  ii  >t 

ugly. 
.  Um,  adj 

bb-.  eminent, 

surpass  !""'-  >lll",<1  ■'  ' 

in t-.  extraordinary. 


E< 
lent! 

t.'.  i;i 


22<5 


EJECTUS— ERKPTUS. 


EJECTUP,  a,  mn,  part.,  cjicio. 

EJICIO,  ere,  cci,  ectum,  tr.,  e-jacio,  to  cast  or 
throv/  out,  eject,  expel,  throw  off;  to  banish. — 
Of  ships,  to  rnn"  aground,  strand,  wreck.  Ejic- 
ero  se,  to  burst  forth,  rush  forth. 

EJUS.    Seels. 

EJUSDEM.    Seo  Idem. 

EJUSMODI,  pro.  gen.  of  is  and  modus,  Gr. 
§132 ;  of  this  or  that  sort  or  kind,  such. 

EL^IBOR,  i,  psus  sum,  dep.,  intr.  and  tr.,  e— 
labor,  to  slide  or  slip  away,  glide  away,  fall  out, 
get  off,  escape. 

ELAPSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  elabor. 

EIMTUS,  a.  uin,  part.,  effero. 

ELAVER,  eris,  n.,  the  Allior,  a  river  cf  Gaul 
falling  into  the  Loire :  Til.  34. 

ELECTUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  eligo,  chosenKpicked 
our,  selected. 

ELEPHANTUS,  i,  in.,  an  elephant. 

ELEUTERI  or  Eleutheri,  orum,  m.,  (Cadurci) 
a  people  of  Gaul :  VII,  75. 

ELICIO,  ere,  ui  and  lexi,  itum,  tr.,  (e— lscio, 
to  allure,)  to  draw  or  entice  out,  fetch  forth, 
elicit;  to  draw,  entice,  induce;  tocallforth,  find 
out,  discover. 

ELIGO,  ere,  egi,  ectum,  tr.,  e— lego,  to  choose, 
select,  pick  out. 

ELOQUOR,  i,  c«tus  sum,  dep.tr.,  e-ioquor,  to 
epeak  out.  declare  ;  to  utter,  prpnounce.     /• 

ELUS--1TES,  ium,  m.,  the  Elusateu,  a  people 
of  Aquitania,  whose  principal  city  was  Elusa  : 
III,  27. 

EMIGRO,  are,  avi,  atom,  intr.,  (e-migro,  to 
remove.)  to  remove  from  one  place  to  another, 
migrate.  •     • 

EMINENS,  tis,  part,  and  adj.,  emineo,  rising 
up,  projecting,  standing  out  or  over,  eminent, 
high,  lofty,  prominent,  conspicuous. 

EMINEO,  ere,  ui,  intr.,  (e-mineo,  to  hang 
over,)  stand  out  or  over,  project,  run  out,  Kland 
or  show  itself  above  others,  be  prominent ;  to 
appear,  be  conspicuous;  to  excel,  be  eminent. 

EMINTJS,  adv.,  e-manus,  from  a  distance,  at 
a  distance,  far  off. 

EMTSSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  emitto. 

EMITTO,  ere,  j'ui,  iscum,  tr.,  e-mitto,  to  send 
forth  or  cut,  letgo;  to  sling,  hurl,  throw,  dis- 
charge1; to  let  slip,  release. 

EMOLIMENTUM,  i,  a.,  (emolior,  to -accom- 
plish, e-molior,)  pains,  difficulty,  trouble.. 

EMO,  ere,  emi,  emptum,  tr.,  to  buy,  purchase. 

ENASCOE,  i,  natus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  to  sprout 
or  grow  out  or  forth ;  to  spring  from. 

ENIM,  conj.,  Gr.§123,  Rems.  17  and  20  ;  for, 
indeed.   Weque  enim,  for  not. 

ENJTOR,  i,  fsus  and  ixus  sum,  dep.,  intr.  and 
tf.,  e,--:i!'tnr,  to  make  an  effort,  strive,,   struggle, 
endeavor  hard ;   to  force  one's  way  out  or\i\<,  to 
mount,  reach  by  climbing  or  with  difficulty. 
aENPIIERO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  e-numero,  to 


enumerate,  recount,  reckon  ap,  recite,  count  up, 
rate,  estimate. 

ENUNCI^tTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  from 

ENUNCIO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,   e-nuncio,   t 
say  out,  toll  (a  Bccret) ;  spread  abroad,  divulgi 
disclose,  rrveal,  declaro,  state,  say,  express.— 
Enunciatunx  est,  imp.  a  disclosure  was  made. 

EO,  t're,  t'vi,  or  ii,  itum,  intr.  irr.,  Gr.  Jill  j 
to  go  (in  the  widest  sense  of  the  word,)  to  wallr, 
travel,  march,  proceed.  Itur,  imp.  they  go. — 
Itum  est,  they  went. 

EO,  adv,,  for  eon,  old  ace.  of  is,  thither,  t1 
that  place,  person  or  thing,  to  those  .places,  etc.; 
so  far,  to  such  a  pitch,  to  such  an  extent,  t 
such  a  pass ;  in  or  upon  thpm,  that  or  those. — 
All.,  ou  that  account,  therefore,  for  this  reason : 
lor  Hi,  there,  in  that  place.  Eo  quod,  like  proj- 
terea  quod,  because. 

EO.    See  Is. 

EODEM.     Seo  Idem. 

EGEEM,   adv.,  for  eondem,  old  ace.  of  idem. 
to  the, same  place;  to  the  same  purpose,  end  s 
object.    Eodtm  pertinere,   to  tend  to  the   sarr 
thing  or  tho  same  result,  to  have  the  eame  in- 
fluence, i.e.  upon  one's  mind. 

EORUM,  etc.    See  13. 

EOSDEM.    See  Idem. 

EPIIIPPIvlTUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  furnished  with  a 
saddle.  Ephipplati  cquites,  horsemen  riding  with 
an  cpltippium:  from 

EPIIIPPIU3',  i,  n.,  a  horse  cloth,  housin .-, 
saddle. 

EPISTOLA,  ae,  f.,  a  letter,,  epiatio 

EPOREDORIX,  igis,  m.  Eporedorix,  a  chiei 
of  the  jEdui :  VII,  3S. 

EPULUM,  i,  n.  PI.  Epulaj,  arum,  f.,  afea?t. 
banquet. 

EQUE.    See  E  or  Ex  and  que. 

EQUES,  itis,  m.,  cquua,  a  horseman,  a  kuighi.. 
Equilcs,  horsemen,   a  title  of  rank  among  tr~ 
Hainan:.     The  knights  constituted   an   crder  i 
citizens  briween  the  patricians  and  plebeians.- - 
Also  collectively,  cavalry,  horsemen. 

EQUESTER,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  eques,  portainii 
to  a horseman,;  equestrian.  Equestre prcelimn,  ■■ 
cavalry  battle.    Equestri  prcclio  contendere,  to 
fight  with  cavalry. 

EQUIT.iTUS,   us,  m.,   equito,  eques,  ridin, 
cavalry,  a  body  of  horsemen,  troop  or  squadrt. 
of  horse.    Magnus  equitatus,  a  groat  body  j  : 
cavalry. 

EQUUS,  i,  m.,  a  horse,  steed.  Ex  equo  or  eqtti  . 
on  horseback. 

ERAM,  etc.  See  Sum. 

ERATOSTHENES,    is,   m.    Eratosthenes,    ■ 
philosopher,  poet  and  geographer ;   a  native 
Cyrene :  VI,  24. 

'  ERECTUS,   a,  nm,  part,  and  adj.;  erigo,   eb* 
vated, erect. 

EREPTUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  eripio.  ( 


ERGA— EXCITO. 


ERGA,  prep,  with  ace.,  (akin  to  vtrgn,)  to-' 
words. 

ERGO,  cunj.,  (akin  to  vergo,)  therefore,  then, 
i ,  tisequcntly. 

ERIGO,  ero,  oxi,  cctum,  tr.,  e-rego,  to  raiso 
nj).  set  upright;  to  lift  or  set  up,  build  up,  elo- 
t  to  ;  arouse,  excito,  chocr,  encourago.  Erigere 
m,  to  raise  one's  self  up,  rise. 

ERIFIO,  ere,  ui,  eptum,  tr.,(o-raplo,  to  snatch,) 

itch  away,  tako   away   by   forco,   to  take 

away,  withdraw  ;   to  pull  or  drag  out ;   to  free, 

lerato,  rescue.  Have,  deliver  from,  extricate. 

ERRO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  to  wander  up 
(«id  down,  wander  about;  to  stray,  mis*  the 
right  way,  err,  mistako,  go  wrong. 

ERUM PO,  err,  i/p[,  upturn,  tr.  and  intr.,  (o- 
rumpo,  to  break,)  to  break  or  burst  forth.  Bally 

rth  impetuously,  rush  forth. 

ERUPTIO,  onis,  f.,  erumpo,  a  bursting  forth. 
■  i  sally. 
'     ESSE,  etc.    See  Sum. 

ESSEDARIUS,  i,  m.,essedum,one  who  fought 
from  a  war  chariot,  an  ossedarius. 

ESSEDUM,  i,  n.,  tho  essedutn,  a  kind  of  two- 
whcelod  war-chariot  used  by  tho  ancient  Brit- 
ons. 

ESSUI,  orum,  m.,  the  Essul,  a  people  of  Gaul 
whose  place  of  residence  is  uncertain  :  V,  24. 

EST.  See  Sum. 

ET,  conj.,  Gr.  £123 ;  and,  even;  also,  too; 
et—tt,  both — and.  When  et  occurs  before'  each 
of  two  or  more  successive  words  or  clauses,  the 
first  et  is  omitted  in  translation. 

ETIAM,  conj.,  ct-jam,  Gr.  £123;  also,  like- 
wise, furthermore,  besides ;  cvon ;  nay,  nay 
%  rather;  with  comparatives,  yet,  still ;  att,etiam 
gravius. 

ETSI,  conj.,Gr.J123;  et-si,  though, although. 
It  is  usually  followed  by  tamen  in  a  subsequent 
clause. 

EUM.  See  Is. 

BUNDKNDEM.    Seo  Idem. 

EV.4D0,  ere,  si,  sum,  intr.,  (e— Tado,  to  go,)  to 
go  out,  go  forth,  get  away,  run  away,  escape  ; 
to  escape  upward,  to  ascend ;  to  happen,  come 
lo  pass,  occur.    Tr.,  to  shun,  elude. 

KVKLLO,  ere,  elli  or  vulsi,  vulsum,tr.,  e-vel- 
II  out,  pull  out,  pluck  up. 

EYENIO,  ire,  veni,  tentum,  intr.,  e-venio,  to 
come  out  or  forth;   to  happen,  fall  out. 
(orn  out,  result,  issue. 

K\  I'.NTL'S,  us,  in.,  cvenio,  an  event,  occur- 
rence, accident;  an  issue,  result,  consequence, 
end.  Ex  cvrntu  natrium,  from  what  had  hap- 
pened to  the  • 

EVINCO,  ere,  vi'ci,  victum,  tr.,  o-vinco,  to 
OTercomo  completely,  conquer  thoroughly. 

EVOCO,  are,  avi.  atum,  tr.,  o-voco,  to  call  out 

forth,  to  bring  out,  invite,  challenj 
;  to  command  to  appear ;  to  draw,  attract, 


EVCC4TUS,  a,  um,  p.-,;?.  called  cut,  sum- 
moned. Evocati,  orum,  m.,  RutUiers,  who  having 
served  out  their  time  wen  terwarda  called  on 
to  serve  r.s  volunteer.;. 

EYOLO,  are,  avi,  atuic.  •.:.,  (o— Yolo,  to  Jty,) 
to  fly  out  or  away  ;  to  sal!.,  forth,  rush  forth ; 
escape.  x 

EX.    See  E. 

EXACTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  exigo. 

EXiEQUO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-ceqmo,  to 
mako  equal  or  even  with  anything,  I  ;>luce  on 
a  level,  regard  as  oqual. 

KXAGITATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  ex.. 

EXAGITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr..  ox-agito,  to 
drive  out  of  place,  stir  up,  disturb;  to  harass, 
vex, agitate, toss  about;  to  drive  out,  drive  from 
place  to  place,  toimont,  persecute. 

EXAMIN^Tl'S,  a,.um,  part..//o»i 

EXAMIXO,  are,  avi,  atum,  iuir.  and  tr.,  (ex- 
amen,  a  sUxlyarJ,  ox-ago,)  to  v  .igh;  to  exam- 
ine, weigh,  ponder,  consider.  1  iminarcadcer- 
tumponJus,  to  make  of  a  cert.-...  m  weight. 

EXANIM.1TUS,  a,  um,  pari  deprived  of  lifts, 
dead)  tired  out,  out  of  brea:.i,  wearied,  from 

EXANTMO,  are,  avi,  atuin,  tr.,  ex-animus,  to 
deprive  of  life,  kill,  slay;  to  scare  to  death,terri- 
fy,  alarm  greatly;  to  weaken,  exhaust. 

EXARDESCO,  ere,  arsi,  intt .  inc.,  ex-ardeseo, 
ardeo,  to  kindh .  to  grow  hot,  become  inflamed, 
blaze,  be  on  firo.  Fig.  to  be  i, illumed,  enraged. 

EXAUDIO,  ire,  tvi,  ituiii,  tr.,  ex-audio,  to 
hear,  hear  from  a  distance,  hear  perfectly  ;  to 
give  ear  to,  hearken  or  listen  to,  regard,  obey. 

EXAUD/TOS.'a,  um,  part.,  exaudio. 

EXC&'DO,  ere,  cessi,  eessuni,  intr.,  ex-cedo,  to 
depart,  go  forth  or  out,  retire,  withdraw ;  to  go 
beyond,  advance.  ExcccUre  pugna  or prozlio,  to 
retire  from  the  contest,  give  over  fighting. 

EXCELLO,  er<»,  ui,  sum,  intr.  and  tr.,  ex-c\  i- 
lo,  obs.,  to  rise,  elevate  one's  self,  be  high,  be 
raised  high.    To  excel,  outdo,  outstrip,  surpass. 

EXCEPTO,  are,  a  i,  atum,  tr.  frcq.,  excipio, 
to  take  up  ;  to  take  or  draw  in,  catch  up,  snuff 
up;   to  receive,  takei 

EXCEPTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  excipio. 

EXCESSI,  etc.    SoeExcnK 

EXC/I>0,  ere,  idi,  isum,  tr.,  ex-ca:do,  to  cut 
out  or  off,  cut  or  hew  down;  to  overthrow,  de- 
stroy, rase.      , 

EXCIPIO,  ere,  e\>\,  cptuin,  tr.,  ex-capio,  to 
take  nut,  exi  ept ;  to  fetch,  taki  ;  t"  catch  with 
the  oar,  to  attend  or  listen  to,  to  heed ;  to  sur- 
prise, come  upon  Unawares;  to  obtain; 
upon  one's  seif;  to receire,  sustain,  encounter, 
endure,  bear,  support:  to  follow,  topoeed,  re- 
lieve, rapport. 

EXCITvlTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  excib  . 

EXCITO,  are,  »\i,  atum,  it  freq.,  ex-ciep,  to 
call  out ;  to  call  i, ut,  «a)to  up.  route;  to  more, 
stir  or  raise  up,  excite,  kindle,  spur  on,  stimu- 
latu,  enliven. 


328 


EXCLUDO— EXPLORATUS. 


EXCLJTDO, 'ere,  si,-  Bum,  tr.,  tx-claudo,  to 
abut  out,  exclude  ;  to  cut  off,  to  separate,  divide; 
to  except,  exclude;  to  drive  out;  tohinder,  pre- 
vent, prohibit,  delmr. 

EXCLTSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  excludo. 

EXCOGITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-cogito,  to 
think  out,  think  over,  devise. 

EXCRUCIO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-crucio,  to 
torture,  crux,  to  torture  greatly,  excruciate;  to 
afflict  «r  torment  exceedingly ;  to  distress,  dis- 
quiet, harass,  fret,  vex. 

EXCUBITOR,  cris,  m.,  excubo,  a  watchman, 
Kuard,  sentinel. 

EXCUBO,  are,  ui,  itum,  intr.,  ex-cubo,  to  lie  ; 
to  lie  or  sleep  out  of  doors ;  to  lie  out  on  guard, 
watch,  be  on  guard,  stand  sentry ;  to  be  vigilant, 
be  on  the  alert.  I 

EXCULCO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-calco,  to 
trample  upon,  calx,  to  tread  or  trample  upon  ; 
to  tread  firm  or  close,  fill  by  treading,  ram. 

EXCURSIO,  onis,  f.,  excurro,  to  run  out  ;  a 
running  out,  excursion  ;  a  sally,  attack,  inroad, 
invasion.  • 

EXCUSATIO,  onis,  f.,  exewso,  an  excusing  ; 
an  excuse,  plea,  defence. 

EXCFSO,  are,-»vi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-oausa,  to  ex- 
cuse ;  to  allege  in  excuse,  plead  as  an  excuse. 

EXEMPLUM,  i,  n.,  exinio,  to  take  out ;  what 
is  taken  out  as  a  sample,  a  copy,  transcript,  im- 
itation; a  design,  model,  sample,  pattern;  an 
uxample,  incident,  precedent;  a  manner,  way ; 
.1  warning  example,  severe  punishment  as  an 
uxample  to  others,  exemplary  punishment. 

EXEO,  ire,  ivi,  and  ii,  itum,  intr.  irr.,  Gr. 
Jill ;  ex-eo,  to  go  out  or  forth,  go  away,  depart, 
march  out ;  to  terminate,  end. 

EXERCEO,  ere,  ui,  itum,  tr.,  ex-arceo,  to 
drive  axuay;  to  drive  on,  keepjrasy ;  to  practise, 
train,  inure  to  labor,  keep  actively  employed, 
exercise  ;  to  do,  practise,  be  employed  upon  ;  to 
agitate,   vex,   trouble;   to  harass,  distress. 

EXERCITATIO,  onis,  f.,  exercito,  an  exer- 
cising, exercise,  use,  practice,  skill. 

EXERCIT^TUS,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj.,  exer- 
cito, exercised,  well  versed,  trained,  practised, 
accustomed. 

EXERCITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  frcq.,  exorceo, 
to  exercise  diligently,  practise. 

EXERCITUS,  us,  m.,  exerceo,  originally  an 
exercise,  training;  then  a  trained  body  of  men, 
an  army.  In  distinction  from  equitatus  it  sig- 
nifies the  infantry:  as,  excrcitum  equitatumque 
castris  continuit. 

EXHAURIO,  ire,  si,  stum,  tr.,  ex-haurio,  to 
draw ;  to  draw  or  drag  out,  empty,  drain,  ex- 
haust ;  to  take  out,  remove,  carry  away. 

EXII,  etc.    See  Exeo. 

EXIGO,  ore,  egi,  actum,  tr.,  ex-ago,  to  drire 
or  thrust  out,  to  lead  out ;  to  send  forth ;  to  pass 
through  or  beyond ;  of  time,  to  pass,  lead,  spend, 
finish,  complete ;  to  demand,  require. 


EXIGTJE,  adv„  exiguus,  briefly,  sparingly, 
scantily,  hardly. 

EXIGUITAS,  ntis,  f,  cxigiius,  smallness, 
shortness,  fewness. 

EXIGTJUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  exigo,  small,  brief, 
short,  slender,  scanty,  slight,  few. 

EXIMIUS,  a,  lini,  adj.,  eximo,  to  take  oiit ; 
excellent,  choice,  select,  remarkable,  extraor- 
dinary.   Eximia  opinio,  a  high  reputation. 

EXISTIMATIO,  onis,  f,  existimo,  an  opinion, 
judgment;  Teputation,  character,  credit,  good 
name. 

EXISTIM^ITUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  from, 

EXISTIMO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-ajstimo,  to 
judge,  deenr,  think,  consider,  esteem,  suppose, 
imagine;  to  decide,  determine,  rass.imp.  it  is 
thought. 

EXITUS,  us,  m.,  exeo,  a  goi::g  out,  exit,  de- 
parture ;  place  of  going  out ;  passage  out,  end, 
close,  termination,  result,  amount,  sum,  pur- 
port, sum  and  substance. 

EXORIOR,  iri,  ortus  sum,  orititrus,  dep.intr.. 
ex-orior,  to  rise,  arise,  spring  up  unexpectedly. 

EXPEDIO,  ire,  »vi  or  ii,  itum,  tr.  and  intr., 
ex-pes,  to  pull  the  feet  out  of  a  net ;  hence,  to 
free,  discharge,  liberate,  loose,  disentangle,  dis- 
engage, extricate ;  to  bring  out,  make  ready, 
elear;  to  despatch,  finish,  accomplish,  manage, 
settler;  to  explain,  unfold,  declare,  relate,  tell, 
set  forth.  Expedire  aditum,  to  clear  up  or  open 
a  way. 

EXPEDITIO,  onis,  f„  expedio,  an  excursion 
against  the  enemy,  an  expedition.  In  expedi- 
tionem,  upon  an  expedition. 

EXPED7TUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  expedio, 
freed,  liberated ;  free  from  baggage,  unencum- 
bered, light-armed,  prepared,  equipped,  ready, 
disengaged,  unoccupied;  free  from  obstacles, un- 
impeded, easy.  Expedita  re  frumentaria  uti,  to 
be  promptly  and  easily  supplied  with  provis- 
ions. 

EXPELLO,  ere,  puli,  pulsuin,  tr.,  ex-pello,  to 
drive  out  or  away,  expel,  banish. 

EXPERIOR,  iri,  ertus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  ex-pe- 
rior,  to  try,  make  trial  of,  attempt,  prove,  expe- 
rience. Omnia  experiri,  to  try  every  expedient 

EXPERTTJS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  experior. 

EXPIATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  expio. 

EXPIO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ex-pio,  to  appease, 
pius,.to  expiate,  atone  for,  make  amends  for,  do 
away,  make  satisfaction  for. 

EXPLEO,  ere,  evi,  etum,  tr.,  ex-pleo,  obs.,  to 
fill,  fill  up ;  to  satisfy,  satiate ;  to  complete,  fin- 
ish, accomplish;  to  fulfill,  discharge,  perform. 

EXPLOR^TOR,  oris,  m.,  exploro,  a  spy,  scout. 

EXPLORJTTJS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  exploro, 
explored ;  ascertained,  certainly  known,  sure. 
Babeo  rem  ezploratam,  stronger  than  rem  ex* 
ploravi.  Habere  pro  explorato,  to  consider  ad 
certain,  be  confident. 


EXPLORO— EXURO: 


220 


EXPLORO,    arc,  av:.  alum.  tr..    eX-plorO, 
cry-  out,  to  se&rch  diligently  iftto,  prj  in1 
tinize,  explore,  examine,  seeife   put,  ascertain, 
reconnoitre;   to  spy  out,  sootrt ;   to  try,  prove, 
put  to  the  ti   i. 

EXP0NO,  ere,  sui,  i-itum.  tr..  ex-pono,  to  pn1 
out,  sefr/orth,  expose ;  to  expose   to  view,  dis- 

play  :  tO  put  away:   tO  w-l  on  Shi 

bark,  land  ;  to  oxplain,  tell,  relat 

I 

BXPORTO,  are,  avi,  alum,   tr.,  ax-porto,   to 
carry  or  bring  out,  convey  away,  export, 

;:\  P0S( '  ■■  ere,  poposci,  tr.,  e 
or  require  earnestly,  cat,   im- 

plore. 

EXPOSITUS,  a,  um,   part,  and  adj.,   i 

EXPRI5IO,  ire,  essi,  cssum,  tr.,  ex-premo,  1" 
press  out,  Bqueoze  out, compress,  strain. 
i  ilently  ;  to  press  int 
to  represent,  express,  portray,  imitate,  d 
t., i  express,  signify, dec!   re;  to  pronounce,  utter. 
ulatc  :  to  raise,  raise  op,  t 1   ' 

BXPUGNATIO,  onis,  f.,expugnp,atal 
tsault  .  .  torm,  storming. 

EXPUG-NA  CUS,  :.  um,  pa 

i:\ pi  ■    ro  ■■■  i.  atnm,  tr/,  ex-pn  ;ne,   to 

take  or  carry  by  Btorm,  to  i  arry  by   ass  uilt,  to 
storm  ;  to  conquer,  vanquish,  subdue,  on 
in  by  force,  i 
CM.  etc    .-.     .  ■  i    . 

i:\  cxpcllo. 

EXQU/RO,  ■  tun,  tr.,  ex-quaero,  to 

Bearcli  ".it.  -  ly,  a.-eertain,  iixjuiro 

illy    into,    examil 
quirere  scntentias,  to  take  the  opinions. 

i:\i.'i  [SITl       i  um.  part,  and  adj.,  exquirt). 

l .  \  3 1 
follow  to  the  end,  ;  [  i\v  after,    take 

pattern  alter:  to  follow    u  .   finish, 

execute,  perform ;  to  go  throteh  with   in   tell- 
ing, to  relate,  i<  11 :  to  I. 'How  with  pun 

maintain. 

EX3ERO,  i'iv.  ui,  tunv  tr., 

li  out.  protrude. 
i   part,   and 
thrust  forth,  um  o\ 

i  i.  stituni.    inl    .    (ex-tUto, 
re  luplicated  from  slo,)  to   i 

nit,  app   u' :  t..  artoe,  - ,    .    . 
me. 

i,  intr.  ami    tr.,  ex- 
■4epivto,  to  look  1'iit  or  wail  for   • 
Vpect,  to  look  forward  either  with 

'I  read: 
.  :.  delay  ;  t  i  look  oul  .   I  • 

:  ' 

■Uiiii-  to  happen, 
■ 

mk  into 
; 


;;\  riXHSXTO,  ere,  nxi,  nctum.  tr.,  cx-tinguo. 
Input  oul .-  to  put  out  (a  light,)  to  extinguish  : 
to  cut  Off,  kill,  destroy ;  to  abolish,  annihilate, 
annul. 

EXSTO,  are.  intr..  ex-sto,  to  slaTtd  ;  to  stand 
out,  project;  stand  up,  appear  or   be  above;  to 

remain,  be  extant,  exist. 

EXSTRUCTUS,  a,  um,  pari.,  oxstruo. 

EXSTRTJO,  ere,  xi,  etum,  tr..  ox-struo.  to  pile- 
up;  to  build  up,  rail. e.  r.'.ir.    pile  up,   heap  up  ; 

to  hoard  up. 

KM  SIX.  ulis.jn.  audi'.,    BX-BOlum,    soil,    one 

i  from  his  native  soil,  an  exile. 

EXTENDO,  ere.  iji.  Mini    and' tum,    tr.,    cx- 

temlo,  to  stretch  Gut,  spread  out,  extend.  4on- 
t  ii'ue.  longtherJj  increase,  ajnlafge. 

EXTERIOR,  us,  adj..  {comp.qf  exter,  (Jr. ',::. 
■i.'i  outward,  exterior,  outer. 

EXIERREO,  ere,  ui.  itum,  tr.,  ex-terreo,   to 
]r,  frighten  greatly  or  suddenly,  affright. 

BXTERRITUS,  a,  um,  part,  exterreb. 

EXTERUSor  EXTER,  a, 
Rem.  1;  on  the  outside,  outer,  outward,  for- 
•  ner  country. 

EXTIMESCO,  ere,  timui,  intr.  and  tr.  inc.. 
ex-timesco,  timeo,  to  be  greatly  afraid,  fear 
greatly;  to  dread. 

EXTOLLO,  ere,  extuli.  elatum,  tr.,  ex-tollo,, 
jto  lift  out  or  up,  raise   up,   elevate,   exalt,   in- 
i  large. 

EXTORQUEO,  ere.  si,  tum,  tr.,  ex-torqueo, 
to  tibist ;  to  twist  or  wrench  out,  take  away  by 
force,  wrest,  extort:  to  pul  out  of  joint,  torture. 

EXTORTUS,  a,  um,  pan.,  extorq 

EXTRA,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.,  (abl.  of 
exter,  »c.  parte,)  without,  oul  of,  outside  of,  on 
the  outside ;  except,  besides.  « 

EXTRAUO,  ere.  xi,    ctnin,    tr..    eX-tl  i 
draw  ..ui,  drag  out)   •    ' 
liberate,  extricate  ;  to  draw  out.  protract,    pro- 

to  . -011-111110.  waste,  pai  -  away. 
EXTK/.'MUS,   a,   um.   adj..   (tup.   of  exter. 
••  tromc :  last, 
final;  :.;  loteet;  hindmost, in  tl 

the  end  or  close  of.  Or.  £12s,  Kern.  V  Kxtremum 
the  tear,  tho  rear-guard.  Kxtremum. 
i,  n.,  the  end,  extremity,  farthest  point.  Ad 
extremum,  at  last,  at  length  ;  to  till  l 
extremity*,  in  extreme  ponle,  on  tho  end  of  tho 
bridge. 

i,  t/sum,  tr.,  ox-tnido,  ( > 
elude. 
drive  off,  keep  out. 

.     8D8,a,um,  part.,  exti 
i;\  :  iio. 

iT.  put 
.    lay 

i  r  ti 


280 


EXUSTUS— FERAX. 


EXUSTCS,  a.  rim,  part,,  exi.-ro. 
EXf7TUS,  a,  irai.  part.,  exu  > 

F 

FABER,  bri,  m,,  one   who  works  iu   wood, 
.•mot;'.:;  a  carpenter,  smith,    mechanic, 
workman. 

FABIUS,  i,  m.  Fabius,  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished patrician  family.  Q.  Fabius  Maximus 
Vitnctator,  the  famous  dictator  in  the  first  Punic 
war.  In  his  consulship-  he  defeated  the  Ar- 
verni  'and  Ruteni :  1,45.  C.  Fabius,  one  of 
Cwsar's  lieutenants :  V,  24.  L.  Fabius,  a  cen- 
turion in  Cttsar's  army :  VII,  47. 

FACILE,  facilius,  facillime,  adv.,  facilis,  easi- 
ly, readily,  without  difficulty. 

FACILIS,  e.  adj.,  facio,  capable  of  being  done, 
easy,  ready;  easy  of  access,  affable,  courteous.- 
Hoc  facilius,  the  nrore  easily.  Gr.  §16S. 

FACINUS,  oris,  u.,  facio,  an  action,  deed,  af- 
fair or  exploit  (either  good  or  bad  ;  but  as  bad 
daedsare  more  common  than  good  ones,  Hence,) 
a  bold  or  audacious  act,  villany,  crime,  wicked- 
ness, guilt. 

FACIO,  ere,  eci,  actum,  tr.  and  into.,  tomato, 
do;  to  act;  to  form,  create  ;  to  produce,  cause, 
render;  to  commit,  perform ;  to  furnish,  give; 
to  value,  esteem,  regard.  Facere  copiam,  to  fur- 
nish a  supply.  Facere  jussa  or  imperata,  to 
execute  commands.  Facere  prsedam,  to  plun- 
der. Facere  sijnifihationem,  to  intimate.  Facere 
castra,  to  pitch  a  camp.  Facere  potestatem,  to 
give  leave  or  an  opportunity.  Facere  fidcm,  to 
make  to  believe,  show,  prove,  persuade,  con- 
■vince;  also,  to  give,  a  promise,  pledge  one's 
faith,  promise.  Nihil  reliqui  sibi  facere,  to 
leave  nothing  remaining  or  undone ;  to  omit 
nothing  which  one  can  do.  Factum  est,  imp., 
if  cams  to  pass. 

FACTIO,  onis,  1.,  facio,  a  making,  doing :  a 
company  of  persons  acting  together;  a  faction,. 
party,  side,  sect.  Gallise  totius  factiones  esse 
duas,  that  all  Gaul  was  divided  into  two  parts. 

FACTUM,  i,  n.,  facio,  a  thing  done,,  a  deed, 
act,  action,  exploit,  conduct,  achievement;^ 
t?ifi  abstract,  action.  Facto  opus  est,  there  is 
nood  of  actio  a,  one  must  act.  Si  quid  facto 
opus  csset,  if  any  thing  should  need  to  be  done, 
if  there  should  bo  any  necessity  for  action. 

FACULTAS,  atis,  f.,  facilis,  capability,  power, 
ability,  occasion,  opportunity,  means,  resources; 
abundance,  plenty,  abundant  supply. 

VAGUS,  i,  f.,  a  beech-tree'. 

FALLO,  ere,  fefelli,  falsum,  tr.  and  intr.,  to 
deceive,  delude,  dupe.cheit,  mislead;  to  be  con- 
cealed, escape  notice.  Spes  me  fallit,  I  am  de- 
ceived or  disappointed  in  my  expectations. 

JlLSUs,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  fallo,  decciv- 
l»1,  ruisled,  mistaken  ;  falsa,  protonded,  untrue, 
unfounded,  groundless. 


FALX,  cia,  f..  a  sickle,  reaping  hook,  pruning 
knife,  pruning  hook ;  a  hook  or  bill.  JWcw 
murales  or  falces,  hooks  used  in  tearing  -down 
walls. 

F,1MA,  ae,  f.,  farf,  what  people  say,  common 
talk,  report;  rumor,  news,  public  opinion;  rep- 
utation, character,  renown. 

FAMES,  is,  f.,  hunger,  fasting. 

FAMILIA,  ae,  f.,  famulus,  a  slave,  the  6lavos 
belonging  to  one  master,  a  retinue  of  slaves ; 
the  vassals,  serfs,  dependents  or  subjects  of  a 
powerful  man;  a  family.  Pater  familias  and 
Mater  familias.    See  Fat:r  and  Mater. 

FAMILI^IIIIS,  e,  adj.,  familia,  of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  family,  household,  domestic,  private; 
familiar,    intimate,   friendly.    JRes  familiaris,     > 
private  property,  property.     Subs,  an  acquaint- 
ance, friend,  intimate  friend. 

FAMILIARITAS,  atis.  f.,  familiaris,  famili- 
arity, acquaintance,  familiar  friendship,  inti- 
macy. 

FAS,  n.  ind.,  the  will  of  the  gods,  divine  law  ; 
justice,  equity,  right:  right,  lawful,  proper, 
permitted  by  divine  law. 

FASTKUTUS,  a,  um,  part.'and  adju  fastigo, 
narrowed  gradually  into  a  sharp  point,  pointed, 
sloped  ;  sloping  up  or  down,  steep,  inclining. 

FASTIGIUM,  i,  n.,  fastigo,  the  top  or  highest 
part  of  a  building,  the  point  of  the  roof;  the 
highest  part  of  anything,  a  peak,  summit  ; 
steepness,  sfopo,  descent. 

FASTIGO,  are,  avi,atum,tr.,  to  narrow  grad- 
ually into  a  sharp  point,  to  sharpen. 

F-iTUM,  i,  n.,  fari,  to  speak ;  what  has  been 
said,  a  prophecy,  oracle,  prediction ;  Site,  des- 
tiny. 

FAUX,  cis,  Gr.  §51;  tho  upper  part  of  the 
throat,  the  larynx,  the  top  of  the  gullet. 

FAVEO,  fire,  favi,  fautum,  intr.,  to  be  well 
disposed  to,  to  favor,  countenance,  befriend. 

FAX,  facis,  f.-,  a  torch,  firebrand. 

FA'CI,  etc.    Sefc  Facio. 

FEFELLI.    SeeFaHo. 

FELICITAS,  atis,  f.,  felix,  fruitfulm 
tility;  felicity,  happiness;  good  fortune 
cess. 

FELICITER,  adv.,  felix,  happily,  fortunately, 
auspiciously,  luckily. 

FjBLIX,  icis,  adj.,  (root  fe,  whence  fetus,  fe- 
cundus,  femina.)  fruitful,  fertile  ;  happy,  fortu- 
nate; lucky,  prosperous,  .auspicious,  successful, 
advantageous,  favorable. 

FEMEN,  inis,  n.,  the  thigh.  Tlie  nominative, 
accusative  and  vocaiiiM  singular  are  not  mad. 
Gr.  g51. 

FEMINA,  ae,  f.,  (root  fe-,  whence  felix,  feenn- 
dus,  &c.,)  a  woman;  of  animals,  the  female. 

FEMUR,  oris,  n.,  the  thigh. 

FERA,  ae,  f.,  sc.  bestia,  a  wild  beast. 

FERAX,  acis,  adj.,  fero,  fruitful,  fertile,  abun- 
dant. 


FERE— FLAGITO. 


231 


FERE  or  EERME,  adv.,  fero,  almost,  nearly, 
rell  nigh,  about,  for  the  most  part,  generally, 
osually. 

FJERME,  adv.    Sec  Fere. 

FERO,  ferre.'tuU,  latum,  Gr.  gill;  to  beari 
carry.    To  bear,  produce,  yield ;  I 
submit  to,  endure.   Buffer,   sustain,   withstand, 
stand.  ■■'  ste,f  rrs,   t 

unwillingly  ;  to  gi  ict^  or  be  indignant  at,  take 
it  ill,  bo  vexed.    To  carry  or  take  away  ;  to  get, 
receive,  require,  gain;  to  say,  give  out, 

.  lo  bring  with  itself,  require,  de- 
.  be  constituted.    Consuetudo  fert, 
•it  L-.  th  is  u  u:  I    or   cu  tomary,     1't 

mca  opinio  fert,  as  my  opinion  is.  as  J  tl 
uppose.    Firrt  loco 

luminous.    Pa  tie  sense,  to 

toTo,  i mi.  ru  h,  jo  \.  iib  all 
FKKKAMFXTVM.  i.  n.,  ferrum,  any   Instru- 
ponol  iron. 
&RARIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  forrum,  pertaining 
;,i  iron. 
'     FERRARI  A.  :k -..!'.,  sc.  fudina.  an  Iron-mine. 
FERREM,  etc.    Si  ■■  Fero. 
FERREUS,  a,  um,  i  lj..  ferrnm,  of  iron,  made 

.  i'  iron. 

i  instrument  of  iron, 
word. 
TILIS,  e,  adj.,  fero,  fertile,  productive, 
i   rich. 

S,  f,  rertiUs,  fertility,  fruit- 
. 
um,  adj.,  wild,  rode,  uncull 

uel. 
VI,;;  ■  vefacio, 

■  ith  the 
headd 1 

:.  tr.,   lVrveo- 
makc  hot,  li 
FEKyTiNS, tie, part,  aud  adj.,    fcrvco,  hot, 
t, 

fervi,  intr.,  to 

FIBULA,  :!■ .  !'..  ;.  • 

ing  bi  i 

Bqgo. 

Liable. 
PID1 

■ 

In  alll- 

ds  anylbin. 


the  proi  ei  . . .  cijScre  in  fulcm,  to  receive 

into  favor  ot  under  one's  protection.    Perfidt  «< 
circumventus—  I.    ./■'.i- 

cere  fulcm,  to  produce  a  belli  dible; 

one's  faith.   Pidem  habt  n 
(o  tni-t  one;  the  Same  at  alien!  fidere. 

FIDUI  I  !  ,   to   /rust  ;   trust, 

dence,   reliant 
ance,  sell 

HA,  ae,  f.,  (root  rta  ol 'fingi  I,)  a 
foi  in.  shape. 

1  1 1,1  A,  ;ii\  !'..  (./'•■;;/.  «..f  filius.)  a  daughter. 

FILIUS,  i.  m.,  a  son*   FUiiu  fratris,  a  broth- 
er's Bon,  a  nephew. 

0,  ere,  finxi,  Qctum,  tr.,  to  form,  shape, 

■  i.  Frame,  make :  to  form  or  repn 

ipi 

contrive;    to  represent   to  others,  to  invent. 

feign.    Pingere  vuUinn  affrighted,) 

aten  mi  a,  to  apj  i  ar  calm 

OT  uncull 

FINIO,  ire,  t*vi,  t'tum,   u  limit, 

bound  ;                                             a       in t, as- 
sign; to  flniah,  terminate,  end,  put  an  i 

-,  is,   ni.  and   f.,   Qv.$23;  a    boundary, 
limit;  at  lusion,  a  termination.;  pi. 

limits,  boundaries;  at 
country,  a  territory.   Fitiem  fac<  i  . 
end,  to  end,  terminate,  finish,  pul   an   <u>l   to. 
(Juan  ad  finem,  rs  fa:  a .  far  as ;  pec- 

toris fine  prominentia. 

li  \rn.\l  I'S,  a,  inn,  adj..  finia,   a 
bordering  upon,  Adjoining.    Piniiimi,  orum,  m. 
b 
FIO,  fieri,   foi  irr.  pass,  of  facie, 

Or.  {ill;  to  be  mode,  doue  or  executed ;  to  be- 

.    teemed  or  valued  ; 
cur.  happen,  fall  out,  c  ime  to  pae 

/".;  ■.'.,  i  .  :   .  .  jitbai, 
imp.,  it  i  , 

cauta  fieri,  that  it  was  not  without  a  reason. 
FlU.Ml'i'Ult.  adv.,  firmus,  Eirml] 

.  f,  firmus,  ti. 
bility,  etl  •  nicy. 

.ivi,  atuin,  ti ..  fii  i  ii. 

lirni. 
I'l  HMDS,  a,  um,  inij  ,  fin 

i 
lot' .  . 

■ 
1 

■ 


FL  A!- iMA  .  -F BUMENTA  R  !  US . 


demand  earnestly,   fi  ler.tly;  to  call 

for. 

FLAMMA.  ae.  f.,  (fur  flagma,  roo/  n.  \o.)'a 
flame,  blaze,  flash  ;  tlie  flame  of  passion,  love) 
passion. 

FLECTO,  ere.  xi,  Sum,  tr.,   (akin   to  plccto,) 
to  liend,  bow.  curve,  turn;  to  bend   one's   pur-4  I 
pose  ;  to  move,  touch,  persuade.    Fleeter?  se,  to  '  ricli 
turn.  bend. 

FLEO,  ore.  «vi,  ctum,  intr.  and   tr.,  to  weep, 
shed  tears,  lament,  bewail. 
•     FL.ETUS,  us,  m..  fleo.   weeping,  wailing,  la- 
menting, tears. 

FLO,  are.  avi.  atura,  intr.  and  tr.,  to  blow. 

FLOREO,  ere,  ui,  intr..  flos,  to  bloom. 

FLQRENS,  tis,  part,  and  adj.,  flonrisfiing, 
blooming,-  blossoming.  Fig?  prosperous,  suc- 
cessful, in  great  repute. 

FLOSl'floris,  m.,  a  flower,  blossom.  / 

FLUCTUS,  us,  m.,  fluo,  a  wave,  surge,  billow. 

FLc/MEN,  inis,  n.,  fluo,  a  stream;  a  river. 
Id '■>  J! limine  iter  facere—c\own  or  along  the 
stream.  Secundum  naturam  fluminis procum- 
bcre,  to  incline  according  to  the  courso-  of. the, 
river,  i.  e.  to  incline  down  stream.  Secundum 
flitmen,  along  the  river.  Adverse*  flumine,  up 
stream. 

FLUO,  ere,  xi,  xum,  intr.,  to  flow. 

FODIO,  ere,  odi,  ossum,  tr.,  to  dig,  delve,  dig 
up,  dig  out ;  to  pierce,  stab. 

F(EDUS,  eris,  n.,  a  league,  covenant,  treaty, 
compact,  bargain,  agreement. 

FOXS,  fontis.  m.,  (akin  to  fundo,)a  fountain, 
spring,  well,  origin,  source. 

FOREM,  cs,  et,  etc.,  def..  Or.  £110,  15:  I 
might  be,  same  as  esse'm  ;  inf.  fore,  same  as  l'u- 
turUs  esse;  with  a  subject  acciisative,  will  or 
would  be,  or  come  to  pass. ' 

FORIS,  adv.,  (abl.  of  fbra',  whence  foras.) 
without,  out  of  doors,  out  of  the  city,  abroad. 

FORMA,  ae,  f.,  form,  shape,  figure,  fashion; 
a  fine  form,  beauty;  a  mould,  model. 

FORS,  tis,  f.,  fcro,  what  brings  itself,  chance, 
luck,  hap,  fortune.  Abl.  forte,  by  chance,  ac- 
cidentally, casually,  peradventuro. 

FORTASSE,  adv.,  fors,  perhaps. 

FORTISj  e,  ior,  issimus,  adj.,  fero,  enduring 
much,  strong,  steadfast,  brave,  gallant,  valiant, 
courageous. 

FORTITER,  fortius,  fortissimi,  adv.,  fortis, 
strongly,  stoutly,  vigorously;  bravely,  gallant- 
ly, courageously. 

FORTITPBO,  iuis.f.,  fortis,    fortitude,  fim- 
ndurance,  resolution,   bravery,  courage, 
magnanimity. 

FORTIUS.    See  Fortiter. 

FORTU1TO,  adv..  fors,  by  chance,  casually, 
accidentally. 

FORTt'NA,  ae,  f.,  fors,  fortune,  chance,  haz- 
ard, hap,   luck,    lot.   state,  condition,   circum- 
■s.  fate;  the  goddess  Fortune:  good   tor- 


tune,    bad    fortune,    misfortune;   pi.    property 
lies,    wealth.     EU  magna  f.rr 
tun.r.  it  is  a  remarkable  chan'ce,  a   great   pica 
of  good  luck. 

J  '  '.ITUXATl  S.  a,  urn.  adj.,  fortuno,  to  pros- 

per.  |)rospeiid.  happy,  fortunate,   lucky,   pros- 

in  prosperous  circumstances,   wealthy. 


FOREM,  i.  n..  (akin  to  foris  and  'jbrxs  fron 
fero.)  what  is  out  of  doors,  a  market  place  . 
market;  the  Forum,  a  prrblic  place  in  Rome 
where  assemblies  of  the  people  were  held,  jus 
tice  was  administered,  and  other  public  business 
was  transacted. 

FOSSA,  ae,  f  ,\part.  of  fodio,  sc.  terra.)  i 
ditch  ;  a  trench,  moat.  Fossaih  ducerc,  to  make, 
dig — 

FOVEA,  ae,  1'.,  a  pit  made  for  catching  wile 
beasts,  a  pitfall.   • 

\  FRACTUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  frango.  NaMbu 
fractjs, — Erected. 

FRANGO,  ere,  fregi,  fractum,   tr.,    to    break, 
dash  in  piece-,  shiver,  crush;  to   conquer,   vai 
quish,  subdue,  weaken;   to  dishearten,  discou 
age. 

FRATER,  tris,  m„  a  brother;  pi.  brothers  - 
brethren.     An  honorary  title. 

FRATEENUS,  a\  urn,  adj.,  frater,  of  a  broth- 
er, brotherly,  fraternal. 

FRAUDO,  are,  avi,  at  cm,  tr.,  fraus,  to  commit 
a  fraud ;  to  defraud,  cheat,  deceive'. 

FRAUS,  dis,  f.,  fraud,  deceit,  guile,  cheating, 
treachery,  dishonesty;  act  of  fraud,  ,a  fault,  ol 
fence,  trespass,  crime;   a  being  deceived,  an  er 
ror,  mistake;  the  result  of  being  deceived,  los 
damage. 

FREMITUS,  us,  m.,  fremo,  to  murmur,  a  low 
roaring  noise,  humming,  roaring,  raging,  clan 
or. 

FREQUENS,  tis,  adj.,  frequent,  constant,   > 
ten  repeated;  numerous,  many,   in  great  auui 
bers,  in  crowds. 

FRi'TUS,  a,  nm,  adj.,  trusting  to.  relying  on. 
supported  by. 

FRIGIDUS,  a.  um,adj..  (frigeo. 
strengthened  form  oirigco,  to  be  stiff,)  cold. 

FRIGES,  oris,  n.,  frigco.cold,  coolness.  Praj 
ter  frigcru,  on  account  of  the  cold. 

FRCXS.  tis.f.,  forepart  of  the  head,  the  for< 
I     id,  Lvov,;  the  front  of  anything.     A  front 
or  in  frentCj  in  front,  on  the  front  side, 
,  FR  UCTUOSUS,  a.  nm,  adj.,  fructus,  fruitful, 
fertile:  profitable,  n  Ivanfegeous. 

FRUCTUS,  us,  in.,  i:  eirjoyment, 

that  from  which  enjoyment  proceeds,  the  fruit; 
or  produce  of  tho  earth,  tlje  fruit  offices:  proi 
it.  advantage,  product,  fruit,  income,  rent,  in 
tercst. 

l'!:UMEXTARIUS,  a,' urn,  adj.,  frumentum 
of  or  belonging  to  grain.  Locq  frumrnUiri,- 
P  ■  "  i     producing  or. Abounding'  m  grain,    A'&j 


FRUMENTATIO-GENEVA. 


233 


W 


•  ntaria,   supply   of  grain,  corn.     A^tffe 
frumcntaria,  a  ship  loaded  with  ■ 
frumenlaria,  scarcity  of] 

FRUMENTATIO,  onis,  a  providing  or  procur- 
ing of  grain  ;  a  foraging. 

FRUMENTOU,  ari,  atus  sum,  dtp.  intr.,   fru- 
mentum,  to  collect  grain,  to  forage. 

FRUMENTUJEgL  n„  frnor,  means  of  enjoy- 
ment, corn  or  gram  of  all    kinds,  pur!,, 
wheat  and  bailey ;  rations  of  grain. 

FRUOR,  i,  fruitus  or  fructussumy  dep.  intr., 
o  delij        one's  self  with,  deri 
from  :   I"  enjoy,  i  eap  the  fi  i; 

I'RA,  adv.,  (for,  fraustera.   all.  of  old 
lusterp  udo.)  in  vain,    to   no 

purpose,  without  effect. 

FUERAM,  etc.     See  Sum. 

I'l  G  A,  ae,  Bight ;  a  1  unuing  a\. 

tfl  fuga,  to  betak 's  self  by  flight,  to  flee. 

ntere  fugani  i  fugam 

dare,  to  put  t. 

Ft  it  \Ti  ;     b    i     '. 

If UGIO,  ere,  fugl,  fugitum,  intr.  niid  tr.,  to 
Bee  or  By,  run  huu. 

i.,  lugio,  tugltivi 
uing  away  ;  XI 

FUGC  to  Ben,  to 

put  •."  tiii  lit,  rout 
FTJI,  etc.    See  Sum. 

'  ;i.  : 'i  i ■.  at  i.  atimi.  intr..  lUniUS,   to    emit 
■  niuke,  reek,  smoke,  ft 
1-V'MUS,  i,  m.,  •  moki  ,  f i 
FUNDA,  ae,  f.,   fundo,  an   instrument   from 
which  stones  are  poured  forth,  a  sling. 

FUNDnsblt,  orb,  m,  funda,  one  that   fights 
with  a  sling,  a  slinger. 

FUXDO,  ore,  ft/di,  ft/sum,  tr., 'to  pour,  spill; 
to/fuse,    mel i  it'n   abundantly,   to 

perse;  to 
\>  oir  out 

ftJXGOR,  f.  fun'tus  sum,  dep.  intr*,  to  busy 
■  Diployi  d   in.    t  i  disc! 

execute  or  perform  a] 

cute,  do. 

m.  and  f,  a  rope,  cord  ;  a  cable. 
FUNL'Sj   eris,   i<  .  (ak  i     l        unit.)   literally 
what  Is  Brawn  Aenceafuner- 

ion,  funeral 
i  IJRi  ii';.  oris,  in  .  furo,  to  be  mao{  tur; 
nose,  rage,  distraction. 

I  DBTCM,  i.  d.,  tb  a  Ftratagcm, 
ambuscade. 

inn.  pail..,  f:i 
Fl>ILI£.  <*,  ,i4j  .  fundo,  that  may  be 
out.  nvrl 

II  -II   -. 
it  l  /  i ;  i  • 

i  it   will  (  I  DM 

I 


TB 


G 


GABALI,  iirnm,  in.,  the  Gaball,  a  people  of 
Aquitania  :  All,  7. 

GABIN'IUS,  i,  m.  Gabinius,  a  Roman  gentile 
name,  -t-  Qdbiniut  Paul  us,  consul  with  L. 
Qxlpurnim  J'iso,  A.  U.  C.  G9G :  I,  G.  lie  was 
afterwards  proconsul  af  Syria  and  zealously  es- 
poused the  cause*  of  Ciesar  in  the  civil  war. 

i ;   BSUM,  i.  ii..  a  heavy  dart  or  juvolin,    BBOd 

by  the  ancient  Gauls. 

GALllA.  ae,  m.  Calba,  a  king  of  the  Bue*> 
siones  :  11,4.  Servius  (ialba.  one  of  Ca^ar' . 
li. luti  nants  in  the  Gallic  war:  III.  1. 

GALE  L  ae,  i'..  a  helmet,  (usually  of  leather.) 

,'.  head   pi 

.  GALLIA,  ae,  f.,  sc.  terra,  Gallus,  the  name 
given  to  the  north  of  Italy,  south  of  the  LIp% 
usually  '  dtalptna  as  OaUia  Citer-. 

!nr,  and  divided  by  the  .I'o  into    Gallia   ' 
ana  and  Gallia  'i'ranspadana ;  and  the  count ry 
the  Alps  called  Gallia  Ulterior  ox  Tratu- 
nlpina,  and  subdivided  into  Relgic,  Celt 
A.juitauic  Gaul,  and  the1  Roman  province, 

G  \  LLKTS.  a,  urn.  adj.,  Gallia,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Gaul,  Gallic. 

I  I  \  l.Ii/NA.  ae,  1.,  (gallus,  a  cock.)  a  hon. 

GALLTJS,  i,  in.,  a  Haul,  an  inhabitant  of  (lai.l. 

especially:  of  Celtic  Gaul:  1,1.  Also,  a  Roman 
cognomen.    See  Trtbius. 

SAiLUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  Gallic.  Gallus  homo,  a 
Gaul. 

G  AR7TES,  uim.  hi.,  t  in-  Garitt  s,  a  pei 
Aquitania:  III,  27. 

G ARTJMNA,  ae,  f.,  the   Garonne,   a   river   ol 
Franco  rising  in  the  Pyrenees  and  flowing  int 
I,  1. 

GARU.VNI,  orum,  m.,  the  Garumni,  i  j j  le 

who  lived  on  the  banks  of  the  Caroline:   II  I,  27. 

GAUDE'i.  ere.  gavi'nU  sum,  intr..  to  feel  joy  : 

to  rejoice,  be  glad.    Opposed  to  /.rtor,to  exhibit 

Joy. 

GAV/SUS,  a,  um,  part.,  gaudeo. 
':i:ili«  M.  orum,  m.,  the  G<  duni,   ■■<  people 
of  Belgic  Gaul:   V.  39. 

GENABBN8IS,  e,  adj.,  Genabum,  of  or  be- 
longing to  Genabiim. 

YBENSES.  iuin.  m.,  Genabum,   the   la- 
Get        m.   VI],  11 
sr.i'M.  i.  n..  a  town  of  the  Oarnul 

lianorum  City- 
's hi  m  eit   model  n  n  tmi  '  h  leans    • 
R,    i  i-in-law,  dau: 

hinds: 

illy. 

a  town  ol  i 
L  . 
eva:   I 


234 


I 


abeo: 


■Hi 


**««£■■ .  ■ 


GENS,  tis,  f.,  {root  gen  of  gign 
mong  the  Romans  containing  m 
descended  from  a  common  ana 
people,  nation,  tribe. 

GEN1B,  eris,  n.,  (root  gen,)  a  race,  birth,  ori- 
gin, descent,  kind,  family,  stock,  lineage,  kin- 
dred, breed ;  a  kind,  sort,  class,  quality ;  nature, 
manner ;  a  race,  tribe,  nation,  people. 

GERGOVIA,  ae,  f.  Gergovia,  a  town  of  the 
Arverni :  VII,  4,  34,  50.  Also,  a  town  of  the 
Boii :  VII,  9. 

GERM.4NUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  of  Germany,  Ger- 
man. 

GERMANI,  orum,  m.  Germans,  the  Ger- 
mans :  1, 1,  from 

GERMANIA,  ae,  f.,  sc.  terra,  Germanus,  Ger- 
many. Ancient  Germany  was  bounded  by  the 
German  ocean  and  the  Baltic,  the  Vistula,  the 
Danube,  and  the  Rhine:  IV,  1. 

GERMANICUS,  a,  um,  adj..  Germanus,  Ger- 
manic, German. 

GERO,  ere,  gessi,  gestum,  tr.,  to  bear,  carry, 
wear, have;  to  administer,  manage ;  tp  conduct, 
wage;  to  do, perform, execute, carry  on  ;  gercre 
rem  or  negotium,  to  conduct  the  affair,  to  fight. 
Res  geritur,  the  affair  is  carried  on,  tho  battle 
■a,  fought.  Rem  bene  gercre,  to  perform  a  great 
■  exploit,  to  engage  or  fight  successfully.  Res 
gestss,  actions,  deeds,  exploits,  warlike  achieve- 
ments. Male  re  gesta,  by  bad  management, 
tfeilnw 

GEEIUS,  a,  um,  part.,  gero. 

GLADIUS,  i,  m.,  a  sword. 

G.LANS,  dis,  f.,  an  acorn,  chestnut  or  other 
.kind  of  mast ;  a  leaden;  acorn-shaped  bullet 
thrown  by  the  slingcrs.  Glans  ex  argilla,  a 
Jball  or  i  bullet  of  clay. 

GL.EBA,  ae,  f.,  a  clod  vr  lump  of  earth  ;  land, 
soil,  a  lump,  mass,,  piece  of  any  thing. 

GLORIA,  ae,  f.,.glory,  renown,  fame.  Gloria 
belli  atque  fortitudinis,  renown  in  war,  and  re- 
putation for  hravery. 

GLORIOR,  ari, atus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  gloria,  to 
o-lory,  boast,  br%g,i.*a,unf„ pride  one's  self. 

GOBANTf  10,  onie,  m.  Gobanitio,  a  leader  of 
rtfae  Arverni :  VII,  A. 

.GB.MCVS,  a.  urn,  A#.,of  Greece,  Grecian, 
Greek. 

GR^CI,  orum,  m.,  fiia  inhabitants  of  Greece, 
■Grecians,  Greeks. 

GRJ3CIA,  sc.  terra,  Graecus. 

GRAIOCEI  I,  orum,  m.,  the  Graiocoli,  a  peo- 
ple of  Citerior  Gaul,  whoiived  among  the  Alps, 
and  whose  principal  city  iras  Ocelum :  1, 10. 

GRANDIS,'e,  adj.,  (perhaps  akin  to  '-resco,) 
large,  great,  plentiful,  abundant. 

GRATIA,  ae.  gratus,  favor  in  which  a  person 
Kt&ads  with  others,  popularity;  influence,  in- 
terest, authority ;  friendship,  concord.  Favors 
shown  to  another,  kindness,  courtesy.  An  ac- 
knowledgment oi  a  kindness,  return,   requital, 


gratitude,  thanks.  Refcrre  gratiam,  to  recom- 
pense, remunerate,  make  a  requital.  Agere 
gratias,  to  give  thanks,  thank.  Habere  gratiam, 
to  feel  obliged  or  indebted;  to  thank,  be  grate- 
ful. Gratia,  in  favor  of,  for  the  sake  or  purpose 
of,  on  account  of. 

GRATULATIO,  onis,  f.,  gratulor,  a  wishing 
one  joy,  congratulation,  a  rejoicing,  public  joy. 
Gratulationcm  alicui  faccre, .  to  congratulate 
one.        ' 

GRATULOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.  and  intr., 
gratus,  to  congratulate,  wish  one  joy;  to  thank, 
return  thanks. 

■GR.4TUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  grateful,  pleasing,  ac- 
ceptable, agj-eeable ;  grateful,  thankful..  Gra- 
tum  alicui  facere,  to  oblige  or  do  a  favor  to  — . 

GRAVIS,  e,  adj..  heavy,  weighty,  ponderous; 
loaded)  laden ;  important,  weighty ;  burden- 
some, to  the  stomach,  unwholesome;  severe, 
grievous,  sore,  bitter,  oppressive,  painful,  ca- 
lamitous. Grave  helium,  a  formidable  war. 
Omnes  gravioris  mtatis, — of  a  more  advanced 
age,  more  advanced  in  life.  Aliquid  grave  stat- 
■uere,  to  pass  a  severe  judgment,  order  a  severe 
punishment. 

GRAVITAS,  a  tis,  f.,  gravis,  weight,  heaviness: 
weightiness,  dignity,  importance ;  firmness, 
strength,  power. 

GRAVITER,  gravius.  gravissime, adv., gravis1, 
heavily,  strongly,  deeply,  greatly,  violently, 
much,  severely,  bitterly,  grievously;  with,  sor- 
row, indignation,  chagrin.  Grainier  j'erre  ali- 
quid, to  grieve  on  account  of,  be  indignant  at. 

GRAVO,  arc  avi,  atum,  tr..  gravis,  to  burden, 
load,  weigh  down,  oppress.  Gravari,  pass,  to 
be  vexed,  to  grudge,  refuse,  be  loath  to.         , 

GRUDII,  orum,  m.,  the  Grudii,  a  people  of 
Belgic  Gaul :  V,  39. 

GUBERNvtTOR,  oris,  m.,  guberno,  to  steer  a 
ship ;  a  pilot,  steersman;  a  governor,  ruler. 

GUSTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  to  ta-ste. 


H 


HABEO,  fire,  ui,  itum,  tr.  and  intr.,  to  have, 
hold,  keep,  possess ;  to  occupy,  inhabit;  to  hold, 
reckon,  judge,  esteem,  think,  consider ;  to  make. 
hold,  deliver,  pronounce,  utter,  speak;  to  hold, 
assemble ;  to  hold,  treat  scmo  one.  'With  the 
perfect  participle,  habco  forms  a  periphrasis, 
stronger  than  the  indicative  present  perfect  : 
as,  Mihi  persuaswn  habco,  I  am  persuaded,  I 
believe.  Habco  coactum,  I  have  collected. — 
Habeo  redemption,  I  have  purchased  or  farmed. 
Habere  in  hostiwm  numero,  to  reckon  among 
one's  enemies;  to  treat  as  enemies.  Haberc.in 
se,  to  contain.  Habere  custra,  to  pitch  a  camp, 
encamp.  Habere  se,  to  be.  Habere  iter,  to 
travel,  journey.  Magni  habere,  to  esteem  high- 
ly, think  highly  of.  Habere  in-  aniiuo,  to  in- 
tend, design,  have  in  mincVMfck  of.     Habere 


HABITUS— HUMILIS. 


raticntm,  to  keep  an  account  or  reckoning; 
dUoj  to  liavo  regard,  pay  attention  tr«.  care  for. 
Habere  quscstioncm,  to  malic  or  carry  oa.  With 
the  subjunctive,  non  beHbto,  quid  agam,  I  know 
not  what  to  do.  Xon  habeo,  quo  recipiavi.  I 
know  not  where  to  go;  have  no  place  to  re- 
treat to. 

HABITUS,  a,  ami  part.,  habeo. 

1IABIT0.  are.  avi,  ntnni.  tr.  and  intr.  t'r.  ■  ;., 
habeo,  to  huve  frequently,  hold';  to  dwi  11.  -a- 
bide,  live  in,  Inhabit. 

HAC,  .- 1  ■  1  %  parte  or  vi'i  , 

OU  this  side. 

II/ESIT.'.  are,  iivi.  atiini.    intr.  fie, p. 
to  stick  fast,  remain  fixed  :  to  hesitate,  he  at  n 
loss,  lie  perplexed,  doubt. 

RAMUS,  i.  in.,  a  hook. 

HARP  AGO,  onis,  in.,  n  hook,  a  grappling 
hook. 

IlAltrPKS.  am,  m.,  the  Harudes,  a  people  of 
Germany,  north  oi  the  Danube;  1.  31. 

IIAUD,  adv..  nol  Generally  utcd  vit'i<  ad- 
Dl  rbs. 

HEiVETICCS  and  HELVETrCS,a,um,  adj.. 
of  or  belonging  to  Helvetia.  Helvetian. 

IIKLVKTII.  orum,  m.,  the  Helvetians,  the 
Bwiss,  the  inhabitants  of  Helvetia  -r  Switser- 
land  :  1, 1. 

Ill'.l.vn.  orum,  m..  the  Helvit,  n  no 

the  Gallic  Province  :   VII,  7, 

lll.KCYM  ("S.a.  inn.  adj..  llercj'aian,  / 
ia  SUva,  the  Black  Forest,  an   ex.1 
of  Germany :  VI,  24. 

lli'.in  h  :.■ :  inhci  i- 

tance.  heirship  :  an  inheritance. 

IIIBJ-'I'NA.  oiuni,  u.  sc.  casttu.  hlberuus, 
hienis.  a  winter  camp,  ".\  inter  quarters. 

1I1P.1.KM  \.  ac,  I.     ftpland:  V.  10. 

BIO,  ha.c.  hoc,  del  !:•  this. 

he,  she,  it :  that,    uch      Roc,  al '..    r.i     thin   sic- 

ount.  for  Hi  mpara- 

tives,   the.   so    mm  ti ;    kbc  facilius,   the    more, 

so  niiirh  the  More  easily. 

II  l<'.  adv..  hie,  here,  in  tlii-  i  I 
hereupon  :    on  thin  oi 

HLEMO,  are,  avi,  at  um.  intr..  1  ii  uis,  to  Win- 
er, peas  the  w  inter. 

n  I  i:ms.  emis,  f..  winti  i 

1II.NC.  a,h ..  hie.  ■  'arc,    on 

hi*  side  :  tie  nee,  Et»m  that  place. 

HISPAN]  '  ntry  of 

he  Qispani.  Spain  :  I.  1. 

HI  SIMM's,  a. adj..  pertaining  t •>  Spain. 

-'pani-h  :  \ 

HOC.    .'-■"Hie. 

II'iHii;.  .:'.\..  h  c-die,  to-, lay:  at  thin  day, 
t  tlii-<  time,  now-a-dayti. 

HOMO.  ii.< 

r  « 


1 1 ile,  noble,  dignified,  respectable  ; 
deserving  honor,  virtuous,  right,  fit,  creditable. 

HONOR  and  H0N0S 
esteem,  reverence,  regard  ■  n  mark 
tion,  a   public   ofiice.    magistracy,    preferment. 
post,  dignity,  office,  .ftonori,  -r.out 

of  respect  to — .  for  the  purpose  of  hon 

H0NQRIFIC0S,  a,   dm,    adj.,    hon 
causing  fir  bringing  honor,  honorable. 

MORA,  ae.  f„  ar.  hour,  the  twelfth  part  of  a 
day:  tiine.  period.  Hum  quarto,  the  fourth 
hour.  i.  e..troin  nine  ',.  ten  o'clock  in  the 

in.-t.    flora  octavo,  from  one  tot  two  oVl  ok    in 
the  attorn  iou. 

HQRRJBO,  ere.  ni.  intr.  and  tr.,  to  -land  on 
end,  bristlt :  tot  rem  bio  or  quake  with  fear  :  to 
shudder-  to  bo  rough,  look  frigbrful ;  u 
to  trei  ible  OT  shudder  at. 

UIBILK,  e.  adj..  horroo,  Itorvihlu.  dread- 
ful, terrible,  frightful. 
|      HORRTDUS,  a.  nm,  adj.,  horreo,  rough,  rug- 
ged; hoi  rid,  horrible,  dreadful,  hideous,  fright- 
ful. 

HORTATUS,  n,  nm,  part.,  from 

IIORTOR,  ari.  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  (fur  liori- 
tor,  root  9B  Of  iion.  whence  orior,)  to  urge  strong- 
ly, exhort,  encourage,  excite,  instigate, prompt, 
move,  eiubniden.  cheer. 

HORTJM  and  JIOS.     See  Ilic. 

PES,  itis,  -,i.   ;.:,.]    r.,   akin    I 

who  is    nt'  1 1  in,,  '     r   lodgi  d    m 
one's  house,   a    guest,   s trail 
journer,  visitor;  one  .rho  treat*   another   as   a 
host. 

i  I    'SPITIUM,  i.     lr..     1:   iSp 

of  hospitality  <w  friend/ship;  hospitality*. 
HOSTIS,  i-.  m.'and  1..  a  strung  r,  foreignei  : 
iiy,  a  public    enemy,   itiimt 
private  enemy. 

ither,    to   tie     ;  I  •<  e  :  this 
way:  to  tbis  issue  or  point ;    to  tl 
to  ttii    thing.    Aovtdebat  h uc,  there  wa 
i  i  tin-,  besides  thin,  moreover. 
Ill  IC    ■     HTJtIUS.    Si  ■  Hie. 
nr.ii.-Mopi.  pro.  gi  u.  ol   ui 

tliis  kiiel  or  i   '.  t-    uch. 
IM'MA.MTAS.  dti-.  f.  loniMiiii-.  Inn 

,  kindness;  mental  cultivation,  good 
breedini 

III  M.  IMS.  a.   nm,  adj..  homo,  linmus,  bu- 
■r  belonging  to  a  man:  humane,  kjnd, 
gentle,  • 
III  UKR1  S,  i.  in.,  the  arm  b(  Iwecn  the.),,  UI- 

IIUMI1 

near  tbi 

' 


236 


ii  u  mi  l.i'tas— imp:;ditus. 


IIUMILITAS,  ati<.  f.,  humi,lia,  lowness;  mean- 
ness, poverty,  weakness;  want  of  power,  tfisig- 
hificance ;    humility.    HumaniU*   nuvis,   low- 

.i.atness. 


IBI,  adv.,  (pronoraial  root  i;  old  Jativo  like 
tibi,  tibi,)  there,  in  that  place;  then,  on  that 
occasion. 

1CCIUS,  i,  m.  Icciuu,  a  chief  of  the  Eemi, 
sent  on  an  embassy  to  Csesar :  II,  3. 

ICTUS,  us,  m.,  ico,  to  ktrihe;  a  stroke,  a  blow, 
"     ID.     See  U. 

■     IDCIKCO,   adv.,   id-cirea,   on   that,   account, 
'  therefore,  for  that  reason. 

IDBM,*etuIeyn,  idem,  pro.,  is-dem,  the  saniei 
the  same  persou  or  thing.  1  !-v,i  qui,  /-/,  at, 
atque,  etc.,  the  same  as. 

.D13NT1DEM,  adv.,  idem  ct  idem,  repoatedly, 
several  times,  now  and  th<Ml,  ever  and  anon,  at 
intervals. 

IDIiO,  adv..  id-eo,  UiU  fur  l'ii$.  therefore,  for 
that  cause  or  reason,  on  that  account. 

IDONI^Uis,  a,  urn,  adj.,  fit.  apt,  meet,  proper, 
suitable,  convenient,  capable,  sufficient. 

1HUS.  ram,  f.,  (root  id  found  in  di-vid-o  and 
ftndo,)  tho  ides  of  a'  month,  the  fifteenth  of 
March,  May,  July,  an  1  October,  caul  the  thir- 
teenth of  the  other  months. 

IERAT.  etc.     See  Eo. 

1GITUR,  coiij.,  (pronomial  root  i  with  dem. 
suffix  it  a,  iiur,)  therefore,  then. 

IGNIS,  is,  m.,  tire.  Inferre  i;/nem  ulicui  rei. 
to  s*t  lire  to. 

IGNOBILIS,  e,  adj.,  in-nobilis,  unknown,  of 
no  note,  undistinguished,  obscure,  insignificant, 
mean,  ignoble';  of  mean  extraction,  of  low  birth, 
base-born. 

HJNOMINIA,  ae,  »'.,  in  negative — iminen,  be- 
ing without  a  good  uame,  .ignominy,  disgrace, 
reproach,  dishonor,  infamy. 

MJNORATUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  ignore 

IGNORO.  arc,  avi,  atum,  tr.  and  intr.,  ign<7- 
rus,  ignorant,  to  be  ignorant  of,  not  to  know,  be 
unacquainted  with.  Potest  ignorari,  it  can  be 
unknown. 

IGNOSCO,  ere,  ovi,  otum,   tr.   and   intr.,   in- 

gnosco  or  nosco,  not  to  know  a  crime,  to  pardon, 

'  excuse,  overlook,  forgive,  i'a.va.  imp.,  igno$eitur, 

pardon  is  given;  ignoscitur  milii.  I  am  excused. 

IGNOTUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  in  negative, 
and  notus,  not  known,  unknown. 

IGNOVI.  etc.    See  Iguosco. 

II.     See  Is. 

ILL-ATUS,  a,  um.  part,   inicro. 

ILLE,  ilia,  illud,  dem.  pro.,  Gr.  j;R2,  .'U:he, 
she,  that,  that  man.  Illc — Uib,  the  former — tlie 
latter;  sometiiau  uisd,  the    latter— -the   former. 

ILL1C,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place. 

ILLIG^TI  H,  a,  um,  part,  illlgo. 


ILLIGO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  in-iigo.  to  bin  i  ; 
to  bind  on,  tie  on,  fasten,  attach. 

ILLO,  adv.,  (for  Man,  old  ace.  of  Hie,)  to  that 
place,  thither.    Eodem  iUo  pertinere,  to  tei 
the  same  thing,  to  aim  at  tho  sanws  object,  pro- 
duce the  same  result. 

ILEUSTRIS,  e,  adj.,  in-lustro,  lighted  up, 
clear,  bright,  luminous  ;  manifest,  clear,  plain, 
distinct,  evident;  morally  bright,  illustrious, 
famous,  renowned,  noted. 

ILLYRICUM,  i,n.,  the  country  of  the  Illyr- 
ians,who  inhabited  part  of  tho  modern  Datmatia 
and  Albania  :  II,  30. 

IMANUENTIUS,  i,  m.  Imanu'ontius,  a  king 
of  the  Trinobantes  :  V,  20. 

IMBI1CILITAS,  ntis,  f.,  imbccillis,  in-bar.ukis, 
leaning  on  a  staff;  weakness,  feebleness,  imbe- 
cility, helplessness. 

IMBEU,  bris,  m.,  a  shower  of  rain. 

IMI'fOR,  ari.  at  us  sum,  ■  dep.  tr.,  {root  lis, 
whence  imago,  similis,  &c.)  to  imitate,  act  like, 
seek  to  resemble,  Copy  after;  counterfeit. 

IMM.4NIS,  e,  adj.,  (is  and  root  ma,  itficact 
tnagnus,)  huge  in  size,  vast,  enormous,  exceed- 
ing great:  monstrous  in  character;  fierce,  sav- 
age, cruel. 

IMMINEO,  ere,  ui,  intr.,'  in-mineo.  to  hang 
over;  to  hang  over,  impend;  to  bo  at  hand,  be 
near  ;  to  threaten,  be  imminent. 

IMMISSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  immitto. 

IMMITTO,  ere,  t'si,  issum,  tr.,  tn-mitto,  to 
send  or  let  in,  insert,  introduce,  admit ;  to  send 
against,  let  l'use  upon,  urge  on  ;  to  east,  hurl, 
throw. 

IMMOLO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  in-mola,  coarse 
meal  sprinkled  on  tho  victim  preparatory  to 
sacrificing, 'to  sacrifice,  immolate. 

IMMORTvlLIS,  e,  adj.,  in-mortolis,  mors,  im- 
mortal, everlasting,  eternal. 

IMMfNIS,  e,  adj.,  in-munus,  free  or  exempt 
from  services,  to  the  state  :  exempt  from  taxes 
or  tribute;  not  sharing  in,  free  from,  devoid  of. 

liiiiCMlXAS.  cris,  f  •  immiwhis,  exemption 
frofii  public  service  or  taxes;  immunity. 

IMPAR,  aris,  adj.,  in-par,  uneven,  unequal, 
disproportionate,  unlike, 

IMPAR^ITUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-paratus,  no.t 
ready,  .unprepared. 

IMPEDIMENTUM,  i,  u.,  impedio,  a  lundrancc, 
impediment;  the  baggage  and  beasts  of  burden 
belonging  to  ;ui  army,  baggage.    Impedimenta, 
'  pl-,  baggage. 

IMPEDIOJ  ire,  iri,  and  ii,  ituin,  tr.,  in-pes,  to 
entangle  the  feet,  hamper;  to  bind,  tie,  en- 
circle, clasp,  embrace;  to  hinder,  retard, check, 
prevont,  stop,  obstruct,  impede, prevent  the  free 
use  of;  to  render  of  difficult  passage. 

IMi'ED/TUS,  a,  um,  part  and  adj.,   impedio, 
entangled,   sbftcklod ;  engaged,   occupied,   em- 
ployed; perplexed,  embarrassed,   involved;  re- 
hindered,  impeded,  loaded  with  baggage; 


IMPfiLLO— INCEDO. 


difficnlt,  blocked  up.  Tmpedili  in  agmine,  en- 
cumbered with  b  igg  kg  ■  while  on  their  march. 
Omnium  .   while  the  attention 

of  all  was 

IMPELLO,  ere,  uli,  alsum,   tr..  in-pello,  to 
l>u-il i  err  Btrike  n   must,  press  or  drive  forward: 
urgo  on,  propel,   Impel;    to   incite,    [t 
move,  persuade. 

IMPENDEO,  ere,  intr.,  in-pendoo,  to  hung 
over;  to  >vi  rhang/iiang  over,  impend,  threaten. 

IMPENDO,  err,  di,  Bum,  tr.,  in-pondo,  to 
weigh  out;  hence,  to  lav  ont,  expend;  to  be- 
■jkow^employ,  devote,  apply. 

IMPEXSUS,  a,  um,  part'  and  adj.,  in 
and  peusus,  pernio,    th.it    cannot    be    weighed, 
l.-ir   c  ;  ■       ■ 

!  UPER^TUS,  0,  um.  part.,  inipero.' 

IMPEll.iTOl!.  oris,  n».,  baipeno,  acomi 
'••;  chief,  leader,  gem  ral. 

nil'CIJ.I'ri'M.  i.  li..    in:, 
mini d.  )  to  do  that  which  i.-> 

ordered,  obey  an  order.     .'.  m  venire, 

to  conv  ;it  i '  i    i  id, 

IMPERFECT1  S,  a,  am,  adj.,  in-perfectus, 
Imperfect,  unfinished,, 

IMPERJT1  S,  i'.  um.  adj.,  In-perrtus,  unskil- 
ful. Ignorant,  unlearned,  inexperienced,  rude, 
with. 
IMPERII  M,  i.  n..  impero,  a  command, order, 
p,  injunction;  the  right  or  powei 
manding,  poyver,  authority,  Bway,  control;  su- 
prcihc  pi  >wi  r,  crapint,   dominion, 

government;    supreme   military  power, 

dignity.    An  empire,  realm,  BtateV 

IMPERO,    arc.   avi,   alum,    tr.   and    intr..    to 

■  dcr,  give  directions.    Obsi- 

de$  impcr  re,  to  demand  hostages.    Kquitatum 

dry. 
IMPETB  IT1  S,  a.  i,m.  part 
IMPETRO.  are,  a\i.  atum,  tr.,   in-p 

obtain  or  procure   i  or  entreaty);. 

■ 

lit  •     i;it,  ku.- 

cecd  in  i 
IMPETUS,  n  i.  in.,  Im]    ■ 

nit.  oiim'I  :  Q  or  ex- 

■ 
' 

IMPI1  S,  a.  inn.  adj..  in-  ; 

.  w icked. 
Withi  lutiful. 

Withoi 

IMP1  rl     IMP]  II  II      i 

Jinrt .,  in  . 

I  M  I'l.i-  0 
iiv-plico,  1      ■■■■!■/;    t<i   inf.  Id,   inv   I 

■ 
Inttmati  ly,  unite, join. 
IMP]  • 


implore,    invoke,    i  n treat  with 

IMPONp,  ere,  posn!,  positirai,  tr..   in- 
lay into,  in  or  upon  .  to  set 
over :  to  lay  upon,  impose,  throw  or  inflict  upon. 

[MP0RTATITI1  S,  a.  um.  adj..    import...   im- 
ported from  f  i] 

IMlMl'.T.tTl'S,  a,  um.  part.,  import... 

IMPORTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr..  in-porto,  to 
bring  or  carry  in.  Import)  introduce. 

IMPOSm  S;  a,  mn.  part.,  Impi 

1 M PROBUS,  a,  um,  adj..    in-] 
wickodj  dishonesty  knavish,  scoundrelly,  bad, 

vile,  fie  ious. 

IMPROVISO,  adv.,  til'l.  of  Improvisna 
poctedPj  ..suddenly. 

IMPROV7SDS,  a,  am,  adj.,   tn-provii 
i,  unlooked  for,  nnthougbl  of,  nn 
ed.    Jmjiroviso  or  de  improviso,  sc.  Iocn,  unex- 
pectedly, sudd.  lily,  on  a  Midden. 

IMPRPDENS,  tisj  adj.,  in-prudensy./br  prov- 
no|  foreseeing,   nol  knowing,  ignorant, ' 
wing,  unawares,  noi  expecting,  off  one's 
giiard,  careless,  inadvertent,  Imprudent. 

IMPRUDENTIA,  ae,  f.,  imprwdens, 
knowledge  pr  foresight,  ignorance,  thou: 
ness,  imprudence. 
LMPPBES,  <-ri.r,  adj.,  in-puhes    not  of  mar- 
riageable age;  continent,  chaste. 

IMPUQNO,  are.  avi.  alum,  tr.,   in-pugno,  to 

attack.  ,;  agaii  -i.  i  ppose. 

IMPULSES,  ns,  li.. 
an  impulse,  outward 
i  nfluence,  incitement. 

IMPUL8US,  a,  um,  part.,  Impello, 
LMPJ7KE,  adv.,  impunis,  unpunished,  Ln-poe- 
na;  with,  ut  punibhmutil ;  with  Impunity,  safely. 

1  MPTJN1TAS,  atis,  t..  ii 
in-pcena;  impunity,  fieedom  from  puuishment, 
-    arity. 
I  Ml  :u.. 

1  N.  i<r'i>.    J.   With  the  uccusative,  int 
unto;  towards;  upon  ;  .on  :  over;  among;   un- 
til :   I.. i 
latitudinem,  in  breadth.  |j       jn 

'lum,  after  thie  um 
ablative,  In,  within  ;  in  ti  ;  upon. 

i  n  ;  among,  amidst  ;  at ;  o>    r ; 
concerning,  ras] 

■ 
man  fjj-.pi.-  v 
1  \  INIS,  e\  adj.,  empty,  . 
■ 
I  '  TI'. 

'  Tt  .v 

'. 


▲  .* 


238 


IN  C  BNDlJfa  WNfc  U  LG  EO. 


INCENDIUM,  i,  n..  incendo,  a  fire,'conflagra- 
tion  ;  a. burning,  setting  fir.   to 

INCENDO,  ere,   ili.   sum,   tr.,   ^n-candco<  to 
glow;   to  kindle,  set  fire  to,  burn  ;  to  illumine. 
brighten ;  to  inflame,  stir  up,   en 
mate,  excite. 

INCENSUS,  a,  tun,  part.,  incendo. 

J$CEPTUS?a,  urn,  part.,  incipio. 

I-NCERTUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-ccrtus,  uncertain, 
doubtful, dubious,  at  a  loss,  undecided;  scatter- 
ed, disordered. 

INCIDO,  ere,  idi,  casum,  tr..  in-cadd,  to  fall 
into  or  upon ;  to  come  upon  unexpectedly  ;  to 
fall  out,  happen,  occur.  In  aliqticm  incidere,  to 
foil  in  with,  meet  with,  come  upon. 

INC/DO,  ere,  idi,  /sum,  tr.,  iu-ca?do.  cut  into, 
cut  open;  to  carve,  engrave. 

INCIPIO,  ere,  rpi,  eptum,  tr.  and  intr.,  in- 
capio,  to  seize  upon,  to  commence,  begin  ;  to  at- 
tempt, undertake.  Inception,  an  attempt,  un- 
dertaking, 

INC/SUS,  a,  um,  part.,  incido. 

INCITMTUS,  a,  mo,  part.,  iheito. 

INCITO,  are,  avi.  atum,  tr.  freq_.,  i;i-cico,  to 
call;  to  set  in  rapid  or  violent  motion  ;  fcoincite, 
hasten  or  put  forward ;  to  stir  up,  arouse,  ex- 
cite; toirrifcte;  to  encourage,  stimulate,  spur 
on;  to  increase,  augment.  Incitare  se,  to  rush 
in.  Equo  ineil  lio,  bavin--  spurred  his  horse  to 
full  speed. 

INCLCDO,  ere,  Br,' sum,  tr.,  in-claudo,  to  shut- 
up,  confine,  inclose,  keep  in,  include ;  to  block 
up,  stop,  hinder  ;  to  finish,  end. 

INCIiJTSUS,  a.  um,  part.,  includo. 

INCO^NITUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  in-cognitus,  un- 
known. 

INCOLO,  ere.  colui,  tr.  ami  intr.,  in-colo,  to 
inhabit;  to  abide,  dwell  r.r  live  in  a  place. 

INCOLUMIS,  e,  adj.,  in-columis,  sufc ;  unin- 
jured, unhurt,  without  loss,  safe,  sound,  whole, 
entire,  » 

INCOMMODE,  adv.,  incommodus,  inconveni- 
ently, unsuitably,  troublesorn^ly,  unseasonably, 
unluckily,  unfortunately. 

INCOMMODUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-commodHfl, 
inconvenient,  unseasonable,  unsuitable,  unfav- 
orable, troublesome,  hurtful,  disadvantage!  tfs. 

INCOMM.ODUM,  i.  n..  inconvenience,  disad- 
vantage, detriment,  damage,  loss,  harm,  disaster. 

INCONSULTE,   adv.,  in-consultus,  consulP, 
forethought,   inconsiderately,  impru- 
dently, unadvisedly,  rashly,  injudiciously,  in- 
discreetly . 

LNCREDIBILIS,  e,  adj.,  in-credibilis,  credo, 
incapable  of  being  believed,  not  to  b,o  believed, 
incredible,  extraordinary,  unparalleled. 

INCRBPITO,  are,  avi,  atum,   and   ui 
tar.,  iu-crepo,   to  sound;  to   make   a   noise,   re- 
sound ;  to  exclaim  loudly  against;  to  chide, re-, 
prove,  upbraid,  censure,   assail, 
crepitant  vociuii.t.  to  speak  reproaehfuJly  ofi 


'CUMBO,  ere,  cubui,  cnbitum,  tr.,  in-smbo, 
■  lay  one's  self  upon  ;  to  lean  or  recline 
uponjMto  apply  or  devoto  one's    self  to,    i 
one's  wtention  to,  take  pains  with. 

1NCUKSI0,  onis,  f..  incurro.  to  ran  upon,  a 
running  upon  or  against,  an  attack  ;  an  incur- 
sion, inroad,  irruption. 

ENTCURSUS,  us,  m.,  incurro,  to  run  v% 
running  against,  assault,  attack,  inroad,   incur- 
sion'. 

INCDtBOj  are.  avi,  atum,  tr.,  in-causa 
cuse  of  something,  blame,  find  fault,  with,   i 
piain  of.  censure, 

fNDE,  adv.,  (in,  aid.  of  pronomial  root  i,  and 
(?".)  thence^ from  that  place;  from  that  time. 
then,  next,  afterwards. 

INDICIUM,  i,  n.,  index,  in-dico,  a  discovery, 
notice,  information,  disclosure,  testimony;  a 
sign,  indication,  symptom,  mark,  token.    ; 

-  '•  >.  ere,  si,  ctum,  tr.,  in-dico,  to  declare 
public!;,-,  proclaim,  publish;  to  appoint,  sum- 
mon: to  impose,  enjoin. 

INI) ICO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  index,  t. >   be   an 
itidcx;  to  show,  indicate,  discover,  disclose,   in-    I 
form,  tell,  give  evidence  or  information,  betray. 

INDICTUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in  negative — dictus, 
not  said.  Indicia  causa,  without  being  tried  or 
hear.].  Part,  iri&ico,  ere,  appointed,  proclaimed. 

1NDIGEO,  ere,  ui,  intr.,  in  or  indu  and  egoo, 
to  want,  need,  stand  in  need  of,  require. 

INDICjNE,  adv..  indignus,  iu.s,  issime,  unwor- 
thily,  undeservedly;   shamefully,    i  - 
honorably. 

INDIGNITAS,  atis,   f.,   indigmTs,   unworthi- 
ness  ;  meanness,  baseness;  indignity,  tin,, 
treatment. 

INDIGNQIl,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  indignus, 
to  consider  improper,  scorn,  disdain,  be  wry  an- 
gry  or  displeased  with,  be  indignant. 

INDIGNUS;  a,  um,  adj.,  in-dignus,  unwoi  ti.y. 
undeserving;  shameful,  unbecoming,  un  1 
ed,  cruel,  harsh,  severe. 

LG  ,"..\;'.  tin,  adj.,  in-diligens,  di!', 
negligent,  careless,  hcedfess.  -  ' 

INDILIGilNTi:::   civ.,  indiligen  ;,  m igl 
ly,  carelessly. 

LNDILTGENTIA,ae,  f:indaigcns,nc'gli 
carelessness, 

IXDl'CI.E  or'  INDUTIiE,  arum,  f.,  i 
btium,  quiet  in  the  middle  of  war,  a  true 
cessation  of  hostilities. 

INDt'CO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  in— < 
or  bring  in,   lead  into,   introduce;  to   put   on, 
draw  on  :  to  overlay,  put  over,  cuvur  over,  cov- 
er.    Fig.  to  induce,  persuade,  incite,  lead. 

INDt'CTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  indued. 

INDUEGENTIA,  ae,  f.,  indulgens,  iirfty 
HJd^ilgenc  ,Javor,  courtesy,  con  lescension; 

INDULGEOj  ere,  si,  turn,  intr.,  in-dulci 


1 1\  DUO— IMTl'S. 


230 


in  ncp.  and urgoo,  to indulge,  gratify,  humor; 
to  make  much  of,  favor. 

INDUO,  ere.  ui,  tttum,  tr.,  to  put  on,   ■ 

i  fall  into  or  upon,  bo  entafrgled 
in.  impale  one's  self  bpon. 
INDUSTRIE,  adv.,  industrius,  iHdustruo,  in- 

i :  ualy,  diligently. 
INDUTIOIMRUS,  i.  m.     Indntiomiu-us,   a 
chief  of  the  Trcviii  :  V.  3. 

[NEO,  tie,  ii.  ituin.  intr.  and  tr.  irr.,  in-eo,  to 
£<>   into,    enter;    to  continence,   b 
i  i         o,number,i 

Twin  consilium,  to  form  a 
i  ■  plot;  also,  to  ilefib- 
orate,  con  rait.     Into         'i  im,  to  get   inl  i   fav- 
or  with,  gain  favor.    Tnir< 
devise,  form  a  to  male*  a  reckoning 

or  calculation. 

INERMIS,  e,  and  INERMUS,  a.  am,  adj.,  in- 
nnn.i,  without  arm 

i'S.  tie,  adj.,  are,  without  a  trade  or 
occupation;  Blothful,  indolent,  inactive  lazy, 
dull,  Bluggieh. 

INFAM1  A.  ae.  f.  inf-mi  I    f;ma. 

ill  farm ..  dishon- 

or, ignominy.    Habere  infamiam, 
inded  « ith. 
INFAN8,  tis,  adj.,  |n— fari,  totjpeak;  that  oan- 
ung,  little,  infant;    tubs*  an  in- 
fant. , 
INFECIUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  in-factus,  not  done, 

•  lishing 

[NFE1  nferus. 

INI  i  EfWli,  illatum,  tr.   irr..  in- 

•  hring 
upon:  to  infli  ::  to  interpose.    In   ig\ 

to  throw,  cast,     tnfi 
forward  the  - 
advance  agaii 

i  make  war  npon. 
moram.  to  interpose  ■  delay.   Jnfcrre  vutnjis, 

und.      Ivfirrr  t-  r:  -.  ,  ,  m,     , 

i   n.     Tnftxre  causam,  to  offer,  ad- 
i    reason.    Inferre 
hope,    Ji./irr-  in  equum,  to  j  I 

account, 
p.    infimux  or  imut,  lowest;  last; 

I    ■ 

IM  1>  n>    a,  urn,  adj.,  in  nrj    . 

■Il-ili: 

■ .  turn,  tr.,  il 
.  t'i  infort.  taint,  coi  I 


INFIDSTilS,  o,  adj.,in-fldelis,  fidus,  unfaith- 
ful, faithless,  trefceherous,  perfidious, 
sum,  tr.,  in-fi 
k  in. 
rNFIMUS,  etc.    See  In:' 
TXKIN/TI'S.  a,  am,  adj..  in-finitus,  finio, 
bpundless,  endless,  without  limits,  immense,  in- 
finite. 

ENFIRMITAS,  atis,   f.    infirmm,    want    of 
strength,  weakness,  feebleness;    w,e&kn< 
character,  fickleness,  Inconstancy,  levity. 
tNFlRMUS,  a,  urn,  adj-i  In-firm 

i  Lfirm, 
INFIXU  ;.  a,  am,  part.,  Inftgo.  • 

INFLECTO,  ore,  xL,  sum',  tr.,  in--th- t<>.  to 
b  ind,  era  k,  curve.  id  ii^elf, 

/.  r.  to  b  ■  ■  l  or  be  bent. 
*  INFLEXUS,  a,  uin.  part..  Inflect  >. 

lXl'Lt',).  ere.  :;i.  wan,  intr.,  in-tlui.  to  flow 
or  run  into,  discharge,  empty.  Quo  Rhenus  in- 
Jluit,  Into  which  the  Rhine  empties. 

i.\r  .  os3om,  tr.. it-fodio,  I 

in,  dig;  bury  in  the  groan  I. 
INFRA,  prep,  and  adv.,  (fdT  infeira sc.  parte.) 
Ibw,  under,  beneath,  un- 
.  i;  below,  lower,  il  i  .  inferi- 

maller  than. 

.".i  1  yen*,) 
es  beyond  its  kind ;  henos  \.i*'. 
big, 

T.-itun.) 
■  - 
ungrateful,  unthankful. 

REDIOR,  i.  issus  sum,   dep,  intr. 
in-gradior,  to  go;  to  step  into,  ent 
enter  upon,  engage  in  a   th  imence, 

a   thing:  to   walk,  ivanco. 

• 
IN/ BAT,  ete.    See  Ineo. 
INIMIOITIA,  ae,  f.,   in  inl 
■ 

N  INIMICUS,  a,  nni,  adj .  in-amt'eus,  unl 
ile,  unkind ;  adverse,    hurtful,   I 
iurious. 
INIM7CUS,  i,  m..  a  priv  ite  enomy,  an 
my.     //•  >ttis,  a  public  enemy. 

.  i..  im'quus,  inequality 
evenm 

disadvantaged]  lice,  unfairm 

rum  iniquitat,  difficr 
IN/QUUS, a, urn,   adj,   in-seqous,   ui 

able,  di  He,    ad- 

I  \  111  I   M.  •. 

. 

ginning. 


240 


INJEOTUS- 


iniia,  an  estimate  having  been  made. 

INJECTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  injicio. 

INJICIO,  ere,  eci,  ectum,  tr.,  in--jacio,  to 
throw  or  cast  into  or  in  ;  to  lay  or  put  on  ;  to' 
put  into,  infuse,  inspire,  cause,  occasion.  ' 

IXJUXGO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  in--jungo,  to 
join  or  fasten  into  :  to  fix  upon.' inflict,  occa- 
sion, bring  upon,  impose  upon. 

INJURIA,  ae,  f.,  injurius,  in-jus,  what  is  con- 
trary tO  justice,  injury,  wrong,  injustice  ;  dim- 
age,  harm,  violence.  .Injuria,  abl.,  unjustly, 
without  cause  or  reason. 

IXJUjSSU,  abl.,  Gr.  §51,  in-jussii,  without 
orders.'* 

IXXASCOR,  i,  natus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  in-nas- 
cor,  to  be  born  in,  to  grow  in ;  to  arise  Or  spring 
up  in ;  to  exist  in  nature. 

I-XX^ITUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  innasettr, 
born  in,  inbred,  natural  to,  inborn,  innate. 

IXX/TOR.  i,  nixus  sum,  rarely  m'eus,  dep. 
intr>,  in-iii'tor,  to  lean  or  rest  upon,  recline  up- 
on, support  one's  self  on. 

IX NIXUS,  a,  um,  par,t.,  innt'tor. 

IXXOCENS,  tis,  adj.,  in-nocens,  harmless, 
guiltless,  faultless,  blameless,  innocent. 

IXNOCEXTIA,  ae,  f.,  innocens,  hatrmlessness, 
innocence;  uprightness,  integrity,  disinterest- 
edness, freedom  from  rapacity  or  avarics'. 

IXOPIA,  ae,  f.,  (inops,  in  neg.  and  ops.)  want, 
lack,  need,  scarcity,  dearth ;  indigence,  poverty. 

IXOr/XAXS,  tis,  adj.,  in-op/nans,  opinor,  to 
think  :  not  thinking,  not  expecting,  unexpected, 
unawares. 

INQUAT.I,  def.  verb,  Gr.  §113:  to  say. 

INSGffiXS,  tis.  adj.,  in-sciens,  scio,  not  know- 
ing, ignorant.  Insciente  aliquo,  without  one's 
knowledge;  without  one's  knowing. 

IXSC1US,  a,  um,  adj.,  in--scio,  ignorant  of  a 
thing,  not  knowing,  unaware. 

INSECi/TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  insequor.       • 

IXSEQUOR,  i,  ciitus  sum,  dep.  tf.,  in-.sequor, 
to  follow  close  after,  come  after,,  follow,  pursue ; 
to  persecute,  harass;  to  pursue  with  words, 
censure. 

IXSERO,  ere,  erui,  ertum,  tr.,  in-sero,  to 
connect;  to  put  or  introduce  into,  insert. 

INSERTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  insero. 

IXS1DIJE,  arum,  f.,  iusideo,  in-sedeo,  lying 
in  wait,  ambush,  ambuscade,  snares,  treachery, 
trick.  Ex  insidiis  capias  collocare — for  the  pur- 
pose of  an  ambuscade. 

INSIDIOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  insidise, 
to  lie  in  wait,  lie  in  ambush,  lay  snares  or  am- 
buscades for.  1 

INSIGX1S,  e,  adj.,  in-signum,  distinguished 
by  a  mark,  marked ;  remarkable,  extraordinary, 
distinguished,  noted,  notorious,  famous,  promi- 
nent. 

INSIGNE,  n.,,  a  badge,  distinction  mark,  sign: 
PI.  the  badges  of  office,  insignia;  badges  or  or- 
naments worn  on  the  helmets  and  shields.        , 


INSTRUMENTU.M. 

IXSILIO,  ire,  silui,  tr.  and  intr..  in-salio,  to 
leap;  to  leap  into  or  upon. 

IXSIMULATUS,  a,'um,  part.,  insimulo. 

IXSIMULO,  are.  avi,  atum,  tr.,  in-.-simulv 
similis,  to  blame,  charge  or  tax  with,  accuse. 

IXSIXUO,  aro,  avi,  atum,  tr:,  in-stnuo,  sinu 
to  put  into  one's  bosom,  introduce,  insinuat  ■. 
make  one's  way  into. 

INSISTO,  ere,  stiti,  stitum,  intr.,  in-sisto. 
reduplicated  from  sto,  to  stand  upon,  tread  or 
step  upon ;  to  stop,  halt,  pause ;  to  press  upon  ; 
to  proceed ;  to  commence,  begin,  enter  upoi 
to  pursue,  adopt,  apply  one's  self  to;  to  perse- 
vere in,  persist  in.  Firmitcr  insistere,  to  stand 
firm. 

IXSOLEXTER,  adv.,  insolens,  unusual,  in- 
soleo,  contrary  to  custom,  unusually,  excessive- 
ly, immoderately;    insolently,    proudly,   arn 
gantly,  haughtily,  presumptuously. 

IXSOLITUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-solitus,  unaccus- 
tomed to,  unacquainted  with,  not  inured  to: 
unusual,  strange,  uncommon. 

IXSPECTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  freq.,  inspicio, 
to  look  at,  behold,  observe,  view  attentively. 

IXSTABILIS,  e,  adj.,  in-stabilis,  not  standing 
fast,  unsteady,  tottering,  not  firm,  unsolid,  un- 
stable, inconstant,  uncertain,  fickle,  wavering, 
changeable. 

INSTAR,  n.  ind.,  Gr.  §51,  image,  likeness,  re- 
semblance, form,  figure,  appearance.  Iristar 
muri,  like  a  wall. 

IXST/GO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  '(£»  and  root 
stig,  whence  stimulus,  and  the  English  verb 
stick;  or,  perhaps,  insto-ago,  like  castigo  from 
castum-ago,  fatigo  from  faiis-ago) ;  to  urge, 
incite,  stimulate,  instigate;  to  rouse,  animate, 
encourage. 

v  INSTITUO,  ere,  ui,  atum,  tr.,  in-statuo,  to 
put  or  place  into,  appoint;  to  purpose,  deter- 
mine, resolve  upon ;  to  collect,  got  together,  as- 
semble, form,  make,  construct,  build,  arrange : 
to  establish, introduce,  ordain,  institute, appoint; 
to  obtain,  procure;  to  undertake;,  to  adopt;  to 
begin,  commence ;  to  teach,  instruct,  educate. 
With  inf.  to  make  it  a  rule,  to.be  accustomed 
or  wont; 

IXSTITJTTUM,  i,  n„  instituo,  a  thing  estab- 
lished, a  regulation,  custom,  institution ;  a  rule, 
plan,  practice,  manner :  a  design,  purpose,  in- 
tention. Instituto  suo,  abl.,  according  to  his  de- 
sign or  custom. 

INSTITJ7TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  instituo. 

INSTO,  are,  iti,  intr.,  in-sto,  to  stand  in,  over 
or  upon  any  thing;  to  be  near  or  at  hand,  draw 
nigh,  impend,  approach,  threaten ;  to  push  or 
press  upon,  assail,  harass,  pursue;  advance, 
press  forward. 

INSTRUCTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  instruo. 

INSTRUMEXTUM,  i,  n.,  instruo,  an  utensil, 
instrument,  implement ;  means,  assistance,  fur- 
therance ;  baggage,  furniture,  apparatus. 


INsTlirO— BJTERPONO. 


ctuni,  tr..  i  ; 
p  :   to  bnil  i  in    Of    into-;  : .    Imilil. 

|       |       '       M   1     I     |       |        || 

draw  up  in  buttle  array,  fo  prepare,   furnish, 
roi  idi  >  egnip        out,  rig  :  to   insl  root,   teach. 
[TfSUEB'ACIO,  we,  f:ci,  factum^n 
I  i    'i  ii  -t  im,  U:il  lit  hi  1 1  ■.  (ruin. 
INSUEFACT1  S,  n    i  up,  p«Ert„  in 
'.  SSU  ETUS,   a,  urn,   adj.,   in-sui  tus. 

ii  J  bo,   unacqu  tint  "1   with; 
uuiisn  il.   unv   u'  ■(] 

ins;  ;.u  wa- 

INST3  p.ouTi 

m  i  n-taiiRO,   un- 

l.   unhurt,   an  '  ■ 
ntire;  sound  in  health,  • 
i.  fresh,  tin  i 

INTEGO,  ere,  si,  ctuni,  I  r.,  in— to  ;o,  !.•  corcr, 

.  ,  ELI  ECT 
.INTELLIGO,  ei   ,  xi.  <  lum,  tr..  inter- 
1,  onderstau  : 

ras  dis- 
•overed. 
1  STKXli  \.  ere.  .Ii.  lum  and  sum,  tr.,  i.n-ten* 
.... 

tend. 

■villi,  tnrneil  nr  directed  tt> 
earnest, 
!  Villi!.  ^ 
twixt ;  anion 

in  the  •  lh  :   i  .    with, 

her. 
I  \  '  i  ' 

.  'come 

with- 
;  iin-t,   in t <  i 
kinder,  pr<  \ 

part.,   int.  n   | 

i,    tr.,    inter- 
- 

■  ■ 

bhul  in. 

INTER!   I 

ivrr.i;i»/<  ii. .... .  xi,  <  turn,  tr. 

put  one's  word  l.i>t  v. 
hid  judii  iaJIj  |  - 

• 

I' 


241 


ciall;     i 

I  the  ose  of  fire  and  \ 
to  banish.    Tat  rdicitur,  imp,,  a  prohibition  is 
. 
i  vrr.!:inrn>-.  a,  nm,  part.,  interdico.       * 
r.vratoir.  adv.,  inter-din,  in  th 
CNTERDtjM,   adv.,   inter-dam,    sometimes. 

)  :   meanwhile,  in  th 
'me. 

i   in  the  mos 
meanwhile. 
INXBRBS8J    ■  am. 

BRfiO,  (re,  ii.  itam,  intr.  irr., inter 
the  midst  oi  oiii.  r  things  - 
, 
be  annihilated,  be  dcstiojed,  bo  slain. 
lv. ri'in-'i.r.i'i  8,  ;,.   ,-,,.  ',,;,,•!. ,  intorfli 
INTERJTCIO  .um.ir..  mtei 

to  kill,  slay,  murder,  put  to  death,  desl 
[NTERFUI.  etc    Sec  fntershm. 
INTERIM,  adv.,  [inter  tutd  im  from 
tfae  mean  time,  meanwhile. 

INTERITUS,  us,  '•■..  i i . t ■  re  ..    de  ti 
death. 
[NTERIL 

.INTERIOR,  oris,  adj.,  inter,  Qi 
within,  more  Inward,  farther  in,  inner. interior. 
[NTERJECtfoS,  a.  urn, 
INTERJIQIO,  ere,  jeci    jectum,   t  r.. 
i  i  sio,  to  ill  row  or  place  between,  intermix,  in- 

•ii>.  add  to 
short  time  after. 

.  itermitto. 
INTERMIT!!  tr.inter-mitto, 

itweeu,   interrupt;    i 

over  for  a  time,  lew tr.  intermit,  discontinue; 

elude  from  participal  ilumen  inter 

it    flow, 
ixpiration  of  thn  ■■ 

:  thr 1 1.\  .     .1/.  passuum  ihi 

I   the  distance  ofi    ./»?-  ,• 

■ 

linate. 
turn,   intr.. 


242 


INTERPOSLTU^i-IN  VITUS. 


Mtspieionem,  to  causo,  occasion,  excite  suspicion. 
Jnte.rpoiie.rc  decretum,  to  make  a  decree  between 
two  parties. 
INTERPOSITUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  interpsno. 
INTERPRKS,  etis.  m.  and  f.,  intor-pretium, 
aa  intermediate  agent;  a  translator,  interpre- 
ter, explainer. 

INTERPRETOR,  ari,  atna  sum,  dop.  tT.,  in- 
terpres,  to  interpret,  expound,  explain  ;  to  un- 
derstand, comprehend ;  to  conclude,  decide. 
INTERROGATES,  a,  urn,  part.,  from 
INTERROGO,  are,  avi,  atom,  tr.,  inter-rogo. 
to  ask,  question,  inquire,  interrogate,  oxamino; 
to  accuse,  charge. 

INTERRUMPO,  ere,  «pi,  upturn,  tr.,  inter- 
runipo,  to  break ;  to  break  iu  the  middle,  to 
break  down,  break  off  or  asunder;  to  disturb, 
interrupt". 
INTERRUPTUS,  a,  nm,  part.,  ihtorrumpo. 
INTERSCINDO,  ere,  Mi,  issum,  tr.,  inter- 
»cindo,  to  cut  asunder  or  in  the  midst,  cut-down ; 
tweak  down. 

INTERSUM,  esse,  fui,  intr.  irr.,  inter-sum,  to 
be  in  the  midst,  come  or  lie  between;  to  differ, 
be  different ;  to  be  present  at ;  to  take  part  in ; 
to  engage  in,  be  employed  in,  have  the  charge 
of.  Interest,  imp.,  it  concerns  or  imports,  is  the 
interest  of,  is  of  importance.  Magni  interest, 
it  is  of  great  importance:  Gr.  §135,  (e)  Rem.  4. 
INTERVALLTJM,  i,  u.,  inter-vallus,  the  space 
between  the  stakes  of  a  rampart  of  a.  camp ;  a 
•pace,  interval,  distance.  Jntervallo  pedum  du- 
orum,  with  an  interval, — or  at  the  distance  of 
fewo  feet. 

1NTERVENIO,  ire,  veni,  ventuni,  intr.,  in- 
tor-venio,  to  come  between,  to  come  upon,  come 
in  while  anything  is  doing,  intervene ;  to  hin- 
der, disturb,  interrupt;  to  be  present,  inter- 
meddle, interfere ;  to  fall  out,  happen,  occur. 

INTERVENTUS,  us,  m.,  intervenio,  a  coming 
io,  intervention  ;  an   interruption,  interference 
INTEX1,  etc.    Seolntcgo. 
INTEXO,  ere,  xui,   xtum,  tr.,  in-toxo,    to 
weave  into,   interweave,  inweave;   to  weave, 
plait ;  to  interlace,  surround,  cover. 
INTEXTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  intexo. 
INTOLERANTER,  adv.,  intoleraus,  in-tolero, 
iutolerab'y,  immoderately,   excessively.    Intol- 
m-ant<:r  insequi,  hotly,  furiously,  eagorly. 

INTRA,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.,  (for  intera, 
so.  parte,  from  interns,  obs.,)  within,  in. 

INTRiTUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  in-tritua,  tero,  not 
rubbed  or  worn.  Jntritus  ab  labora,  not  weak- 
«nod  or  fatigued  by  labor,  fresh. 

INTRO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  (for  intero,  from 
inter,')  to  go  into,  enter,  penetrate. 

INTRODi/CO,  ore,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  intro-dweo, 

to  bring  or  lead  in,  conduct  within,  introduce. 

INTROEO,  t're,  ii,  itum,  intr.  irr,  Gr.  §111, 

intro-eo,  to  enter,  go  into,  come  in. 

INTROITOS,  us,  m.,  introeo,  a  going  or  com- 


ing in,  entrance;  an  avenue,  place  of  entrance, 
passage. 

INTR0MISSU3,  a,  um,  part.,  intromitto. 

INTROMITTO,  ere,  isi,  issum,  tr.  intro-mitte, 
to  send  in,  let  in,  introdnco;  to  admit,  allow  to 
enter,  receive  into  one's  house. 

INTRORSUS.  adv.,  for  introversus,  intro- 
ve'rto,  toward  the  inside,  inward,  inwardly. 
within,  internally,  i  ito  the  interior. 

•NTRORUMPO.  ere,  wpi,  upturn,  intr.,  intro- 
rumpo,  to  break ;  to  break  or  burst  into?  break  x 
in,  rush  in,  enter  by  force. 

INTUEOR,  eri,  itus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  in-tueor,  to 
look  at,  gaze  upon,  behold ;  to  observe,  consid- 
er, contemplate ;  to  look  up  to  with  regard  <r 
admiration. 

INTO  LI,  etc.    Seolnfero. 

INTUS,  adv.,  in,  within,  on  the  inside. 

INUSIT^TUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-usitatus,  un- 
usual, uncommon,  etrango,  extraordinary,  nu- 
wontod. 

INDTILIS,  c,  adj.,  in-utilis,  not  useful,  use- 
less, unserviceable,  unprofitable ;  hurtful,  in- 
jurious. Ad pugnam  inutilis,  unable  to  figh;, 
unfit  for  fighting'. 

INV^IDO,  ere,  ti,  sum,  intr.  and  tr..  in-vedo. 
to  make  ono'u  way  into,  enter ;  to  fall  upon,  in- 
vade, attack,  assail ;  to  seize,  lay  hold  of,  bcfal 
a  person. 

INVENIO,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  tf.,  in-venio,  to 
come  upon,  to  find,  find  out,  meet  with,  discov- 
er, ascertain;  to  contrive,  devise,  invent;  t» 
gain,  acquire. 

INVENTOR,  oris,  in.,  invenio.  an  author,  in- 
ventor, contriver.  • 

INVENTUS.  a,  um.'part..  invenio. 

INVETERASCO;  cro,  avi,  intr.  inc.,  invetero, 
in-vetuB,  to  grow  old,  become  fixed  or  establish^ 
ed;  to  prevail,  gii'her  strength  by  age  or  time. 

INVICEM,  adv.,  iu-vicis.  by  turns,  one  after 
another,  alternately;   mutually. 

INVICTUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-victus,  unconquer 
ed,  uusubdued  ;  unconquerable,  invincible. 

INVIDEO,  ere,  idi,  issurh,  intr.  and  tr.,  iD-  a 
video,  to  look  spitefully  at;  to  envy,  grudge {« 
to  be  loath,  be  unwilling. 

INVIDIA,  ae,  f.,  invidus,  invideo,  envy,  ha- 
tred, spite,  malice,  ill-will,  dislike.  J'ass.  odiuin. 
unpopularity. 

INVIOLJTUS,  aj,«m,  adj.,  in-violatus,  violo, 
unhurt,  uninjured;  inviolate,  uucorrupted; 
pure,  inviolable.  , 

INVJSUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  in-visus,  not  seen,  un- 
seen, invisible.  Part,  of  invideo,  odious,  hate- 
ful, hated,  offensive,  disliked,  detested. 

INVnMTUS,  a,  urn*,  part.,  invito. 

INVITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  in-vito-voco,  to  in- 
vite, ask,  bid ;  to  allure,  incite,  induce ;  to  sum- 
mon, challenge. 

INViTUS,  a,  um.  adj.,  (ia  neg.  and  vito,  not 
called  or  induced:  hence)  unwilling,  reluctant, 


ipsk— j  as. 


•248 


invuluntary.  against  one's   will.     &   I 
gainst  hi-i  will,  without  his  consent.  - 

IPSK,  a,  urn,    intensive  pro..  Or.  J85;  self; 
oimsclf,  horse!!,  itself;  he,  she.  it ;  with 
of  Ctnfird  or  second  persons,   I,   myself,   thon, 
thyself. 

/It A,  ae,  f ,  anger,  wrath,  rage,  pas:  ion,  ire, 
resentment. 

•  IRACUNDTA.  ae,  f.,  iracundus,   hastiness  ol 
temper,  irascibility;  anger,   wrath,   :.-. 

-ion. 

[RACUN'nUS,  a,  um.  adj.,  ira,  full  of  rage, 
irascible,  passionate* ;  angry,  raging. 

IRl.  Rem.  2. 

IKE.     See  Eo. 

(RR/DEO,  <re,  Bi,  sum.  intr.  and  tr.,  iu-rideo, 
i<>  laugh  :  to  laugh  at :  to  m  >ck,  ridicule. 

IRRIDICULB,  adv.;  (in  neg.  and  rldiculus, 
laughable,)  unwittingly,  without  humor  or 
pleasantry.  jWmi  irridicule,  wittily,  pleasantly. 

IRRUMl'O.  ere.  upi,  upturn,  i:;tr.,  in-rumpo, 
to  break,  to  break  in  violently;  to  enter  by 
force,  burst  into,  break  or  rush  in. 

IRRUPTIO,  onis,  f.,  irrumpo,  a  breaking  or 
bursting  in  ;  an  irruption,  inroad,  incursion. 

IS,  ea.  id,  d(  in.  pr  >.,  Qr.  £82,  83;  that  or  * lii. : 
he,  she,  or  il  :  such.  Eo,  n.  abl,,  by  that  or  this: 
ori  that  nr  this  account,  for  this  reason,  by    tliis 

means;  ,  so  much,  by  bo  much, 

the,  the  more ;  Gt.  J188.    bl  it\  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  a  g  134,  Rem.  1. 

thus;  in  this  man- 
ner, in  such  a  manner;  accordingly;  bo  much, 
t.)  9uel  •  as,  as,  so  that.    Ita 

acriter  ut,.  as  bravely  as.    Jt  is  soro'timm   used 
-    r  liy  xv  ■  y  if  rpposition,    I 
a  manner  similar  to  id.    Xnnitamog- 
nm,  not  very  great. 

ITALl  A.  a.  .  i.  Italy,  Bometimoa  including 
Gallia Gisalpina :   I.  LO. 

ITAQ1  I  i-iiue,   there- 

fore ;  and  so.  and  thus. 

I'l'ICM.  adv.  ;i ml  conj  ,  als  in  like 

.    ner. 
'       ITER. 
may,  march,  route,  mad,  pal  passage; 

*  marching.     In  or  ex  ilintre,  on  the    I 

.-.  ni  y  or  in  ircb  in  j  it 
-  oct/Hrnoui'iii' . — by  night.      lUr 

■  ribut,  by  forced 

ITERUM.  :i  iv  .  ■•,  i  i  mi  . 

Ill  I  .-.  i.       .  •    port   among 

the  M  V.  •_'. 

I'llDI.    lee  Ko. 


JACl 
i-eclino,  to    be    n.l  u.itNl ;   to    lie    , 
dead.    Jactulu,  the  {alien,  tic 


JACIO,  crc,  jeel,  jactum,  tr„  to  throw,  cart, 
fling,  hurl;  to  throw  or  cast  up,  raise,  erect, 
place. 

JACTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  frco..,  jacio,  to  tow 
about,  to  throw,  oast,  dischnrgo;  to  weigh,  con- 
sider, discuss,  talk  about,  agitate. 

JACTITRA,  ae,  f..  Jacio,  the  throwing  of  goods 
overboard  in  a  storm:  a  loss,  damage,  defri- 
me  it,  expense,  cost. 

•T ACTUS,  a.  um,  part.,  jacio. 

JAODLUM.  i,  n.,  jacio.  a  javelin,  dart. 

JAM.  adv.,  now,  Immediately,  presently 
even,  already.  Jam  ante  or  anle.a,  long  ago. 
some  time  a^  >.  already. 

JOVIS,  etc.     See  Jupiter. 

JUBX,  ar,  1'.,  the  mane  of  a  horse  or  othor 
■  beast. 

Juj&bO,  ere,  Jussi,  jussum,  tr,  to  order,  bid. 
command,  enj  iin, charge,  enjoin*  wi-li.  request,. 

JUDICIUM,  i,  n.,  judiro,  the  art  of  judging, 
judgment,  a  trial,  sentence,  decision,  opinion  : 
a  court  of  justice ;  the  power  of  judging!  sMs- 
c  rnment,  ch  li  ic,  discretion,  Ricsri  judicium, 
to  judge,  give  an  opinion.  Jinlicic,  abl,  duH- 
berately,  on  purposi .  designedly. 

JUDK'i.  are.  avi.  atum,  tr..  judex,  jus-dico. 
I  ijuflgi  mtenco,   deter- 

mine, form  an  opinion,  decidfl;  to  judge,  think, 
deem,  BUppose,  believe;  to  declare,  pronounce; 
if,  imp.,  a  judgment 
or  conclusion  may  be  f  rmed. 

JUQTJM,  i.  -i..  a  yoke:  a  frame  for  supporting 
vinos;  the  summit  or  top  o|  a  mountain;  the 
ridge.  In  military  language  n  frame  consisting 
i if  (wo  spears    silicic   into    the    ground,    with   a 

third  laid  horizontally  on  t  >p  of  them,  under 
which   vanqnii  l    were     sometimes 

compelled  to  march  without   their   aims,   ad   a 
mark  «.f  disgrace. 
JUMENTUM,  1,   n..  (/or  jugumentuiii 

it  ni    burden,    pad 

horse;  a  ' 
JUNCTf/RA,  ae,  ...  toting. 

junctun .  joint. 

i  U8,  a.  um.  ; 

\i      elnm.    tr.,    to   join,    o.npt* 

yoke;  to  unite  gr  join  ;  ig  ther,  •   nneot.     * 

.ii  *>  1 1  s,  i,  1 1     .  .-entile  nam 

Junius,  a  Spaniard  in  the  ■ 
Gaul;  V.  •:-. 

.11  r'TI'.R.  .lov,-.  •       Q  Jupiter,  Jove; 

/    I    otrd 
\  I.  17. 
.' 

.  KtondJ 

IS,    U> 

> 
privileges.    Ju<  tutqni,  to  1  .   thor. 


Hi 


JUSJUi 


)\\j.<. 


' :/  suojurc.  in  one's  own  light,  in  ■ 
i  rcise  of  one's  own  right.  » 

JUSJURANDtfM,  i,   n.j   Gr.   ;.!>:  jus-juran- 
n    oath.     Dare  ju.'jurand, 
swear,  prad  one  -  self  to  oath! 

JUSSI,  etc.     See  Jiibe'o. 

.TUJsS'iT,  abl.,  Gr.  gol ;  jubeo,  by  command 
order. 

JUSist  s,  a,  inn.  part.,  jubeo. 

.il'STITIA.  ae,  f,  Justus,  justice,  impartiality, 
(with  the  additional  idea  of  clemency  or  mercyi) 

JUSTUS,  a,  urn,  ftdj.,  jlis,  just;  upright,    1   r,  - 
ful.  right;  suitable  merited,  due,  propel 
cierit,  full,  complete,  satisfactory.  J 
uuple  or  suitable  funeral  rites. 

JUYEN1S,  is,  adj.,  (Jr.  g~4,  3  ;■  younj 
ful.  Jtfniorns,  the  young  men.  those  of  military 
age. 

J1JVENTUS,  trtis,  f.g'uvenis,  the  ago  of  youth, 
from  about  twenty  to  forty    year,- ;  via 
youth,  the  young  men. 

•JUVO,  are,J«vi,  jtttum,  juvaturus,  ti\.  to  aid, 
help,  assist,  succor,  profit,  benefit. 

JUXTA,  prep,  with,  ace.,  {root  jug   of, 
and  jugum,)  nigh,  near  toj  by,  har 


1  '  . :.  to  attack. 
LACKIM.fran.l  LACRYMA 
LACI1I»AX! 


KALENPJE.    SecCalenda 


L 


L,  aa  abbreviation  of  tliOj 
In  Roman  notation,  fifty. 

LABERIUS,  i,  m.  (Quimtiis,  Laberius  Varus.) 
t  tribune  of  the  soldiers  in  Caesar's  army  :  V,  15. 

LABLEXUS,  i,  in.  (Titus.)  Labierius,'  one  of 
the  most  favored  and  trusted  of  Caesar's  lieu- 
tenants in  the  Gallic  war.  In  the  civil  war  he 
took  the  side  of  Pompey, 

LABOR,  i,  lapsus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  in  glide 
down,  slip  down,  descend,  fall ;  to  run. 

lip  away,  escape ;  commit  a   fault 
■  crime;  t, i  mistake,  err;  to  perish.    Eke     p 
lapsus,  having  fallen  from  ibis-  bone,  being  dis- 
appointed in  this. 

LABOR,  oris,  m.,  labor,  toil,  fatigue,  exertion. 
distress,  hardship,  trouble,  misfortune. 

LABGRO,  arc,  avi,  atuui.  intr  and  tr.,  labor, 
to  labor,  strive,  struggle,  take  pains;  to  labor 
or,  endeavor  to  obtain,  strive  to  accomplish;  to 
Labor  under,  suffer  with,  be  opj  n  sed  or  afilict- 
•  1  with;  to  be  hard  pressed ;  to  be  in  trouble, 
difficulty,  danger,  distress";  to  be  concerned,  so- 
licitous, anxious.  Animo  Utborare,  to  be  ex- 
'remcly  anxious  or  concerned. 

LABRUM,  i,  n.,  lamb®,  a  lip  :  the  extremity, 
;  im,  brink,  margin. 

J.AC,  lis,  <!.,  milk. 

LAC:  '.   /turn,   tr.,    intenfc   lacioi 

.<-,  challenge,. irritat 


1  '  .  :.  to  attack. 

f,,  a  tear- 

BACRIMOaud  LACR1  MO,   are-, 

'  intr.,  laciima,  to  weep,  shed 
LACUS,  us,  in.,  a  lake. 
L.Efi.).  ere,  si,  sum,  tr.,  to  dash  violenl 
to  hurt,  harm  injure,  offend. 

on        |    omise,    violate 
wi  rd. 

?US,  a.  inn.  part.,  I  redo. 
MBTATIO,  onis,  :'..  but  or,    lajtiy,   demohstrs- 
tioii  of  joy,  exultation,  n.j.iieiug. 

LiKT/ITIA.  ae,  f.*lietus,  rejoicing,  unrestrain- 
ed or  uproarious  joy,  gladness  exultation. 
LJ3TUS,  a,  nra,  adj..  glad.  joyful,   cheerful; 
i     .  illing,  pleased,  sati  In  d  ;  pleasing,   n<  - 
ceptabl       ,  as,  luck]  I  ful,  fertile. 

LANGUIDE.  adv..  languidus,  faintly,  feebly. 
blowlyj  lauguidly,  remissly,  carelessly. 

LANGUIDUS,   a.  urn,   adj.,   languoo,   faint, 
languid,  weak,  feeble,  dull,  sluggish,  listless. 
LANGUOR,  oris,   m.,   langueo,  to  languish.; 
1  faintnei  weakness,  languor*  li 

ness,  sluggishness. 
.  LAPIS,  idis,  in.,  a  st   ae 
LAPSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  labor. 
LA'Ql'Kl'S.  i.  m..  a  noose,  th<  ug,  rope, 
snare,1  trap,  gin. 

LAEGIOR,  id,  itus  sum,   dep.   tr.  and  intr, 
largus,  large,  to  give  in   abundance,   supply   a- 
bundantly,  give  &rgr  oil  liberally,  bestow  ; 
ly,  dispense,  impart,  lavish ;  to  make  pi 
to  bribe. 

!/ AEG  ITER,  adv..  largus,  large,  ' 
binelaiice,  plentiful!^,   much.    Latrjil  r  posse, 
to  have  great  weight  or  influi  ace, 

LARGlH.10,  onis,  f.,  largior,  a   giving  freely. 
.    \  ing  liberally,   bounjifulne  - 

bribery;   corruptiofc  prorasion,  prodigality. 
LASs-ITi'DO,  inis.   !'.,  lassus.    weary,   iveari- 

igue,  *  situtie. 

L.4TE,  adv.,  Ictus,   widely,    extensively,    far; 
and  wide.    Longc  lat,:que,    fn  every- 

where. 
•LATEBRA,  ae,  i..  ialeo,  a  luil,;i. 

..Iter.  co\ert,  den 
L.ATEO,  ere,  ui,  intr.,  to  lui  !,.    fl 
out  of  ::      it,  1  illi    Ulled,  sKtjlk. 

■ 
LATITDD;),  inis,   !..  fetus,    breadth,    v 
In  I  ititudinem,  in  broajfol. 

1B11IGI,  oriiui^jjfi.,  lb 
|       '   n  deriug  upoD  the  Helvetii ;  !.  5. 

L  VTRO,  wiis,  ni.,  a  mercenary  soldiei 
dit,  highwaj  una.  rubber. 

i.'JCIXIU'M.  i,  n.,   hrl 
^.'y  robber'}', 

,.  I'cro. 


LATU; 


ample,  large  Id   i  xtpnsive. 

LATUS,  erifl,  the  sidei  110k.    Ab  la! 

.  avj,  atum,  *r..    \9u*.   to   ; 

■  . 


ilj.,  6oft,   smooth,    mild,    g< 


Li       i 

calnx, 

LKX1TAS,  atia,  f.,  I 
tendern 

mooth- 
lly,  gradually ;  quietly,  calmly,  romies- 


honor.  fa  '  ",v  in  war.  ,  ,  to  at- 


LAV      (i  i,  lautum,  lotu 

■   I  ive. 
LAXO,  aro,  avi,  ainul.   tr...laxm.  , 
stretch  -  te,    expand  :   tO 

fooi  (  -i. 

.anafi 

'iant  ;  lienl     i 


deputed  Waul :  \,  40. 


tack  with  less  \  iiror  or  spirit. 

:.  adv.,    lentils,   tong  l'-uis. 

slowly,  gently,  calmly,  digpas  lionatbly,  leisure- 
ly :  e.'irelessly,  imlitleienth  . 

'.Tl  I,  01  urn,  m..  the  Lcppi 
inhabiting  the  Alps  near  the  source  of  the 
Rhine:  IV,  10. 

m..  a  hare. 

!  Uel- 


Vey.  Iifciiili'ii' 

... 

,  VII, 

V.   21. — L. 

V  1 .  1 . 

body  ofstAi  A   /<- 

•ion  v>hn 

■ 


u,\  ,',ri,  .num.  m  .  the  I  pie  of 

LEVIS,  e,  adj.,  light,  small,   slight:   trifling, 
.  d  i  ere  lit  or  esteem,   iuconstdi 

fickle,     incotistantj    capricious, 
iless,  unreliable. 
1'AS,  etis.  (.. 
i  i  action,  agility,  niinblenogs,  swift- 
. 
bil 

ivi,  atum,   tr.,   leVis,   to   I 
:  to  excite,    r  i 

■  .    tighten  :  to   free, 
titer;  to  le?6en,   diminish, 
impajr. 
LEX,  legls,  f.,  written   law;  a  law,   statute, 

to  enj  iy  ..lie's  own 

independent 

LEXOVII,  oram 
CelticOanl:  1 1 1,  0. 

.  odv  ;  Uben  ,  ,   wil- 

; . ;  I : : 

man ;  a 
noble,  kind,  u  friendly   di-, 


,  LIBEJB 

I    '•:; 

I. ii.:.. 


246 


LIBERTAS-JMACHINATIO 


r. 
ideate. 

LIBERTAS,  Otis,  f.,  h'ber,  freedom,  liberty. 

LIBR/LIS,  e,  adj.,  libra.  apoundjof  a  pound; 
lil/rilia,  sc.  saxu,  stones  weighing  a  pound. 

L1CEXS,  tis,  part.,  licoor. 

LICENTIA.  ao.  f.,  licena,  free,  licet,  tho  pow- 
er of  doing  OBrfa  pleasure,  license,  liberty, ,  per- 
mission, leave ;  presumption,  contempt  oi'  right- 
ful authority ;  licentiousness,   insubordination. 

LTCEOH,  cri.licitus  sum.  dep.  into,  and  tor.,  to 
hid  for,  offer  a  priee  for,  bid.  Contra  liccri,  to 
bid  against. 

.  LICET,  imp.,  it  is  lawful,  it  is  permitted  or 
allowed  ;  one  may.  Licet  viilii,  ill},  etc.,  I  may, 
he  may,  etc.  Idea  voluntate  lied,  I  permit  or 
nllow. 

LICET,  conj..  Gr.§200,  Rem.  ft;  though,  al- 
though. 

LIGER,  eris,  and  LIGERIS,  is,  m..  the  Loire, 
,  Aixo  largest  river  of  Gaul:  III,  9.  Abl.  Ligcri, 
"(.Jr.  $33,  Rem.  1. 

•LIGNATIO,  cuis,  f.,  lignor,  lignum,  getting 

wood. 

L1GN-4TOR,  oris,  in.,  lignor,  one  sent  to  get 
wood;  a  hewer  of  wood,  a  wood  cutter. 

LILIUM,  i,  n.,  a  lily ;  a  lino  of  funnel-shaped 
pits,  with  asharpstako  planted  in  the  middle 
*  reach:  VII,  73. 

LINEA,  ae,  f.,  li'inira,  flax,  a  linen  thread,  a 
card,  String,  line. 

LINEUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  linum,  made  of  linl  or 
flax,  llaxen,  linen. 

LINGC-NES,  um,  in.,  the  Lingones,  a  people 
of  Belgic  Gaul :  I,  26- 

LINGUA,  ao,  f.,  the  tongue  ;  language ;  dia- 
lect, speech. 

LINGULA,  ae,  f.,  dim.,  lingua,  a  little  tongue; 
a  tongue  or  narrow  neck  of  land,  narrow  pen- 
insula. 

LIN'JCER.  tris,  £,  a  boat,  skiff,  wherry,  canoe. 

LiNUM,  i,  n.,  flax,  lint;  a  thread,  string, 
tinning  line ;  linen,  a  linen  garment. 

LISCUS,  i,  ni.  Liscus,  the  chief  magistrate 
•f  the  jEdui :  1, 1G. 

LITAVICUS,  i,  m.  Litayicus,'an  iEduiiu  of 
noble  family  :  VII,  37. 

LIS,  litis,  f.,  a  strife,  dispute,  quarrel,  con- 
troversy, lawsuit ;  the  matter  which  is  the  sub- 
ject of  a  lawsuit,  the  thing  injured,  tho  right 
violated.  Hence,  litem  xstimare,  to  estimate  the 
damages. 

"  LITTER  A  <>:•  LITERA,  ae,  f,  lino,  to  smear, 
aiettor  of  the  alphabet ;  pi,  letters,  characters* 
a  writing,  a  letter,  an  epistle ;  a  document,  pa- 
per; literature,  letters,  learning. 

LITUS,  oris,  n.,  tho  shore,  sea-side.  Rtronfl, 
(oast. 

LOCUS,  i,  m.,pl,  loci,  m.  and  loca,  n.,  Or.  J54; 
a  place,  situation,  spot,  locality,  part ;  station, 
post,  position.   Fiff^  place, room,  occasion, cause, 


opportunity;  rj 

ing,  state,  family,  rank,  station,  dignity,  stand- 
ing; a  subject.  BAftcf,  point,  part,  particular; 
Principcm  locum  obtiwn,  to  occu] 
place ;  to  lead,  be  chief.    Loco  or  in 

in  the  glace  or  stead  of,  for,  as,    ioca   ' 
op&niground.    Omnibus  in  locis.  in  all 
places,  everywhere. 

LOCt^US,  a,  um,  pari.,  loquor, 

LONGE,  ius,  issime,  adv.,  lougus,  far,  far  cfi. 
a  great  way  from,  at  a  distance  :  very  much,  by 
fir;  of  time,   long,  far,   much.    Longing,   far- 
ther; longer;  too  far,  somewhat  remote 
tant,  quite  far.     7V    • 

ice  (  f  three  miles,  t  iree  miles  off.    Lon- 
gissime.  farthes  o 

remote,  farthest  distal 

LOKGINQUUS,  a,  um,  i  ir.  issimus,  adj.,  Ion 
gus,  far  off,  remote,  distant ;  living  far  o  I 
.  of  long  duration. 

LONGISJ3IME.     SeoLonge. 

LOJNuITi --1)0,  iiiis,   f.,   longua,  length.       m 
inem,  in  length,  to  the  length. 

LONGIUS.     See  Longo. 

LONGURIUS,  i,  m.,  longua,  a  long  pole. 

LO.JGUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  long;  remote,   i 
Longum  cxt.  it  is  tedious,  it  takes  up  too   m'nclf 
time. 

LOQUOR,  Rci/tus,  sum,   dep.   tr.,   to 
talk,  discourse,  utter,  say,  tell,  declare- 

LOR/CA,  ae*  £,  lorium,   a   leather,  si: 
leather  cuirass,  a  corslet  made  of  leather  thongs, 
a  coat  of  mail,   breast-plate,   cuirass,   corslet; 
breast-work ;  a  parapet. 
.     LUCANIUS,  i.  m.     (Q.)    Luemius,  a  c 
on :  V,  3j>. 

LUCIUS,  i,  m.     Lucius,  n  Roman  ftmnoiu-n. 

LUCTEItlUS,  i,  m.  Lucterlus,  a  Cadurci.m, 
one  of  the-  officers  of  "\  i'ix.:VlI,  5; 

LUGOTOaiX,  igis,  to.    Lugoteri.it,   a  leader 
io.ciN  :    i  .  23. 

L(7lN"A,  ao,  f.,  tiio  moon.  Lima  plena,  th« 
full  moon.      ^ 

LUTETIA,Vke-  '■'■■    »'  '■"'  "■'■>    L"" 

tetia  of  the  Parisii.  now  Paris  :  VI,  3. 

LUTUM,  i,  n.',  clay,  mire,  mud,  dirt.  . 

LUX,   cis*,   f.,"  light,  day-light,   day. 
luce,  at 'day-break,  at  dawn  of  day.     OHa  luce., 
day-light  having  appeared,   when   it   was   day- 
light. 

LUXURIA,  ae:  f.,  aud  luxuries,  ei,  f.,  iuxus, 
luxo,  toput  out  of  joint,  luxury,  excess,  profu- 
sion, extravagance,  riotous  living. 


M 


JUL, an  abbreviation  ot  theprxiwmr n  Mciretu. 

MACKltIA,  ae,  f ,  an  enclosure,  a  wall. 

MACillNATIO,  onis,  f.,  niachinor,  to  contrive, 
machina.  a  contrivance,  device,  artifice,  machi- 
nation :  a  machine,  engine 


:roiiMA-  m  \ 


217 


MAGETOBRJ  ' .  .-.  .  .'.    Ha 
Saul  whose  sit<  ;•;  unoi  tata  : 

MAO  is  '  I  V£l\  3,  i.  no 

at;  bo  much  I'  "  Ither.  V.  20. 


MA(i  1 '  -  US,  ii-.  la.,  (uiagisl   0 

r»of  MA'I  of  Ol 
a  magistral-.  ;  a  maj 
iatrate. 

•     MAGNIFICIiS,  a,  urn.  adj.,  0   . 
nus-fu  iio,  great,  nol       tiigH-soul 


MA"  I  i.i.  intr.  ami  i ... 

t.ta.y.  tarry,  abide,  remain,  4 

firm  or 


■jUM^bnggtagikoaBtrUl,  ostentatious;  mi 
sent,  Bploi  di  1 1  'anmptuou  i,   rich,  ■ 

MAG N if  wait  for. 

bulk,  ma  ■' ;  weight,  Hani 

tanco;  in 

i' fori  inipuTar. 

do  wind 


puniahn 
MAG 

•j  ■■■•  I  '  •  xcced- 

UAi  mp.  major, 

•ilj..  grei  • 

nt.  im- 
lld  voire. 


MANIPULUS,   . 

liiu.ill'nl.  armful,   bundle;  a  band  of  • 
company,  maniple  .  the  third  pai  I 

bundle  of  hay  curled  on  the  t 

M.\>  ■  ,.  ii..  manua, 

sueo,  facio,  pass.,  Mansuefi 
tame.  I 

• 


KAJESTA  ■ 

i  band  ;  a  !>  >d, 


MA  ;  iic,  niiihis.  ' 

ly,  cnioj 

■      M  AL1  . 

a  bad  a       in,  a  •..  Innn,    m 

» 

BfALUS,  a,  am,  a 

ItJ 

KALUS,  i.  in.,  i..  i    applr 

tro»;  i 

t.)  \.n  i    I  FUM,  i.  ii. .  inando,  wli 
vmI  to 

MA'  udo. 

firo  in;  • 

MA.\  Hi   .;!  I,  v.i  ii 


with  the  id  to  1 

my:  I.  ." ! 

- 

■»  ' 

■ 
- 

Ultll  S]  Hi       ' 

i 
i 
■ 


243 


MATELtlOR— MF.TIOU 


aber,  (opposed 
i  'in.  futft.) 
; 

■    :  I  :  , 

jBiul  :   \ 
MAT!  mi  thei  lood, 

Dare  alicui 
fiUam  '  S'vc  in  marriage, 

to  marry. 
U  ATlto?s  A ,  ae,  f.,  the  Marno,  a  river  of  Fran.ce 
which  i'  ies,  little  abova  Paris: 

. 
\[\t  rius,  matarime  and   matur- 

■    b  time,   si  i 
porfcunely;  hi  peedily. 

;,[\';  ,  nrui.ii  in-ns,   to 

ton    turity. 
-,;  Vi'  "  and  intr..  matu 

allien  ripe,  bring  to  maturity ;  to 
ite,  quicken,  hasten,  despatcli ;  with  in/ 
(■)  make  haste,  hapten. 

'j  ,  a  urn,  adj.,  ripe,  mature;  of  tin; 
proper  age  fit,  seasonable  timely,  opportune; 
early,  spee.dy,  quick. 

iv..   (sap.  otmdgis,)  in  the  high- 
i  ist  of  all.   very,   above   all, 
very  much,  particularly,  chiefly,  espi    i  illy,  prin 
cipally.  -v. 

a.    inn,   adj.,   (sup.    of 

I  !,i.i,-l.  chi<  f,  lafj  i 

■    rery  greal 
quantity  of  ba 

Hiii  ■  ■ '   ■'       i  "  '  i  to  ■  i       hei  1,   re  ie- 

dj  ;  tfl  i :  e,  correct,  p) 

.'...■■  .'  Idling,  mod- 

erate, t.lerablc,  ordinary.    - 

amor)  .   ancom- 

ihon.  extraordinary. 

MEDIOCRITER,  adv.,medi< 
tolerabl;  i  ly,  slightly,  ordia  i 

iter,  not  moderately,    (.  e. 
orately,  greatly,  exceedingly. 

MEDIOMAXlUGIjOium,  imatrici, 

a.  people  of  lielgic  Gaul:  IV,  10. 

MEMTERRANEUS,  a,  umj  adj.-,  medius-ter- 
ra,  inland,  intoi  ior. 

MEDIUS,  a.  cm,  adj.,  Gr.  gl! 
middle,  in  the  r.iiddle  or  midst.    Xocus 
utriu:  ■('.:'.  a  place  hall  way  between  them;  Or. 
jjl3-l.  mid  lie  of  this 

passage. 

MELDT,  orum,   ni.  li,   a  people  of 

Qallia  (  ■:  ica  between  the   Marne  and  Seine: 
V,5. 

MEL1  comp.  of  bonus,)  better,  pref- 

erable, su]      i;  r.  more  excellent. 

MUL  uuum,  a  town  of 

the  Seuones  on  an  island  in  the.  Seine  :  TIT,  OS. 

MEMERl  Ji.  i;  i:..  -.  niember,  limb. 


1.  tr.  and  intr., 
.       .     . 
bear  in  mind, 

udful, 

rcmembi 

MKMORIA,  ae,  f.,  meinor,  memory,   remora- 

retinere 

.  be  ir  in   mind.    Time 

of  renii  ml  I  oi   recollection.    Wea 

.     moriq,  within  my  memory,  in  my  time. 

MENAPII,  orum,  m.,  the  Menapii,   a   i.coplo 
of  Belgic  Gaul:  11,4. 

MEXDACICM,  i,  n    .  e.tior, 

a  lie)  falsehood. 

mind,   disposition,   heart, 
h  •  intellectual  facu!  iiea,  up 
M  lib    ,  t  ,<,. ,  re,   vvilh 

heart  and  soul. 
MENSJBi  i;-  :l-..   '••'  of  time 

r  e  !  by   the  revolution   of  the   moon,   a. 
month. 

MENSJfRA,  ae.  :.,   metier,  a   measuring;  a 
measure.     Mi  nsi  dra  or 

water-glass,  a  kind  of  holif-gluss  in  which  water 
was  osed  instead  of  sand. 
MENTIO,  ouis,  .....         calling  to  mind, 
king  mention  •  of.    . 

mercor,  to  trade*,  raerx, 
a  merchant,  a  trader. 

'AT;/KA,  ae,  f.,  mercor,  the  trade  of  a 
merchant,  buying  and  soiling,   tni  I 
common  u  trad- 

ing. • 

"ages,   pay  ; 

i  ce  ;  income,  rcvenu     ii 

.  lUElUS,  i,"m,  jury,    the   son  of 

Jupiter  and  Maia.   an§   the   i  -      of  the 

.1,  17. 

MEREO,   ere,    ui,   itum,  tr.  and  intr.,'  and 

....  ,!■■; ■..  Do  a        :  ve,  merit, 'be 

.;    To 

j  iin,  gct.acquin         fei     ■    ■ . 

i  ■  i   ■ 
MERii)I-4NliS,'a,  mu,  adj  ■      of  nfid- 

:         ■  aidi 

.       .  at  mid  da'y  or  noon. 
AIKUIIMES,  ei,   m':,  medii  ud-dajr, 

noon;  the  south. 

ME.RXTO,  (adv.  ofoieriiiumj  •'■■■.  ei  ■.  e.:i.y  with 
reason: 

JIERITUM,  i,  n.:  mere,),  merit,  doscrt  (either 
ofrowa  uncut;)  a   kindness,   favor 

St;  demerit,  fault,  blame. 
MERJIlfSi  ■■•■  nm,  ;  arl .  s  ui  i  haY- 

r    desej  ie,l ;  d  serving';  P< 
earned  -  fit- 

MESS  .-I  LA,  ae.  nu     Messala,  a  lloman  family 

name.      M;  fffteriu  '•   &   Rouian 

consul,  A.  U.  C.  G83,  A.  C.  (il  :  i,  -  and  35. 

METIOR,  .'ri,  saehsus  sunt.  dep.  tr.,  to  mcaa- 

ure  of  (lands,  corn,  <S.c.,)  to 


MET  ■    MTESIA. 


UM!) 


measuri 

by  anothet,  t  -iuo. 

MKTl (•■:'/■-  DUM,  i.  n.    Me 
(ianl  near  Paris  :  >  '  I.  >'il. 

icssi 
gather,  i    foe 

mi.ti        . 

1)038.7  to  A.i.n  istUfi  : 

M  ETI  !     M-.  in.. 
-i.m  :  rear,  di  i  ad. 

WEUS,  a,  urn.  udj. 
ing  t 

MIDI. 

M/I.i. 
gion  di 

I 

i,  war. 
U  !  LIT]  i.,  fieo;  war. 

inillia, 

i  mile. 
I 
If  I,  17.  ' 

. 
.  very  little. 
U I  \ 

of. -ill,  i 

lli'-  yolll 

I 
- 


.     ■Iiiiiiiililc.     Mt'i 

P 

i   I'm. 

mi 

A 

by  a  da1 

word; 

hurl, 

.:  ixible, 
ta>it,  variable 

■ 

■ 
i 


360 


MtfiSTOiStf-NANCISCOR. 


HCESTUS.  a,  urn,  adj..  nicereo,  sad.  sorrowful, 
ko.u1,  Afflicted. 

MOLES,  in,  f..  a  huge,  shapeless 'mass,  aheap, 
uugobulk;  a   huge   pilo  or    fabric;  a  mound, 
dike  ;  a  difficulty. 
'  MOLESTE,  adv.,  molestus,  tro;ihli'some,awlcs. 


MOVEO,  ere,  i,  tum,  tr.  and  intr.,  to  move, 
stir,  sot  in  motion ;  to  remove,  drive  away. — 
Slovere  castra,  to  remove  one's  camp,  decamp. 
Fig.  to  make  an  impression  upon,  move,  affect. 
influence. ' 

MULIi:       oris,  f.,   (perhaps   from   mollis,)   a 


offensively,    troublesomcly.    Molesle  fart,  to    woman 
bike  ill  or  unkindly,  botlispleased  at. 

M0L1MENTUM,  i.  n.,  molior.  to  strive,  great 
offort.  endeavor,  exertion,  struggle,  pains,  troub' 
le,  labur. 

MOL1TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  molo. 

.V10LL10,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  tr.,  mollis,  to 
uiako  soft  or  pliant ;  to  render  less  difficult  or 
disagreeable.  BHvuni  mollire,  to  make  the  as- 
e.ent.  of  a  bill  easier. 

MOLLIS,  e,  adj.,  for  movilia,  jnoveo,  pliant, 
flexible;  soft,  stipple,  yielding,  tender,  delicate; 
gentle,  mild,  placid,  temperate,  calm ;  weak, 
■oft,  unmanly,  (Agminate,  voluptuous,  irreso- 
lute.   MoJleUtiQ  a  gently  ^loping  beach. 

MOLL1TIES,  <i,  t,  mollis,  soltness;  weakness, 
want  of  firmness,  irresolution,  effeminacy. 

MOLO,  ere,  ui,  ituni,  tr.,  to  grind. 

MOMENTUM,  i,  n.,  for  movimentum,  movco, 
a  Biotion  or  impulse  :  anything  that  causes  mo- 
tion, force,  power ;  value,  weight,  influence, 
consequence,  importance;  a  moment  of  time. 

MON'A,  ae,  f.,  the  Isle  of  Man,  in  St.  George's 
Channel  between  England  and  Ireland  :  V,   13. 

MONEO,  ere,  ui,  itum,  tr.,  (root  men,  whence 
mens,  mcinini,  &C.,)  to  cause  tc  remember,  to 
put  in  mind,  advise,  admonish,  warn;  to  in- 
struct, inform,  tell,  announce. 

MONS,  tis,  m.,  a  mountain;  high  hill. 

MORA',  ae,  f.,  delay,  hindrance. 

MOKATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  nioror. 


MULIO,  oais,  m.,  nvdus,  a  mule-driver,  mule- 
teer. 

MULT  ATUS,  a,  um,  part ,  multo. 

MULTITCDO,  iuis,  f.,  raultus,  a  multitude, 
great  number  or  quantity,  number,  the  multi- 
tude, rabble,  populace.     Pro  muUitudine  homi-,- 
nuni,  considering  the  number  of  people,  consid- 
ering (their)  population. 

MULTO  or  MULCTO,  ate,  avi,  atum.tr.,  mul- 
ta,  a  fine,  to  punish,  deprive  of,  fiuo. 

MULTUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  for  moltus,  molitus. 
p:irt.  of  molo,  to  increase,  Gr.  £72,5;  many, 
much.  Multi^  many,  many  persons.  Malta. 
many  things.  Multo,  n.  abl.,  Gr.  £103,  much, 
by  much,  far,  by  far,  a  great  deal.  Ad  multam 
noctem,  fill  late  at  night,  multo  die;  when  th» 
day  was  lar  advanced. 

MDXUS,  i,  m.,  a  mule. 

MU  N ATIUS,  i,  m.    See  Plancus. 

MUNDUS,  i.  m.,  order,  the  universe;  the 
heavens ;  the  world ;  beauty  arising  from  or- 
der, ornament. 

MUN1MEXTUM,  i,  n..  munio,  a  fortification, 
defence,  bulwark,  protection. 

MUNIO,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  tr.,  to  iuclos« 
with  walls,  fortify,  secure,  defend,  strengthen. 
Iter  munire,  to  open,  make  "passable. 

MUN1TIO,  onis,  f.,  nmuio,  a  fortifying,  de- 
fending, strengthening ;  a  fortification,  defence 

MUN/TUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  nmnio,  for- 


MOUliUS,  i,  m.,  a  disease,  distemper,  ailruonv,  ,  tiiieil ;  guarded,  defended,  secured,  protected. 


malady,   sickness.     Gravi  morbo  ulfici,  to  be 
very  ill  or  sick. 
4       MORINI,  orum,  m  ,  the  Morini,  a  people  of 

llolgic  Gaul  :  II,  -!. 
ft      MORIOR,  iri  and  i,  mortuus  sum,  moritt-'fus, 
dep'.  intr.,  mors,  to  die,  expire. 

MOK1TASGUS,  i,  m.  Moritasgus,  a  king  of 
the  Senones  :  V,  54. 

MOROR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dcp.  intr.  and  tr.,  mora, 
to  deiay,  tarry,  sta>,  linger,  loiter  ;"to  cause  de- 
lay;  to  retard,  detain,  hinder,  impede,  delay, 
stop,  prevent,  huld  in  check. 

MORS,  tis,  f.,  death. 

MOKTUUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  morior, 
load. 

MOS,  merit,  m.,  a  manner,  custom,  way,  us- 
ago,  practice.  More  or  ex  more',  according  to 
custom,  after  the  manner,  according  to  the  us- 
age or  practice     So  morions  aliquorum. 

MOSA.  ae,  f.,  ihe  Meuse,  a  river  of  Bolglc 
Gaul :  IV,  lJ. 

.  MC/i'US,  us,  m.,  a  motion, moving,  movement; 
4  t»aimotion,  tumult,  sedition,  rebellion. 


Mt'MJS,  eris.  n.,  service,  function,  duty,  em- 
ployment; a  service,  a  favor;  a  gift,  present, 
reward,  fivor. 

MURALIS,  e,  adj..  minus,  of  a  wall,  mural. 
Murale  pilum,  a  heavy  javelin  used  by  tho»e 
wlio  fought  on  the  walls  of  a  besieged  place,  a 
mural  dart  or  javelin.  Falccs  muralet,  hook* 
for  pulling  down  walls;  wall-hooks. 

MtfRUS,  i,  in.,  a  wall  of  a  city   etc. 

MUSCULUS,  i,  m.  dim,  mus,  a  mouse,  a  littlw 
mouse ;  a  shed  used  in  besieging  towns. 
.  MUTILUS,  a,  um,  adj.,   maimed,   mutilated. 
Mulilus  vornibus,  having  the  horns  broken   6f& 
without  horns. 

N 

NACTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  nanciscor. 
NAM  or  XXyUll.ii,  conj..  Gr.  gl2:.:,  4,  i7  ;   lor. 
NAME1US,  i.   ril.     -N'ameius,  a  ehiefHf  the 
Ilelvetii,  senL  as  an  ambassador  to  Ca-sar :  I,  7. 
NAIlQCEi  conj.,  nam-quo.     See  Warn.    . 
NANCiSOOK,  i,  nacfus and nanctus sum 


\.    -J 


NANNETES- 

fcr.,  to  get,  obtain,  receive ;  to  moot  with,  find, 
find  by  chance,  fall  nr  light  on. 

NANN/i'TES,  urn!  m..  (lie  Xannotcs.  a  people 
of  Celtic  Gaul,  whose  country  was  oil  tho  north 
Of  the  Loire,  and  from  whom  the  town  of 
Nantes  takes  its  name:  III.  '■'• 

NANTTMTES,  urn,  mi,  the  Nanraatcs,  u  peo- 
ple of  Celtic  Gaul  who  resided  at  the  foot  of  tho 

Alps:  III    1. 

NABBO,  onis,  m..  the  Narbonne,  a  colony  and 
<?itj  of  the  Gallic  Province  :  III.  'J  '. 
XASCOB,  i.  n  (til-;  sum.  dep.  intr..  to  I 

arise,  tako  its  begiunin  ;,  grow  ;  to  be 
'  found  or  produo  d  ;  to  rise, 

N  iSl'A.  re-,  in.     Nasua.  the  brother  of  Cim- 

of  the  Snevi  :  I.  :  7. 

N  AT  ILIS,  e.  adj..  u   I  us,  of  a  man's  birth  or 

nativity,  natal,  native.   /'■■  s  n  Ualis,  a  birth-day. 

NATU),  onis.  f..  nasc  ir,  a  being  bom,  birth: 

,  race,  breed,  kind ;  n   i 

rii>.'.  nation,  peopli  u  itimes  more 

restricted  in  its  mi  '    BomO- 

•imes  identical  with  it. 

NAT/VUS  a,  am,  .-.'If..  natus,tbat  haaariscn 
>Y  birth,  that  is  I)  »rn,  baring  an  i 
[Inning;  tmparti  d  by  birth,  inn  ' 
boral,  not  artificial. 

NATTJ,  in.  abl.,  Gi    {  51,  irth.   in 

age.    Major  nutu.  older.  ••.  the 

>lder  persons,  old  men.  ciders, 

NATi'KA.  ao,  f,  nascor,  nature;  the  nature, 
latural  liimtion,  bent, 

aocoi  d- 

ii:;  i a  the  natural  (    ur I    the    river, — down 

stream.   Triqwtra  nktnra,  miturally  triangular. 

X.lTI.'S.  a.  ii  n.  pi    •  b  ru,   sprung, 

(risen:    prodi  'at.,     fil',    born  to, 

ori.Kil  or  i;  ti  -  ''  I  for,  lit  for,  suited  to. 

NATTTA.  ae,  m.,  '*  •■  lavita,  navis,  a  sailor, 
mariner;  Beanian. 

NAUTICUS.  a.  urn.  adj..  of  or  belonging  to 
uat iners  nr  .•■hips,  nautii  il.  m  ral. 

NAV.1MS.  e.  srij 
■faipa,  naval. 

NAYH  UP  \.  ne.  f.  ,l:in..  mvi-.  a    little   fkifl". 

jkiff,  b  >a( 

NAVIGATIOjOi  navigat- 

ing navigation  ;  a  \ 
NAVKillM.  I,  n.,  uaviga  I. boat. 

NAVIGO,  are,  avi,  atum.  tr.  and  iutr.,  navi-  - 
i  steer  or  navigate  iship;1     sail,  navi- 
tail  in  nr  up-  n,  -  i  i  over.     Navigator,  im- 
u  igation  is  carri    I  on    tin  y  sail. 
N„1YIS.  is.  f.    a    -' 
hip  of  war.     .VatJi  -  transport. 

NvlVo,  are.  avi,  atum.  tr.  navns 
form  rigorously  or  diligently.    Cjpenun  - 

stly  or 
•eiiloniily. 

If  K.  ronj..  Qr.  {183,  Rein.  2;  tl    • 
4fT  not,  )e?t.    AfUr  tvrbt  of  hindering,   from. 


HBG0T1UM.  S5l 

with  the  participial  noun  ;  as.  l^rt'rrrrr  n-  /rv- 
minium  can/rrant,  to  deter  from  collecting. 

NE*— QriDEM.  a  h-..  not  even. 

NE.  ni-'.-fi-  .y.,,;.,  Or.  (JS1,  '2  ;  g21C,  3  :    i 
reel  f/wfti^ii--  il  is  ammnnly  oiniited  in  :, 
tnp  into  finglish;  in  in!':  Whclfir 

•i?  or  w. —  )',  whether — or. 

NEC  or  NEQUE,  conj.,  no-quo,  awl  n 

•thcr.   nor.   bat   nol  I  .    noither — nor. 

Nitqtte — owit,  neither— nor.    Njfiuc  tamen,  utk) 
yet  not,  but  yet  not. 

NMCITT.;.  a,  um.  part,,  neco. 

NBCBSSARIUS,  a,  um,  aa]  iiocesm^ 

ry,  needfu'..  unavoidable,  urgent,   pressing,   >•- 
friendly,    favorable.     A  •     virtus. 
)',  ai. ,  a  nneotion,  intimate 

friend.  ttbl.  ».  adv..    by    l. 

imjmu,  a  critical  tim< ; 
a  time  of  need. 

NECESSE,    n.  ind.uidj..   nc-ccdo,   whal 

ble,  nocc  nary,  of  n  tnl      \      -•> 

est,  it  is  necessary,  n 

ble. 

NECESSITAS.  utis,  f.,  necesse,   unaj   idable- 
iii'.-.  ii 
tale  ;  pl„  .<■  -i  :    .  wants. 

NECESSITTfDO,  iiii-'.  f.  • 
need;  relationship,  friendship,  connection,  se- 
at    ii 

NECNE  or  NEC  NE,  nee— no,   conj!  oi 
or  no,  (used  in  the  second  part  ol  a  double  ques- 
tion.) 

NECO,  are,  avi,  or  ni,  atum,  rnrrh..   ncctnm, 
tr.,  to  put  to  death,  blay,  kill,  destn  y. 
witJiout  a  weapon,  by  hunger,  poison,  ir. 

NECTJBI,  adv.,   tfo-alicobi,  soinowhen 
anywhere,  that  nowhere. 

KEFARIUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  nofas,  wicked,  im- 
pious, base,  villainous,  execrable  nefarious, 
abominable.' 

NEFA3,  n.  iud.  adj.,  ne-fbfi,  oontcarj  todlrin*. 
law:  n  it  lawful,  unlawful, oxecrablu ;  mbs.  »» 
unlawful  thing  or   action  ;  an    i: 
wicked  deed,  impiet]  .villainy. 

NEGLECTC8,  a.  Dm,  part.,  i    gllgo. 

NEG1  IGO,  ero.   \-i.   ctni 

]lick   Up  ; -hn  rr.  to  11 

slight,  make  light  ol 
l.ok.  pa 

ivi.  atom.  t!'.  and  in'r  .    | 

t'ir.  infin 

■    [I   I 

■ 
•i  ii"M.  I,  n..  i 

■.it  of  nee  '/"  ■* 


25  2. 

..  the  Xe 

lam,  in  no  jfese,  by  n  i  means,  n  it  at  all. 
c 
. .     ;  ll'i;i"A.M.  adv.,  nc^quidqi 
i  ■    -  .  ]  .  ■  ■  ii,   not  without 

on,  1       ■■  itTi  >i  t  n  iequ  i  ' 

tgdl&lS, 'oe  NE'  QUIS,'  qua,   qtiod   or   quid, 
NEfl  i 

t.hio  X".'  i  !'-!:!■   '     pi    iplo    ■ 

.       I       .  Vi  .   EHUS- 

I 

''\:\  ':'.  .mm:,  coilj  .  :; .:-vi  ,  and  that 

I 

leithci  I     ithcr — or. 

NEUTER,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  no— titer,  neither  of 
a  two,' .« 

N  EX  laugh- 

i:  r.    Vila  i  '  ■ 

nited  power. 
NIHIL,  n.  i  [ILUfl,i,n.ne-hilum, 

the  eye  o]    a  pea,  nothing  nought,  not    a    whit, 
nothing  at  all.    Acs.,  §155,   in   no  respect,   in 
eg,  not  at  all.     With,  a  genitive,  no,  mine. 
F  tliosi 
jv-hi     not  i 
i.     A  .'..■  <lo  miii.uk  or  xecitts.    no  le 

i       lore 
NIL.  i 

Ii,  I  much,   i'x- 

. .  cru    y,  exe         ■    r.  tmyoira  men  a  ■■■ 
NLMIU8,  a.  uiu,  adj.,  nimius,  too   much,  too 

imod     i   ■ 
• 

I      t,    UMlCSS,     BXCe] 

p"pt  that,     .Y.  :    .  i,  unless,  if  not. 

'..   the   Xitibbrij 
count!  ii  uated  up- 

oti  the  Garonm  :    .  .  :.  7. 

md   nixus  sum.  dep.   intr. 
'  om  genu, 

pport  ou  toe  1.  upon,  r<  - 1    up- 

a,  depend  upon,    1 1 

Xi.'lil  LIS,   ■• 


\.  by  higl 


{,  dUtingn 
m  mi  ;  pi.  nob 

:  ibilis,  fan 

.  noble- 

. 
OCEXS,  tis,  flart.  and  adj.,    noceo,  hurtful, 
sobs,  I,  wicked,   criminal. 

-,  m.  pi.,  the  g-uil  I  :    the  criminal. 
10,  ere,  ui,  itum,  intr..   to  hurt,    injure, 
Ii  triu.  .    Ut.  §114.  5,    an    i 

jury  U  done,  da  i 
is  hurt. 

NOCTU,  f.  abl.,  Gr.|57,  i 
night-time. 

NOCTURNUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  nun 
uoi  tnrnal.    Nbctwnumtempus,  the  night-time, 
night. 
NODTF3,  i,  oi  nob; 

NOLO,  nolle,  nil;;:,  irr.  non-volo,  (Jr.  §111; 
Co  be  iKiu  iIIm.       it  to        ...    Si         noIU  nt  in- 

i,   if  flicy  did  not    \  ;  h   theuiselv 
Nolite  hos  spolidre.  do  n  it  deprive  I 

NOMEN,  iui.s.  a.,  uosco,  that  by  which  oh<J 
in  known,  :t  name,  appellation.  Sua  nomine,  <;n 
biis  own  account.  Niiinin  obsidiUTtt,  in  the 
name  of,  as  hostages.  Slaves  among  the  Unmans 
had  but  oue'ti.. 

wore  i!i  ,  rale   ;  the 

or  n  tine  of  their  g  ns  or  el  >■>  :  tin 
:  i  m   of  their   /.tmili.i  or  family,  and  the  pru- 

i  .  r  name  of  the  individual.  To  thi 
s  inn  limes  added  the  ;t{  a  mart,  given  on  acwuiit 
of  some  exploit  or  peculiar  characteristic! 

XOMiX.n.  . 

[iri     :  .■■  rally: 

NOMiNO,  are,  a\a  ,i  iiw  in,  io  name, 

call  by  name,  speak  of;  to  nominate  for  an  office, 
neg.  adv.,  not,  no. 
•VONiE}  arum,  f.,  nonus,  the  nones  or  niutli 
.  .  fore  the  ides.     The  nones  fell  on  the  sCv< 
enth  day.of  March,  May,  July  and  October,  and 
the  fifth  of  tli"  other  months;  Gr.  'i->±- 
NONAGINTA,  ind.  num.  adj.,  novem,  ninety. 
NOND 
NONNIIIIL  or  NO 

o    ■■      ■  .  . 
NONNULLUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  .Hon-nulhi; 
XOXXt..\i;iJ.\lI,  alv..  nohvimnquam, 

j  .  i,   ..  o        ionally. 
XoXUS,  it,  ni  ;n.  the  ninth 

NOTIELA,  a'i,  f.     Noreia,  tiie  principal 
tin.-  Xu  Jiany  :  7.  5. 

-.    .       :   . 

rut,  of   0:r /win;/ ;  X-.i  i   . 
See  EgOj 

,  novi,  urrtum.  ii'.,   to   get   kuo«l- 

m  .,  tain  I   d  with,  learn  ;  to  ax- 

r.     X.,r'.    1  i  ave  Learned     1    am 


' 


XO«MET— fjB 


J|Ql  KNTIJi 


acquainted  with,  I  know,  under.--:  -.-id,  <M 
Rem.  5. 

NOSMET.    See  Egomct. 

NOSTEll,  Ira,  trum,  adj.  pro.,  rigour,  ourB 
our  own.  X>st.-i.  />.'..  our  men.  fellow -country, 
men,  soldiers,  troops,  etc. 

NOTITIA,  ae,  f.  iMns,  knowledge,  acquaii 
tance;  sexual  intercourse;  a  notion,  concert 
Hon,  ide;). 

NOTTS,  n,  inn,  part,  and  adj.,  nosco,  kno 
well-known,  ascertained,  manifest,  notorious 

NOV  EM,  num.  adj.  ind..  i 

HOVI,  etc.     See  Nosco. 

NOVIOIH'NUM,  i.  n„  a  town  .>f  the  .Edui, 
now  Nevers:  VII,  .">.">.  \1>.,  a  town  of  the 
Biturigcs,  now  Noann-lc  Fuzela  VII,  12.  Also 
a  town  of  the  Suessioncs.  now  Soisaons:    11.  12, 

NOYITAS,  utis.  f.,  novus,  newness,  novelty, 
strangeness,  unusual 

NOYTJS,  a,  urn.  .nij.,  new,  fresh,  rei  -m  ;  nov- 
el, unusual,  uncommon,  strange,  ..Re*  nova, 
change  of  government,  a  revolution.  So  novum 
wmptrium:  11.  1.  Nbvistimut,  a.  m,  sup., 
last,  extreme,  hindm  t.  in  the  i 
muma^nt«ti,'the  rear-guard,  rear. 

NOX,  ctis.  f..  night,  night-time,  the  night. 
Midta  nod  .  lati  at  night,  at  a  late  hour  in  the 
night. 

N'OXA,  ao,  t..  noceo,  t»  Aart'.hurt,  harm,  dam 
injury;  an  offence,  fault,  crime. 

NUBO.  ere,  nupsi  and  nup'.a  sum,  nuptum, 
intr..  to  cover  with  a  veil,  veil.  Hence,  as  brides 
in  ancientlfmes  were  accustomed  to  put  on  a 
veil,  l'i  man;/,  be  married,  spoken  of  the  bride 
only.  Nuptum  COllocarc,  t  >  give  in  marriage, 
Gr.jm. 

NUD.4TCS,  a.  uin,  part.,  nudo. 

Ni1>'»,  arc,  avi. atum,  tr.,   nudue,  to   make 
1,  plun- 
_  dor,  deprive:  to  lay  bare.  ■  lofence- 

less  or 

N  (7DTJ8,  a,  inn.  adj.,  naked)  b  u  •-.  ui 

.  .indefended.      '  -,,    with 

the  body  unprotected,  without  a  shield. 

NULI.L'S.  a,  mil.  adj.,  ne-ulln-.  n.  i  any, none, 
v 

HUM,  jnterrog.  >u  not 

translated;   in    indirect    question*,    whether, 

whether  or  not,  Gr.  §81,  3;  21«,  3. 

HtrMEN,inis,  n..  (nuo,  obs.,)  a  nod ;  the  will 
(as  expressed  l>y  nodding  the  head  ;J  tlie  divine 
will,  rule  er  power  of  the  gods;  adeity, divinity, 
god. 

HUMERUS,  i,  m.,   number,  quantity  ;  rank, 
ion.     In  Hitmen  hmUum,  among 
•ne-  enemies.    Ad  numn-um,  to  the  full  or 
bed  number. 

M  Ml"  1m  arum,  in.,  the  Numidian*. 
tants  ol'  Nuinidin,     Also,  adj,  Numidian:  II.  7 

HUXMUB  or  H7MUS,  I,  m.,  apioo*  ,  I 
rf,  a  coin  ;  money. 


F"    4MBy^c  Xunqiiam. 

NT.  adv.,  now.  ;it,  this  i,,,,,.,  ^  prcHitit. 

NCTATtTS,  a,  u:„.  part.,  from 
st  vein .a.,-,  yi,  atum,  tr.,  nuncio*  to  an 
'unce.  bring  news,  bear  tidings,    tell,    report 
make  Known,  relate;  iuTotm,  advise^ 
'uioialur,  imp.,   it  is  announced,   int.  J, 
i-  given,  word  is  brought. 
NU.VC1CS,  i,   m.   iiovum-cio,  a   bringer   ot 

Wi  news,  tiding*;  intelligence;' 
a  message,  command,  order. 

HI  VN'ro.ai-eavi,  atum,  tr..  nome„-,;«pio. 
to  name,  call  by  name,  express,  name.  pro. 
nou  nee. 

NUXQUAM,   adv.   ne-u„quumv  at  no   tim(. 

never. 

M'vrroifeNU.VTius.    As  rTaacio,  etc. 

PER,  adv. /or  n  , viper  from  novus.  not 

""•e.    lately,  recently,  ot 
late. 

M  I'Trs.a,  urn.  part.,  nubo. 

CI  s.-iu,  ui. ..,,,,.;,  lwJ.  anodw  «*«, 
pr''<s'"1  "S  '"".  c  """•and,  pleasure,  consent 
ASnttfwivathtonod,  according  to  his  wilier 
whim. 


o 


Oil.  pre;,,  with  ace.,  at,  about,  before;  for,  o„ 
''  ":l"  "'■  ta«tead  of  Jn  composition,  around. 
against,  towards,  before,  over 

OH.E.'l.riT.s  a.  ,„„,  adj.,  Jb-ses,  involved  in 
debt;  cufo.,  one  sold  for  debt,  a  debtor. 

0BD6'O,  ere,  id,  ctum,  tr.,  ob-duco,  to  lead 
or  conduct  before,  draw  before,  bring  rforward: 
to  bri  ug  or  draw  over  or  round.  OOJucere  fos- 
lOm,  to  extend  a  ditch. 

011K0,  ire,  ii,  ituni,  intr.  and  irr.,  ol- 
go  to,,,,  st,  g  ■  ag  im-i  j  to  go  to  and  fro,  run  up 
■".g>  round,  go  too,- visit;  to  an 
-.    perl  mil    ,  tecute,    do.  direct;   sc 

(0  die. 

OBIT  US,  us,  m.,  ob-eo,  death. 

0BJ1  '.    to   throw  or  pui 

"now  in  the  way.   throw    to,   hold   out. 

"n"'-|,;  '  .  o,.pOW, 

P,a  "    '  .-,,,.   ,,,,|.. 

site  to.  lying  i 

OBLriTUg,  a,  uin.  pa]  l..  ■ 

OBUi 
obliquely. 

OBLyyCDi,  a,  urn,  adj.,  ob-liquus,*) 
.  slanting. 

"I!l  M  BOOB    ■  ■  ,      U     and   ,m. 

ob  and  root  uv,  to  t- 

.  obsacio,  •*■ 
Cram,  to  ait  f„r  <i»dt  lake,  to  entreat,  be* MB, 
implore,  ,  g|  |  ayurr. 

«-ae»i . 
compliance,  o  tnj  laisanco,  itidul, 

. 


z&4 


0B3ERVATUS,  a,  um,  part,  observe 
OBSERVO,,  are,  avi,  atumjitr.,  ob-serv 
observe,  watch,  note,  pay  attention  to ;  t 
*orve,  regard,  obey,  comply  with,  submit  to. 

OBSES,  idi.-j.  iu.  and  f..  ob-sedeo,  a  hostage,  a 
pledge. 

OBSES.SIO,  onis,  f.;  obsideo,   a  besieging,  a 
■Hege. 
OBSESSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  obsideo. 
OBSIDEO,  <rrc,  scdi,  sessum,  tr.,  ob-sodeo,  to 
*it  down  against,  sit  around,  boset ;  to  lay  siege 
to,  invest,  besiege.    Intr.,  to  remain,  abide. 

OBSIDIO,  onis,  f.,  obsideo,  a  siege,  blockade. 
Obsidionem  relinquere,  to  raise  a  siege. 

OBSIGNO,  are,  avi.  atum,  ob-signo,  signum, 
to  seal,  seal  up.  Obsignare.  testamsntam,  to' 
make  one's  will. 

OBSISTO,  ere,  stiti,  stituni,  intr.,  ob-sislo, 
reduplicated  from  sto,  to  place  one's  self  before, 
stand  in  the  way  of,  oppose,  obstruct,  withstand, 
resist. 

OBSTINATE,  adv.,  obstinatus,  resolved,  ob- 
itino,    lengthened  form  of  obsto,    resolutely, 
ilrmly,  steadily,  inflexibly,  pertinaciously. 
OBSTRICTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  obstringo. 
OBSTRINGO,  ere,  nxi,  ctum,  tr.,  ob-stringo, 
to  draw  tight,  to  bind  fast,  tie  to  or  about ;  to 
•blige  greatly,  bind,  engage,  unite,  put  under 
obligation. 
OBSTRUCT!!*,  a,  um,  part.,  obstruo." 
OBSTRUO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  ob-struo,  to  pile 
up,  to  build  up  before  or  against,  to  block  or 
-hut  up,  stop  up  by  building  against,  barricade, 
obstruct,  render  impassable. 

OBTEMPERO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  ob-tem- 
pero,  to  obey,  comply  with,  submit  to,  conform 
to. 
OBTENTCRUS,  a,  um,  part.,  obtineo. 
OBTESTOR  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  ob-testor, 
testis,  to  call  one  to  witness,  protest  by  a  per- 
ron ;  to  conjurs  by  calling  God  to  witness,  sup- 
plicate, entreat,  beseech,  implore. 

OBTINEO,  eru,  ui,  entum,  tr.,  ob-toneo,  to 
hold,  have,  possess;  'to  keep,  maintain,  retain, 
preserve ;  to  occupy ;  to  obtain,  get,  require, 
procure,  gain,  accomplish,  effect;  to  prove, 
*how,  demonstrate.  Hem  obtinere,  to  effect 
•roe's  object,  carry  one's  point,  be  victorious. 
Intr.,  to  last,  stand,  prevail,  olkain. 
OBTULI,  etc.  See  Offero. 
OBVENIO,  iro,  veni,  ventum,  intr.,  ob-venio, 
come  in  the  way  b y  chance,  come  before ;  to 
meit;  to  fall  to  oio'b  lot,  fall  to;  to  fall  out, 
happen,  occur. 

OBVIAM,  adv.,  ob-viam,  in  the  way,  towards, 
against,  to  meet.  Obviam  prqficisci,  <£c.,  to  go 
to  meet,  advance  to  meet. 

OCCASIO,  onis,  f.,  occido.a  Billing  out,  hap- 
pening; htnee^  an  occasion,  opportunity,  fit  or 
«<ravenient  Reason,  favorable  circumstances. 
OCC.4SUS,  us,  m,  occido,  a  falling,  going 

1; 

V- 


-^OCELUM. 

oiug  down  or  sotting  of  the  heav- 
the  west.    Solis  occasus,  the  set- 
W^^Hpfie  ?nn,  sunset,  the  west.    A  fall,  ruin. 
dcsOEtion. 

OCCIDENS,  tis,  pari.,  occido,  falling,  setting. 

Sol  Occident,  the  setting  sun,  sunset,  the  west. 

OCC/DO,  atfe,  cidi,  ci'sum,  tr.,  ob-csedo,  to 

I  strike  down ;  to  beat,  strike,  crush ;   to  kill, 

]  slay,  slaughter,  destroy,  cut  off,  especially  in 

I  open  fight. 

OCCIDO,  ere,  idi,  casum,  intr.,  ob-cado,  to 
•  fall,  fall  down;  to  go  down,  set ;  to  fall,  perish. 
die. 
OCCiBUS,  a  lira,  part,  and  adj.,  occido. 
OCCULTATIO.  onis,  f.,  occulto,  a  hiding,  con- 
cealing; 
OCCULTE,  adv.,  occultus,  secretly,  privately. 
OCCULTUS,  a,  um,   adj.,  part,  of  occulo,  to 
hide,  ob-colo,  hidden,  secret,  concealed,  obscure . 
Occultwm,  i,  n.,  a  secret  thing  or  place.    In  or 
ex  occulto,  sc.  loco,  in  a  secret  place,  in  conceal- 
ment, in  secret,  secretly. 

OCCULTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  Ireq.,  occulo,  to 
hide,  cover,  conceal,  secrete. 

OCCUPATIO,  onis,  f.,  occupo,  a  taking  pos- 
session, seizing  violently,  seizure,  occupying ; 
an  occupation,  business,  employment,  engage- 
ment. Tantularuriirerunioccupationcs,  engag- 
ing in  such  trivial  affairs,  business  of  such  small 
importance. 

0CCUP.4TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  occupo,  soizctl,  fa- 
ken  possession  of;  occupied,  busy,  employed, 
engaged. 

OCCUPO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  ob-capio,  to  lay 
hold  of,  lay  hands  on,  seize,  occupy,  take  pos- 
session of,  get  the  start  of;  to  prevent,  antici- 
pate; to  take  up  entirely,  engross;  to  engage, 
employ.  Regnum  occvpare,  to  get  possession  of 
the  sovereignty. 

OCCURRO,  ere,  curri  and  cucurri,  cursum. 
intr.,  ob-curro,  to  go,  come  or  run  to  meet, 
meet,  come  up  to ;  to  encounter,  charge,  rush 
upon,  attack;  to  chance  or  light  upon;  to  fall 
in  with,  hit  upon,  meet  with,  be  involved  in;  to 
hasten,  run  up  quickly;  to  suggest  itself,  occur ; 
to  oppose,  resist;  to  provide  against,  obviate, 
counteract.  Occurritar,  imp.,  they  run  to  meet 
also,  counteracting  measures  are  taken. 

OCCCRSO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.  freq.,  occur- 
ro,  to  run  to  meet,  rush  against,  attack,  charge, 
oppose. 

OCIUS,  adv.,  sup.  ocissimc;  more  swiftly, 
more  quickly.  The  comparative  ocius  is  often 
used  for  the  positive. 

OCEANUS,  i,  m.,  the  ocofcn;  in  Ciesar,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean:  II.  34.  Marc  oceanv.m,  the 
ocean. 

OCEI.UM,  i,  n.,  Ocelum,  a  town  In  the  Alps, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Gallia  Cisalpina,  perhaps  tb* 
modern  Usselio:  I.  10. 


OCtlNG 


OCTINGEXTI,  »,  a,  num.  adj.,  oca 
eight  hundred. 

OCTO,  ind.  num.  adj..  eight. 

OCTODECIM,    ind.    num.    adj..   octo-c 
eighteen. 

OCTOD£/RUt\  i.  m.,  a  town  of  the  Veragri  in 
Gallia  Narboaensis,  near  tbo  Uhono.  tho  mod- 
ern Martigny  :  III.  1. 

OCTOGINTA,  ind.  num.  adj.,  octo,  eighty. 

OCT  OX  I,  ob,  a,  num.  adj.,ooto,  eight  bj 
sight  each ;  eight. 

OCULUS,  i,  m..  the  eye;  the  eyorsight,  >  ision. 

ODI  or  OSUSSUM,  def.,  Gr.  gll3;  I  hate. 
dotest,  abhor;  dislike,  am  displeased  with. 

CSHDM,  i,  n.,  hatred,  hair,  grudge,  ill-will, 
malioo,  animosity,  dislike,  enmity. 

OFPENDO,  ere.  di,  mini,  intr.  and  tr..  9b  and 
against,  hit,  Btrike  or  run 
against,  run  into:  to  hurt  by  Btriking  ■• 
to  shock,  offeni.  give  off<  nee,  displease,  annoy  ; 
to  err, blander,  commit  a  fault.  <lo  Mniss;  to 
[ail,  meet  with  ill-success,  be  unforttinato,  suffer 
a  defeat ;  to  be  offended.     2  .  imp.,  a 

disaster  may  occur. 

OFFENSIO,  onis,   f.,   offendo,   a  striking    a- 
gainst,  trij  ping,     ambling;  a  stumbling  block, 
reion,  dislike,  hatred, 
offence.     Sine  offentione  animi.  without  ■  ■ 
ing  the  feelis 

OFFEllO,  ferre,  obluli,  oblatum,  tr.  irr.,  ob- 
1,  to  bring  or  put  before,  present,  hold  forth, 
offer,  giw^-to  bring  forward,  adduce;  to  shew, 
exhibit  :  to  oppose, 

OFFICIO!,  i,  u..  ob-facio,  what  one  d 
another,  a  service ;  a  duty;  an  official  duty,  a 

,  trust,  engagement,  bu-.. 
(ration;  an  office  or  public  employment,  an  eb- 
igation,  part,    duty;    attention,  1 
(.■fence, '  duty  ;  subjection,    obedience.     Esse  or 
permanerc  in  officio,  to  be  or  remain   1  I 
continue  il 

OLL<>\  [CO  ,  a  king  of  the 

Nlttobrigasi  vii.  81. 

OMIS-TS.  a,  urn,  part.,  OtnittO. 

OMITTil,  en  um,  tr.,  ob-mitto.  to 

let  go,  let  fall  1  .  leave  off,  or.. 

by  or  over,  let  alone;  to  give  01 
neglect,  make  no  use  "i :  !■•  pass  oyer  in  silence, 
•'ay  notbl 
oM.N/NO.  :i'U..  omnia,  wholly)  entirely,  alto 
:  at  all,  iuall.onh 
vlly. 
OMNItv  .  .  :,  ]|..  \idually.  the 

Omnia,  all  : 
OHM  LRU  ,..  onus,  of  burden. 

Oncrar  ibip  ,  :  |,uri 

<-hij>,  tr- 
ON'Elt'i.  are,  avi,  atam,      ..   mum,   bo   load, 
lade,  fill,  ti. 


m. 


:    shir' 
of  so  great  burden. 
STUS,  11.  urn,   adj.,  onus,  laded,  loaded, 
burdened,  freighted ;  full  of,  filled  with. 
OPERA,  a?,  f.,  opus,   pains,  exertion, 
labor,  service ;  care,  attention;  help,  assistance, 
aid.    Men  opera,  by  my  means,  agency,  assist- 
ance.   Dare  operant,  to  take  pains,    take  care, 
see  toll  .use. 

OPERA,  urn,  See  opus. 
OPES.    Sit  ops. 

opinio,  onis,  f.,  qpinor,  to  think,  opinton, 
supp  isition,  belief,  conjecture,  expectation;  m 

teom,  Credit,  good  Opinion,  repute,  reputation. 
fame;  rumor,  report.  Opinionem rirtulis  hab- 
tre,  to  hay  a  reputation  f>r  valor.  Ofrinii/tnm 
timoris  prJtbere,  to  occasion  the  baJUef  thai  one 

is  afraid. 

OPORTET,  ere,  nit,  imp.,  opus.it  is  meet,  lit 
or  proper,  necessary,  needful,  requisite ;  it 
ought,  it  behooTes;  the  law  requin 

OPPIIUXI IS,  a.  urn,  adj.,  eppidum.  of  or  bo- 
longing  to  1  to^  a.  Sf'i:..  1  ppidant, townsmen, 
inhabitants  of  a  tow  n 

OPPIDUM,  i,  n.,  op^-do,  a  wailed  town,  town. 
Among  the  G.iuh,a.  tract  of  dense  woods  en- 
clo  ed  by  a  rampart  and  ditch :   V.  -1. 

OPPONO,  '  re.  suv  -itutn.  tr..  Qb-pOnO,  to 
place  against,  sot  opp  '     hold  be- 

fore. 

OPPORTTNE,  ad\  fitly,  see    a 

ably,  conveniently,  opportunely.  Satit  oppor- 
tune, quite  opportunely. 

OPl'ORTUNiTAS.ot;-.  f.,i  pporttiaaM 
convenience,  saitab]  inei     advantagoousn 
favorable  circumstance  0/  opportunity,  a  lack] 
chauce;    an    ad\anta;r\      OpporttmitaUt    loci. 
local  advantages. 

.  OPPORTVNt's.  a,  no.,  idj.,  ob  partae,  at  the 
port;  hena ,  lit.  convenient,  lalteble,  proper, 
advantageous,  seasonable,  opportum  . 

0PP09ITUS,  a,  Um,  part,  and    alj.,   opp-.n... 
tgeJast,  opposed,  lying  aver  against,  op- 
posite. 

0PPRE881  Si  a.  u  .  imo. 

0PPR1  MO,  1 

1  u  h.  'uj.press;  to 
fall  on  suddenly,  surprise,  can  l.  \  t*  ovarpow<  t. 

ine,  overthrow,  root, 
bury,  hid",  cot. 

0PP1  .  a  fightiDj. 

n  town  by  brae :  an  1 
1  of  assault. 
OPPUG 

'I'pi 
fight  a( 


well,  ex 


power,    might, 
means. 

OPT/1TUS,  n,  um,*(ior,  issimii 
adj.,  (opto,  to  wish.)  wished,  desire* 
pleasing,  acceptable,  pleasant. 

OPTIME,  nilv.,  (sup.  of  bone,)  vi 
•  dlently.  best  of  all,  best. 

(M'TTMCS.  a.  nm,  adj.,  (.wp.  nf  bonus,  rent 
'-JP')/'  optn.)  very  good,  best,  best  of  all,  excel- 
lent, choice.  Optimum  judicium  tie  aliquo,  the 
highest,  most  favorablo  opinion.  Optimum  est, 
it  is  best,  most  cxpediont.  Optimum  facia  esse 
diixerunt,  they  thought  it  best. 

OPUS,  oris,  n.,  work,  toil, labor;  performance, 
task ;.  military  works,  fortifications,  engines. 
Nagnnfypere,  or  magnnpere,  greatly. 

OPUS,  inch  subs,  anil  adj..  (Jr.  gl60,  Rem.  1, 
need,  necessity;  a>tj.,  necessary.  Opus  est,  it  is 
needful,  useful,  necessary.  0})us  est  mihi,  I 
need,  have  need  of.  Facto  opus  est,  there  is 
i  need  of  action, 

ORA,  88,  f,  os,  the  extremity  of  a  thing,  edge, 
margin  nr  border  of  a  thing;  the  coast,  sea- 
coast,  shore.  Ora  maritima,  the  country  on  the 
coast. 

ORATIO,  onis,  f.,  oro,  speech,  discourse,  lan- 
guage; a  speaking;  a  set  speech,  oration,  har- 
angue. 

OR.4T0R,  oris,  m.,  oro,  a  speaker,  an  orator; 
an  ambassador. 

ORBIS.  is,  m.,  a  circle,  ring;  a  body  of  troops 
drawn  up  in  circular  form. 

ORCUXIA,  a;,  f.,  Oieynia,  a  'name  of  tho 
Black  Forest  in  Germany:  VI.  24. 

ORDO,  inis,  m.,  order,  arrangement,  method; 
au  order,  rank,  degree;  a  rank,  row;  a  series, 
course;  a  rank  or  line  of  soldiers;  a  band,  cen- 
tury, company.  Primus  nrdo,  tho  first  century 
in  a  legion.  Also,  the  first  centurion  of  the 
legion.  Ordints  servarc.  to  keep  ranks,  remain 
in  line.  * 

ORUETORIX,  igis,  m..  Orgetorix,  a  chief  of 
tho  Helvetians:  1.2 — 5. 
ORIENS,  tis,  part.,  orior. 
ORIOR,  iri,  ortus  sum,  oritarus,  sub.  imp.  ore- 
retur,  dep.  intr.,  to  rise,  arise,  grow  up,  spring; 
to  commence,  begin,  appear.  Orient  sol,  the 
rising  sun,  the  east. 

ORN'AME.NTUM,  i.  n.,  orno, apparatus,  equip- 
ment, trappings;  an  ornament,  embellishment, 
decoration,  jewel;  an  honor,  distinction. 

ORN./1TUS,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj.,  orno,  fur- 
ttished,  provided,  equipped;  splendidly  furnished, 
ornamented. 

i  >RNO.  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  to  lit  out,  furnish, 
••quip;  to  adorn,  ornament*  deck,  embellish 
garnish ;  to  honor. 

ORO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tat?,  and  tr.,  os,  to  speak, 
utter;  to  beg,  ask,  crave,  entreat. 

OKTUSva,  nm',  part.,  orior,  risen,  born,  de- 
scended, sprung. 


STKK. 

oris,  n„  tho  mouth;  the  face. 

II,  orum.  m.,  the  Osismih  a  people  ii* 
crn  part  of  Celtic  Gaul :  II.  34. 
NDO.  ore,  di,  sum  and  turn,  tr.,  ob-*.n- 
•  retch  before  one,  to  show,  expose  nr  piv- 
sent  to  view,  exhibit,  display;  toindicate,  make 
known,  signify,  declare:  to  dlscloso,  manifest, 
discover,  tell,  inform. 

OSTEXTATIO,  onis.  I.,  a  showing,  exhibition, 
display;  vain  show,  exhibiting  of  one's  self, 
pomp,  vanity,  vain  glory,  ostentation;  a  false 
show,  pretense,  deception. 

OSTENTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  freq.,  osteudo, 
to  show,  present  to  view,  point  out,  exhibit,  dis- 
play vainly  or  ostentatiously;  to  make  show  of, 
to  offer,  promise. 

OTIUM,  i,  n.,  ease,  leisure,  freedom  from  bu- 
siness, idleness;  retirement  from  public  busi- 
ness, private  life;  .rest,  quiet,  n  pose,  tranquilli- 
ty, [leaee. 

OVUM,  i,  n.,  an  egg. 


P 


P.,  an  abbreviation  of  tbbprsenomen  PubHus. 

PABULATIO,  onis,  f.,  pabulor,  a  collecting 
forage,  foraging. 

PABUL^TOR,  orisym.,  pabulor,  a  forager. 

PABULOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  intr.,  to  feed, 
graze ;  ire  military  language,  always  to  forage. 

PABULUM,  i,  n.,  irnot  pa  of  pasco,)  food  for    . 
cattle  nr  horses,  grass,  pasture,  fodder,  forage. 

PAC-1TUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  p:ico,  paci- 
fied, reduced  to  a  state  of  obedience,  conquered, 
subdued;  peaceable,  quiet,  tranquil,  friendly. 

P.'1Ct),  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  pax,  to  bring  into  a. 
state  of  peace,  pacify,  tranquillize;  to  subdue, 
conquer,  bring  into  subjection. 

.PACTUM,  i,  n.,  (paciscor,  to  bargain,  root 
i>ac,  whence  paco,  pax.)  a  bargain,  agreement,- 
contract.  Paclo,  abl.,  a  way,  mariner,  method, 
means. 

PADUS,  i,  m.,  the  Po,  the  largest  river  of 
Italy:  V.  24. 

P^EM^INI.  orum,  m.,  the  Pasmani,  a  people 
ot  BelgicGaul:  II.  4. 

PiENK  or  Pi'.N'K.  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 

P.tGUS,  i,  m„  (perhaps  akin  to  pasco)  a  can- 
ton, district.  Fig.,  the  inhabitants  of  a  canton 
or  district. 

PALAM,  adv.  and  prep,  with  abl.,  openly, 
publicly,  in  open  view;  before,  in  the  .presence 

nf. 

PALMA,  a),  1.,   tlld   palm   of  the   hand,   the 
hand  ;  the  palm-tree;  ja  palm  branch  as  a  toketf-,. 
of  victory. 

PALUS,  adis,  f.,  a  swamp,  marsh,   mon 

bag,  lell,  pool 

1",  LUbTJSR,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  palus,  marshy, 
fenny,    boggy,   swampy,    growing    in   marshy 

place*. 


Ken 

i 

ass, 


PANE 

i* 

PANDO.  ere, panBum  and  possum,, 

open;  to  spread  out,  stretch.     Crines  i>«< 
capillus  pisstti,  disheveled  hair. 

1' A  It.  pads,  adj..  equal,  uvon  with,  ^katch 
lor.  Whin  J'nU'iw  d  by  ct,  aland  a^Bk  thv. 
BUD6  as. 

1'AR.ITl'S.  a,  inn.  part,  and  adj.,  paro,  pro- 
pared,  ready,  [>rovided,  furnished,  fitti  'I,  equip- 
ped. 

PARCH,  adv.,  (parcm,  paring,)  sparingly, 
frugally,  thriftily,  peiruriously ;  moderately,  in 
(mall  quantities, 

PARCOj  ere,  peperci  and  parsi,  parcitum  and 
Dorsum,  intr.,  (parous,  /<•  rtia^  .  for  paricus,  akin 
topaium  parvus,)  to  be  ,  to  Bpare,  ab- 

ately  :   to  ci  itain,   forbeaij 

omit. 

I'.\  Kl'.NS.  li-.  i.i.  ami  C,  pario,a  parenl 
•r  mother. 

PARENT  >.  are.  avi,  atnin.    intr..    pal 
perform  :  of  parents,  to  offer 

sacrifices  in  theii  h>  nor*;  I 
k  sacrifice,  satisfj . 

PARBO,  <>re,  ui,  Hum,  bit  parte,) 

Co  como  forth,  appear,  be  -  it  or  at 

band;  toappi  order,  to  obey, 

lubmit  ti>;  comply  with, 

PARIES,  .  tie,  i.i..  the  wall  of  a  house  or  other 
buildingj  a  wall 

VA  UM.  ere,  peperi,  pari  turn  a;  o  partum,  tr.. 
i.i  bear  01  bi  ing  f  rtfc  yoi 
Jui  e.       asion,  i  ause,  ma  k  real  ;  to 

I 

I1  Al.i.-  I !.  01  urn,  m.,  thi    Parisii,  a  ,-■ 
Gaul  Inhabiting  both  banl 
principal  city  «  as  Lutetia,  n  no  V 

PAKlTKi:.  adv..  par.  equally,  in  like  n 
ulilic:  time. 

l'Al; 

.  to  buy. 
(lUlilii 
•c]    . 

TAK?.  tis,  f..  a  part,  portion. 
«h:in  fry,  region,  quartet 

4li<im  in  pai  tern,  in  anot ho  quarter,  in  anothei 

which  direction.  *  b 

ildc.   AlOr.i  a  parti,  i  hand 

Jl>  in) 

ramqur 
part'.m  lata,  m  citherevi  it,  cith< 

SLixiwie 

rlic  in  ist  pal  ■ 
PAB 

or  ,  ;     '  ,  a  share  in,  pi 

v2 


tri'o 


26T 

associate,   accom- 

adv.,  (n  .  irtly,  in  part, 

ire,  t'vi,  itum,  tr.,  and   PAl'.TIOR, 
i.  dop.  tr.,  pais,  to  part,  bhare,  dis- 


I'Al: T/TUS.  a,  nin,  part.,  partio  and  partlor, 
being  divided]  having  divided. 
I"  VRTUS,  a,  am,  part.,  pario. 
i'AiU'1.  etc    8tt  Pared. 

PARtJM,  a  lv„  parvus,  (Jr.  gUO,  Hem.  2;  not 
enough,  a  little,  but  a  little,  too  little  ,  not. 
PARVULTJ8,  a,  urn,  adj.  dun.,  parvus,  very 
l  small,  very  little,  petty,  tiny,  puny.     A 
from  infancy  or  childhood. 
PARVUS,  a,  am,  adj.,  comp.  minors  nip,  min- 

inall.  Blight,  petty,  puny. 
PASOtl    ere,  pavi,  pastum,  tr.,   to  paetnre, 
drive  to  pasture,  feed;  to  graze,  browse  upon, 
eat. 

I'  l£  JIM,  adv,  pando,  Bpread  about,  here  and 

Up  and  down. -loosely,  without  order,  in- 
discriminately, promiscuously,   at  random;  all 
■  cry  where,  every  wav. 

I  S,  us,  111..  pando.  the  stretch  of  the  leg 
in  walking,  a  pace,  consisting  of  five,  human 
feet.     Milk  pautt,  ;i   mile. 

:  8,  a,  um.  1  ;i.  t.,  patter. 

PA33US,  a.  11111.  part.,  pando. 
VAI  i.I'ALlO,  eie,  ffci,  factum,   p04$.  1  ..'flu 
pateo-t'acio,   to  lay  open,  open ;   to 
disclose,  bring  to  light. 
PATRFACT08,  a,  um.  pari.,  pufefacto. 
PATENS,  part,  and  adj.,  pateo,  Open,  lying 
ted,  a  I,  witb- 

e;  extended,  wide. 
I'A  rjSO,  cic.  ui,  intr.,  t..  !»•  e|ien,  lie  1 
extend,    tretch;  to  ix      ,  to   l* 

to  be  1  lear,  pi  Uo, ei  . idlest. 

be  known. 

PATER,  tris,  m.,  a  father,  sire.  J'jlrr  famil- 
ies orfamilti .  the  lather  or  maetei  of  a  family, 
fir.gtt. 

t]  AMILI.V..    .-.,   , 
I'A  1  'I  ENTER,  ad*     \ 
1  huly. 

PAT1  '     patlens,  the  quality  oi 

bearing,  luAriBg,  •ndnriug;  cap  bilitj 

- 1,1  ing.    path  1. 
I..  11. line,   lenity. 

I'A  I  !  ,r;  un- 

'      ,  ■ 
■ 

I'ATI   •    •  I 
•  r,  patl  u<  <■«.) 

I'ATI  ' 

• 


268 

PAUCI,  »3,  a,  adj.  pi.,  few,  a  fow^ " 
pondere  to  answer  briefly  or  iu  a  ft" 

PAUCITA8,  nti«.  f„  fewm  ss,  scarcity,  paucity, 
i-mallness  of  Dumber. 

PAUti^TIM,adv.,paurus,  by  little  and  little. 
by  degrees,  gradually. 

PAULISPER.  adv..  paulus,  «b'r  a  litii  ■  wbife, 
i.t  little  while. 

fAULULUM,  adv.,  (ace.  o/paululus,  paulus,) 
little,  a  little,  somewhat. 

PAULUM,  adv.,  [ace.  of  paulus,)  Utile,  a  lit- 
tle, Bomewliat. 

PAULUS,  a,  um,  adj.,   little,  small;  paulo, 
abl„  Gr.  §:i6S ;  by  a  little,  a   little,   somewhat. 
post  orpnst  paulum,  soon  after. 

PAX,  pnefe,  f.,  peace,  quiet,  tranquillity. 

PECCO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.  and  tr.,  to  do 
f  rong  or  amiss,  commit  a  fault,  err,  mistake. 
transgress,  offend,  sin ;  to  sin  against,  injure, 
hurt. 

PECTUS,  oris,  n.,  the  breast. 

PECUNIA,  ae,  f.,  (pecus,  because  money  origin- 
illy  consisted  of  cattle,)  a  sum  of  money, 
money. 

PECUS,    oris,    n.,    cattle,    including   oxen, 
horses,  swiae,  sheep,  goats,  &c.    Pccorc  vivcrc. 
ii]"m  the  flesh  of  cattle. 

PED.i  LIS,  e,  adj.,  pes,  of  a  foot,  a  foot  long 
rr  broad. 

PEDES,  itis,  m.,  pes,  on  foot;  a  foot  soldier; 
collectively,  the  foot  or  foot  soldiers,  the  in- 
fantry. 

PEDES.    See  Pes. 

PEDESTEK,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  pes,  foot,  going 
hi  foot,  pedestrian  ;  as  opposed  to  naval  or  by 
noa,  it  signifies  on  land.  Pedestres  copix,  infan- 
try, foot  soldiers. 

PEDITM  TUS.  ns,  m.,  pedes,  the  infantry  or 
"oot  soldiers  of  an  army. 

PEDIUS,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gentile  name.  Pg- 
•lius,  (Q,)  one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants  in  the  Gal- 
lic war,  and  consul,  A.  U.  C.  714;  II.  2. 

PEJOR,  jus,  adj.,  (comp.  of  mains,)  worse. 

PEJUS,  adv.,  (comp.  of  male,)  worse. 

PELLIS,  is,  f.,  the  skin  or  hide  of  a  beast. 
.Sub  peUibus,  in  tents,  us  the  tents  of  liomai) 
soldiers  were  made  of  leatker. 

PEhLO,  ere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  tr.,  to  .beat, 
wtrike.  knock  ;  to  drrvo  back  or  away,  disc  mfit, 
rout;  to  drive  out,  to  remove  forcibly,  expel, 
dispossess. 

PENDO,  ere,  pependi,  pensum,  tr.,  to  cause  to 
bang  up,  to  hang;  to  weigh;  to  weigh  or  poun- 
der in  one's  mind,  think  of,  deliberate,  consider ; 
to  esteem,  value,  regard;  as  money  wjs  an- 
ciently weighed,  to  pay,  liquidate,  discharge. 
Pendere  pcenas,  to  suffer  punishment. 

PENES,  prep,  with  ace,  (root  pen,)  with,  in 
the  power  of,  in  one's  hands  or  possession. 

PENITUS,  adv.,  (root  pkn,  wliencc  penes,  pe- 


getro,)  inwardly,  within,  on  the  inside,  .fir 
within,  deeply;  thoroughly,  totally,  wholly, 
ijfirely.  quite,  altogether. 

PEPENDI,  etc.     See  Pernio. 

PEPERCI,  etc.     Set  l'arco. 

PER.  pr(i[>.  with  ace.  Of  space,  through, 
through  the  midst  "f.  throughout,  over,  along. 
Of  time,  during,  through.  Of  medns,  through, 
on  account  of,  by  reason. of,  by,  by  means  of, 
Gr.  §169,  Rem.  5.  Per  me,  se,  t£c,  of  myself, 
<fcc,  without  assittance;  also,  as  'far  as  depends 
on  me,  as  far  as  I  am  concerned, 

PER  AC  F  US,  a,  um.  put.,  perago. 

PER  AGO,   ere,  <gi,   actum,  tr.,    per-ago,  to 
drive  through,  go  through,  carry   thiols 
complish,  perfect,  finish,  end.  perform,  dispatch, 
execute. 

I'ERANGUSTUS.  a,  um,  adj.,  per-ang 
very  strait  or  narrow. 

PERCEbLO,  ere,  cull,  culsum.  tr.,  perHJello, 
o'is.,  to  beat  down,  cast  down,  strike  through, 
overthrow;  to  dispirit,  discourage;  to  amaze, 
astonish. 

PERCEPTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  pen 

PERCIPIO,  ere,  cj-pi,  ceptiun.   tr.,   per-capio, 
to  take  no    wholly;   to  seize   entirely,    po 
occupy.  to  take   to  one's  selff  assume,  gi 
tain,  enj  >y,  acquire,  gain,  receive;  to  pi 
feel;    to    understand,    comprehend,     one.  ive, 
learn,  know. 

PERCONTATIO-,  onis,  f.,  fpeteontor  or  por- 
cunctor.  to  inquire,  per-cunctus.)  an  asking, 
questioning,  inquiry,  interrogation. 

PERCULSUS,  a.  um,  part.,  percello. 

1'ERCURRO.  ere,  cnrri  and  cucurri,  cui? 
tr.,  p  r-curro,  ta  run  through  ttr  over,  ha.,  ■  > 
through,  traverse  survey.' 

PERCUSSUS,  a,  um.  part.,  percutio. ' 

1'ERCUTIO.  ere.  ussi.  nssum,  tr..  per-quatio, 
to  shake,'  In  strike,  hit.  pierce,   thru;!  through. 

PERDISCO,  ere.  di.liei.tr.,  per-diso,  to  learn 
thoroughly  or  perfectly. 

PEUDITUS.  a.  um,  part,  and  adj..  lost,  ruin- 
ed, desperate,  abandoned. 

PERDO,  ere,  dill,    ditum,  tr„  per-do,   I 
by  carelessness, squander ;  to  destroy,  ruin. 

PERD6rC0.  ere.  xi,  ctum.  tr,  per-d«co,  to 
bring  through  or  all  the  way.  conduct,  lead, 
bring,  convey ;  to  draw  out,  extend,  lengthen, 
prolong,  protract ;  to  bring. or  draw  over,  per- 
suade. I'l-rdaccre  fissam,  inn  rum,  etc,  to  ex- 
tend, make  — 

PERDUCTUS.  a,  um.  part.,  perduco. 

PEKENDINUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  (perendie,  day 
after  to-litorroWJ  the  day  after  to-morrow,  the 
third  day  hence. 

PEREO,  ire,  ii,  itrtm,  intr.,  per-eo,  to  go 
through,  come  to  an  end,  perish,  he  .lost  or 
ruined,  be  destroyed  ;  to  die. 

PERI  QUITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  por-equi- 
to,  eques,  equus,  to  ride  through,   round  or  all 


259 

I  OUt,  ! 

E  >.  ere  iscui,  latum  andixtum,  fr.. 

to  throw  into(coi 
PERM  ISTUSi  a,  uiu,  port.,  pqrmi 
PERMISS1  8,  a,  inn.  part.,  pormitto. 
PERM  it  rn.  in.-.  misi,  mi.--  um,tr.,  pcr-mitto, 
ad  av 
throw,  Uurl,  Ring.  ra-t. .  I  i  -  -  : 

ipoi  mi;,   j^tani .  ill  low 
to  concede;  to  commit,  intrusl  with,  iu- 
t:u-t.  give  up.  Biirrender.    Itrmii 

■    rend     atd     retion. 
PEUMOTOS,  ;•.  inn.  nai^t  perm 
PERMOVEO,  ere,  n»<vi,  m.tu:n,  tr.,  ; 
>  ■  ■.  t"  mow  (■/■  -Mi-  up  thoroughly , 

Indi       '     rail  upon,  poi 
torn  rv«  to  anger,  terror,  tr.;  to  alarm,  I 

■     LI  ..: tiiul  I  mulc- 

d'l> .  I  turn,  tr,,  to  rub  geu  the,  ap- 

PBRFRIM  light. 

•  ■   ,  ehat-        "  a,  urn,  part,, porntalceo. 

•■  itrmount,  overcome;  to  infringe,  rio-        PERNICIR8,  ei  co,  death, 

Me  destruction,   ruin,   cxtcrminatioi 

T'.  R  erter.  calaii 

..  per-fugio,  to  flee        PE1! 


over,  per  unities   r 

ronn'i  in  every  direction; 

PtfRKXTCKIOS,  a,  nm,  adj.,  (per  int«-nsiv^' 
and  exigtros  1  v  t\  r'a  ill,  very  little. 

PtRKACIUS,  e,  adj.,  (;)<•;■  intensive  an  I  f, 
oilis.)  very  easy      I'erfaciU  facta,  very  1 

PER  PECTUS,  .'.  i:ni.  part.,  perficio. 

PKRTERO  ferrc.  inli.rtiiin.in.il-.,  per-fcro, 
to  bear  »r  carry  tli  oflgh  ;  i<>  beai 
convey  :  to  endure  to  theend,  unci: 
port,  Riifler.  bear  patiently,  bearorpittnp  with, 

ence.  feel ;  to  ran; 
announce,  report,  spread  abroad. 

PHI!  I'it  I  1.  ■  D;  c:ct.  1  ctum,  tr.,  per-i 
finish,  i-  implete.  a ■•! ■  ip.i.li'i;,  etTi  ct.  malt 
form,  •  ,  1  >ri  11  jr  to  an, 

PKRP1D1A,     . 


'. 
PER 

tor.  a-\  lam. 

I'r.i: 
! 
I  : 


tivjly. 

PERI  •  (j.,  por-pau<  i.  i  nv  few.  a 

PERPENDICULI  M.    i.    „..    perpi  ado,   pet 
plummet. 

PEB  i' 


CI  i.i'M  peri 

■ 

leilileil    «  .th    (I 

.  PERU,<  ' 

P..  .  .  I  '   -.a.  nm,   adj., 
kilful,    well 

u'nted  with,  familiar  with. 

PK     I  1.  part.,  )•■  ,  ' 

Phi 

l'f.lil.l     '    ei   ■    lli.  utuni 


PEB1CL11   ':..  art,    tue    am,  d<  ■:  ::  .     tior,  to  suffer  with  1. 

pariculam,  to  trj 

•V>tf)nl  ol    1     i»;  to   ! ■:•  in  Uangt'i  PEEPETI    I        ■    -    p    .  itinually, 

*  risk.  Ily,  always,  . 

Pi  UK 

. 

piWri,  quUil 

!    ' 
itly. 

PKH  '''■■'  1  mil .. 

I 

impo. 
Phil 

il  ,  1         > 

1 


' 


% 


2C0 


PERSOLVO—I'LACIDE. 


118  >L,VO,  ere.  solvi,  -  I  /turn,  lr.     | 
to,  to  discharge  cotni>lot^l  v,  r»>  pay  ofT.    7'<  im* 
■vr-  paintf*.  t  i  infler  punishment. 

i::::.".  irt.,  perepicio. 

PER?        .  :tum,  fr.,  per-specio, 

tn  see,  'igh.  look  through;  to  see 

plainly  i  -•  distinctly,  discern,  understand 
certain  fullj  .  to  see,;  to  perceive,!  bseivo,  note, 
t-.  :i-r.Tt:ti n ;    observe  carefully, 
examine,  inspect.    Persgistus,  evident,  certain, 

PERSTO.  .t«.  ili.  (/turn,  intr.,  per-sto.  to 
stand  firmly,  to  persist,  continue,  persevere, 
hold  out;  t    1  '-t.  e  i lure. 

FK1:  e,  si.  sum,  intr.  with  dat.  of 

c. of  .filing}  per-suadeo,  to 
advise  to  persuade,  advise  successfully,  induce, 
prevail  upon.  Alicui  illiquid  persnadere,  to 
make  bid  •  beHOve  a  thing;  persuadfe  ofiie.  Ptr- 
■.'.  I  am  persuaded,  induced.  Ac;  I 
believe.  Mitti  non  potest  persuaderi,  I  cannot 
be  persuaded.  Mihi  persuasion  liabeo,  1  be- 
lieve.' 

PERSU  A  II ' '.  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  per- 
ftjddeo.  ♦ 

'      PERTEI'IIEO,  ore.  ui.  item,  tr  ,•  per-terreo, 
to  frighten  gi'o:itly.  terrify. 

Pfi.'-.Tv.i.i;.  i  US  a.  um,  part.,  perterreo. 

PERT1MESC0,  ere,  mui,  tr.  and  intr.,  per- 
tinie-co.  timeo,  to  fear  greatly,  become  greatly 
afraid  of. 

PERTINACIA,  re,  f.,  (pertifi&x,  obstinate,  pcr- 
tineo.)  obstinacy,  stubbornness,  pertinacity.- 

PERTINEO,  ere,  uui.  intr.,  .per-teneo,  to 
reach,. extend,  Bt  etch;  to  have  a  tendency ;  to 
tend,  aim;  to  relate  to,  concern,  regard,  pertain, 
bel  mg  to  a;  ply  to. 

tTULI.     Set  f.-rfero. 

PERTpURBATIO,  ouis,  f.,  perturbo,  confusion, 
dlsturban    .  disorder,  disquiet,  trouble,  pertur- 

PEilTUftBj4 TUS,  a.  um:,  part.,  pcrturbo. 

PEJtfTORBO  are,  avi,  atum.  tr.,  por-turbo, 
to  disturb,  to  disturb  greatly,  throw  iuto  confu- 
sion, disorder,  confuse.  Puss.,  to  bo  thrown 
into  c  infusion  ;   to  be  perplexed,  at  a  lo-s. 

P  -'.;\\  IGOR,  ai  i  at  us  sum,  dep.tr.  and  intr., 
per-vagnr,  to  wander  throuji,  wander  or  go 
over,  rove  about,  spread  over,  overrun,  range. 

PERVEH9.  ore.  xi,  ctuin,  tr..  per-veho,  to 
carry  through,  carry  along,  convey,  conduct. 

PERVENIO  .10  veni,  ventum,  ^ntr.,  per- 
Tonio,  "...  come  thri  ugh,  arrive  at. come,  arrive; 
to  fall  to,  J,'  ad  puueitatem  defensoram  pn-- 
vencrat,  thi  re  bad  come  to  be  but  few  defenders. 
'■'arr-niii  <;<[.  to  reach. 

PKRVEXTIIS,  a.  uui.  part.,  pervouio. 

PUS,  pedis,  m.,  the  foot  of  a  man  or  animal; 
s  foot  as  a  measure  of  length.  Pdibus,  on  foot, 
by  land.     Hi  to  draw  back,  retire, 

retreat  serally  with  the  face  to  the 

KOOIIIV.) 


rET'TUS,  a.  um,  part.,  peto.  ' 
PETO,  ere,  t'vi,  /turn,  tr.,  to  fall  upon.  In  a 
ns,;,  to  ruslj  at,  attack  ;  with  afrlend/) 
i  drill,  to  go  to.  repair  to,  seek  ;  to  ask  for,  beg, 
entreat,  require,  demand,  seek  ;  to  strive  after, 
pursue;  to  desire.  Pdere  db'aliquo,  to  ask  of 
une,  ask,  beg'pr  request  one,  petition.  Pctcrc 
fagam,  to  flee. 

'PETIIEIUS,  i,  m.,  I'etreius,  a  Roman  gentile 
name,  J\r.  J'etriiua,  a  centurion  in  Civsar's  ar- 
my;: VII.  SO. 

PETROCORII, omm,  m,  a  people  of  Celtic 
Gaul:  VII.  75. 

PETROdlDIlia,  i.  in.,  ;  L.)  Pctrosidim,  a  stan- 
dard bearer  of  the  Roman  army:  V.  J7. 

PHALANX,  gis,  f.,  a  large  body  of  met)  drawn 
up  in  close  order ;  a  phalanx,  or  Rectangular 
parallelogram  of  men  with  their  shield*  locked 
over  their  head  I. 

PICTJNES.  urn,  m.,  the  lactones,  a  people  of 
Celtic  Gaul:  III.  11. 

P1ETAS,  atis  ■'.,  (pius.  dutiful.)  dutifulncss 
to  one's  parents;  veneration  for  the- god-,  piety;; 
devotion  to  on..'.-  country,  patriotism,  loyalty. 

PIGNUS,  oris,  n.,  a  pawn,  pledge,  gage,  secu- 
rity, mortgage;  a  stake,  wager,  bet;  a  token 
mark,  proof,  testimony,  assurance. 

Pi  LUM,  i,  n.,  a  pestle  or  pounder;  the  heavy 
Javelin  or  dart  of  the  Roman  infantry,  live  feet 
and  a  half  fn  length,  pointed  with  a  triangular 
head  of  steel  nine  inches  long. 

P/L.US,  i,  m.,  a  company  of  soldiers  armed 
with  the  pt'lum,  a  comp  uiy  of  t'ir.  triaiii  or 
third  tine  if  /Ionian  soldiers,  the  first  line  c* 
siding  of  l lie  hastati,  andt'ir.  s-i»nd  if  Wcpiin- 
cipes.  Primus  pilus.  the  first  company  of  the 
triarii  c/)- the.  centurion  of  "the   first   c  ■  iinpauy  : 


See  Liijia  and  Primipilu-S. 

PINNA  or  PENNA,  «,  f„  a  feather;  a  wing; 
a  pinnacle,  battlement. 

PIRU'STJB  arum,  m.,  the  Pirustas,  a  people 
of  Illyricuui:  VI. 

PISsOIS,  is.  in.,  a  fish. 

PI  SO,  ottis,  in.,  a  Roman  surname  of  the  gens 
C'a  parnia.  M.  Pupius  Pi/q,  a  Roman  consul, 
wit/i  M.  Valerius  Measala,  A.  U.  OlJS;  I.  2  and 
35.  t.  Cupurnius  J'iso,  the  Mjher-in  law  ot 
Caisar,  and  consul  with  A.  Gabjuius,  A.  U..C, 
G9U;  I.  6  and  12.  L.  J'iso,  the  grand-lather  of 
L.  Calpurnius  Piso,  and  a  lieutenant  of  L.  Ca»- 
sius  l.ongiuus.  was  slain  in  a  battle  with  the 
liiUvtii,  A.  U.  C,  C47;  I.  12.  Piso  AquituntU, 
a  distinguished  Aquitanian,  killed  in  the  war 
against  the  Usipites:  IV.  12. 

1'IX.  picis,  f.,  pitch. 

PLACEO,  to.  ui,  itum.  intr.,  to  please,  be 
pleasing  Hgreeable,  welcome,  acceptable;  to 
satisfy  PJuert  milii.  it  seems  good  to  me,  I  de- 
cide, determine,  resolve. 

P1.ACID&  adv.,  p'acidus.  quiit,  phi  ceo,  softly, 
gently,  mildly,  quietly,  peaceably,  calmly. 


PLACO—  !•(!.■ 


261 


PL. 100. -an,  avi,  atom,  tr.,  (causative  form  of 
.  to  appease,  pacify,  reconcile,  make  mild 
■r    gentle,   soften,  calm,  quiet,   mitigate,  as- 
suage. 

PLANCU3.  i.  m.,  (L.  Munaliu-.)  Plancws,  one 
of  Osssar's  lieutenants:  V.  2 '. 

PLAN";;.   adv.,  plums,  openly,    manifestly, 
■  Icarly.  plainly .  evidently  :  wholly,  totally,  en- 
tli  ely,  i 
fi.AM  ri  i:s.  ci.  i'..  pi/mis,  a  piano, 
r  oven  surface;  a  plain,  level  ground. 
PL.tNUS.  a.  am,  uilj.,  flat,  en  a 

:  plain,  manif  i  leaf. 

Pii'UKS,  <-i  or  is,   i  f.,  tho 

ulus  is 
uluce. 
PLENE,  id...  pknuM,  fully,  cotnplotoly,  en- 
tirely, quite,  ill  roughly. 
PLANUS,  a  am,   rtj.,  pleo,  full,  replete,  tilled. 

I  idea. 
IM.EK  CTMQUE,  adv  .  pli  I 
part,  commonly,  .  morally,  often. 
PLERUSQUE,    aque,   unique,   adj., 

pleo,  and  que,)  most,  the  greatest  part ; 
tin  the  plural;  a  great  part,  the 
greater  part,  most,  most  persons  or  tliiu 

!'LKi:.M .»xil.  orutn,   m.,  the  Ptoutn  i 

people  ml  :  V.  39. 

PLUMBUM,  i.  u..  lead.    Plumbum    ■ 
tin. 

PLUR1MUS,  a,  nm,  adj.,  (sup.  of  muttus,) 
very  many  or  much,  D  atesl  part. 

PLCKIMU  M,  adv.,  most 
dally,  very  inneli.  exceedingly,   ray.    Qmtm 
plurimnm.  as  much  as  possible 
PLUS,  pluris,  adj.,  (eomp. 

I  many! 
Plus  p  nore  powerful  or  efficient. 

y.jr  i/>  n. 

PLUTKUS.  i.   m..  and   PLI  TKUM,   i;   n..   ■ 
pentaoti  telct,  made  of  hurdles 

with   raw   bides,   o 

r  iiiiii  the  Ri  man  •  •  walls 

■  ")i  m  ii  tr  ill.  it-  . 

r  i  I'M,  i.  ii.. 

ip,  drinking  pot  or  bowl,  goblet, 
I'flJN  A.  as,  f.,  satisfaci     u,  punishment, 

• 

. 
..'■•nian  1 

J'd.N  ill    I,  ■  ire. 'ui,  t.-  . 
pent.     I 

; 

POLLK  '  OR,eri,  itu-  iu 
• 

i 


•. 
1  complimentary  infinitive. 

PJLLTCITATIO.  onis,  f..  (pallMtor,  to  piom- 
)  a  free  or  Voluntary  prom 

Ise,  a  promise. 

POLI  ICITUS,  a,  nm.  part.,  aoU* 

P0MPE1US  i,  n,  Cn.,  Pompey,  the  rival  of 
Csesar:  IV.  1.  Cn.  Pompey,  an  interpreter  In 
the  (  mp  the  lieutenant   I'll 

V.3C. 

P0ND08,  eri-,  n.,  :.t.  heaviness, 

a  weight,  load.  Land'   I  ;  authority,  weight,  BOW 

urn,  tr  .  (po/or  pete 
.)  to  put,  place,  set.  lay  .  to  bcI  uj  . 

to    lay    aside,    lay    down;  1  :i  ;   to 

USe  a  tl  depend 

1  on,  to  depend  «n. 

/"  .'".'/"•    '"    fiusl    t  . 

flight  for  safety,  place  safety  in  flight. 

•  p  pitch  a  camp.     Pi  to  set 

.  pi  lci  I  i  itui 
PONS,  tis,  ],i.,  ■  bi 
POPOSCI. 
POPI  ■ 

plunder! 
POPDLOR.  ari,  OtuaTnim, 

y  the  figure  of  mlate, 

j  ravage,  lay  \va-  • 
troj .  spoil,  plunder,  | 

Pi   ITU'S,  i.  i:i.,  a  poople,  nation. 
tOU RECTUS,  a,  inn.  part.and  adj.,  porrigo. 
urn,  tr.,  pori'o-rego>, 

I  !i  ■•/    -pi  r  id 

out.  extend  ;  to  hold  out  or 

^.  (strengthened    from  pro.)  on- 
v\  n  d.   forward,  fartln 
ovc  r,  i"  sides,  als  >.  i 
\. 

■ 

I'  h\>.    n»um.    tr..  'to  ran  v,  bear, 

convey. 
P0R1 

|  - 

PORTUS,  01,  m..  porto,  th 

..  poi  t.   hai  b 

< 

POSH  ; 

- 
:  [)K«i 

to   poa>e- 


POST— PR^CIPUUS. 


Or.  §111;  to  be  able,  havo'power ;  lean.  PI] 
rimym.  posse,  Gr.  $140,  Rraar.  3;  to  have  th 
greatest  power,  be  most  powerful,  be  very  pow- 
erful, have  very  great  influence.  Plus  posse. 
•  Jr.  §150,  Rem.  3;  to  be  more  powerful.  Nvr 
mero  or  multitudinc  posse,  to  be  powerful  in 
numbers.  JVihil  posse .  equitatu,  to  have  no 
power  in  cavalry,  not  to  be  strong  in  cavalry. 

POST,  prep,  with  ace.  and  adv.,  poue-est,  af- 
ter; since;  behind,  in  the  rear  of,  inferior  to; 
next  in  order,  afterwards,  subsequent  to.  Post 
diem,  quartam,  on  the  fourth  day  after. 

POSTEA,  adv.,  post-ea,  ace.  pi.  of  is,  after- 
wards, after  that  or  this,  thereafter,  subsequent- 
ly ,  besides.    Postca  quam.   See  Posteaquam. 

POSTEAQUAM,  or  .POSTEA  QUAM.  conj., 
postea— quam.    , 

•  POSTERUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  post,  Gr.  §72,  4; 
coming  after,  following,  next,  ensuing,  future. 
!n  posteruin,  sc.  diem  or  tcmpus,  till  the  next 
day,  or  for  the  future.  Posteri,  orum,  m.,  pos 
terity,  future  or  after  ages. 

POSTHABEO,  ere,  ui,  itum,  ir.,  post -habeo, 
to  postpone,  esteem  less,  set  less  by,  lay  aside, 
i:oglect. 

POSTPONO,  ere,  sui,  sitiun,  tr.,  post-pono,  to 
place  after,  value  or  esteem  less,  throw  or  lay 
-side,  postpone,  neglect;  disregard. 

POSTPOSITUS,  a,  um,  part.,  post-pono,  post- 
poned, laid  aside. 

POSTQUAM,  or  POST  QUAM,  conj.,  after, 
ivhen,  as  soon  as,  since. 

POSTR.EMO.  adv.,  ahl.of  postremus,  sc.  loco, 
lastly,  ultimately,  finally,  at  last,  in  a  word. 

POSTRjBMUS,  sup.  of  posterns,  last,'  hind- 
most. 

FOSTRIDIE,  adv.,  for  po3tero-die,  the  day 
after,  the  day  following.  Postridie  ejus  diet, 
subjective  gan.  that  day's  successor,  i.  e.  the  day 
after  that  day,  the  day  after,  the  following 
day. 

POSTUL.4TUM,  i.  n.,  postulo, .  a  tliin.c  de- 
manded, demand,  request,  desiro. 

POSTUL.4TUM,  supine  of  postulo. 

POSTULO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  strengthened 
(tomposca,  to  demand,  ask,  crave,  desire,  re- 
quire, claim. 

POSUI.    See  Pono. 

POTENS,  tis,  adj.,  possum,  able,  having  power 
over,  powerful,  capable,  strong;  potent,  power- 
ful, mighty,  strong,  efficacious,  rich,  having 
great  weight  or  influence,  influential.  Polen- 
iiores,  (he  more  powerful. 

POTEN'lUTUS,  us,  m.,  potens,  power,  do- 
minion, rule,  command,  empire. 

POTENT! A,  te,  f„  potens,  might,  power,  force; 
authority,  influence;  dominion,  rule,  empire; 
virtue,  efficacy. 

POTESTAS,  Otis,  f.,  possum,  ability,  possibll- 
ly,  power,  right  to  do  a  thing,  leave,  license, 
liberty,  opportunity,  force,  efficacy,  •■fleet,  vir- 


tue ;  control,  command,  political  power,   rule, 

dominion,  sovereignty,  empire,  authority.  Esse 
in  potcstatc  alicujus,  to  be  subject  to, — be  in  or 
under  one's  power.  Potcstatem  sui  facere,  to 
give  an  opportunity  of  attacking  him.  Puy- 
nandi potcstatem  facere,  to  give  an  opportunity 
of  lighting,  to  offer  battle.  Est  mihi  pntestau 
I  have  it  in  my  power,  I  am  able.  Facere  po- 
testalcm,  to  permit,  allow. 

POTIOR,  iri,  itus,  sum,  dep.  intr.,  potis,  able, 
Gr.  §159,  Rem.  Cj  to  make  one's  self  powerful 
by  means  of  anything,  to  be  or  become  master 
of,  acquire,  get,  obtain,  gain  possession  of,  cap- 
ture, take.    Potiundus,  a,  um,  Gr.  §177,  Rem.  4. 

POT7TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  potior. 

POTIUS,  adv.,  potis,  better,  preferable. 
'  POTUI,  etc.    See  Possum. 

PRiE,  r)rep.  with  abl.  [per  or  prus,  whenc: 
pro,  prior,  primus,]  before ;  in  comparison  with, 
with  respect  to,  by  reason  of,  on  account  of. 

PRiEACUO,  ere,  — ,  tttum,  [prse-acuo,  root 
ac,]  to  sharpen  at  the  end,  bring  to  a  point. 

PRiEACCTUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  praj- 
acuo, sharpened  at  the  end;  sharpened  pointed. 

PRiEBEO,  ere,  ui,  itum,  tr.,  prae-habeo,  to 
hold  forth,  offer,  proffer,  to  give,  supply,  afford, 
minister,  furnish,  provide;  to  exhibit,  show, 
present.  Prtebcre  sptciem  atque  opinionem  pwf- 
nantis,  to  wear  the  appearance  and  produce  the 
impression  that  one  is  fighting. 

PRiECAVEO,  'ere,  avi,  autum,  tr.  and  intr., 
pi.T-caveo,  to  provide  or  guard  against,  before- 
hand, to  take  care  beforehand,  be  on  the  watch. 
be  on  one's  guard,  use  precaution. 
i  PRJEC.EDO,  ere,  cesai,  ccssum,  tr.  and  intr., 
pra3-ecdo,  to  go  before,  precede,  outgo ;  to  out- 
strip, surpass,  excel,  outdo,  be  superior  to. 

PRiECEPS,  cipitis,  adj.,  prse-caput,  headlong, 
with  the  head  foremost;  rash,  hasty,  precipi- 
tate, sudden;  downhill,  steep,  precipitous.  Ag- 
ere precipilem,  to  drive  headlong,  to  put  to 
rout. 

PR.ECEPTUM,  i,  n.,  precipio,  something  or- 
dered or  enj»ined,  a  precept,  rule,  maxim ;  ad- 
monition, advice,  counsel,  instruction ;  a  com- 
mand, injunction,  order,  direction. 

PR/ECEPTUS,  part.,  prweipio. 
'  PRJECIPIO,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  tr.,  pra»-ca- 
pio,  to  take  or  seize  beforehand,  take  in  ad- 
vance, anticipate,  prevont,'  forestall,  preoccupy- 
to  give  directions,  to  instruct,  teach,  direct, 
charge,  enjoin.  Prxcipere  opinionem,  to  con- 
jecture beforehand,  anticipate  :  prmceptum  est 
mihi.  it  is  enjoined  upon  me,  I  am  commanded, 
directed  or  instructed. 

l'K.ECIPITO,  are, avi,  atum,  tr ,  prteceps,  to 
throw  or  tumble  down  headlong,  plunge,  throw  ' 
headlong,  precipitate ;  to  hasten. 

PRJECIPUE,  adv.,  pnecipuus,  particularly, 
BSfieciaUy,  chiefly,  peculiarly,  principally. 

PRiECIPUUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  prtecipio,  takeu 


PRJECI-VDtVP&ESTO 


268 


"there,  particular,  peculiar,  especial ;  raj 
aafkabie,  noted,  singular,  principal,  >'i-!iti- 
lialied.  excellent,  extraordinary. 
PR  JECL/7D0,  ere,  si,  sum,  tr.,  pr:>  -rlaudo, 
i  aliut  up  in  one's  face,  close,  shut  against, 
ilt,  bar ;  to  forbid  access  to,  Mock  i 
tpedo. 

rii.V.CLPSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  prteeludo. 
PRJ3CO,  onis,  m.,  a  public  crii-r.  herald.  pro- 
aimer,  publish)  r. 

PRiECOX/NUS.  i.  m.,  [L.  Valerius,]  P 
mnus,  a  Roman  lieutenant,  defeated    and 
Caul:  Til. 20. 

PRiECtTRRO,  ere,  cucnrri  and  curri,  onnum, 
r.  and  intr.,' pne-curro,  to  run  before,  go  bc- 
■  re,  precede,  anticipate;  {o  outrun,  outstrip, 
oirpass,  excel. 
PR  T.PA.  r\  t..  [prses,  a  si  i  y ;  (he ,.  reperty 
'  a  sin-  in  taken  to  pay  a  debt;']  prey..  I 

U,    pillage;    gain,  profit.     Ayrrc  j 
:.  to  drive  off  captured  cattle  and  cap-  i 
rea  as  booty,  to  collect  booty,  plunder     Phc* 
pfaiam.    Bee  F-.icio. 
PR&DIOO,  are,  avi,  atum,  ;r..  proe-d 
make  known,  to  spread  abroad,  proclaim,   re- 

Dblish,  declare;  to  say.  tell,  l 
-nt,  State,  affirm ;  to  praise,  command,  extol: 
to  boast. 

RDOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.  and  intr., 
i,  to  rob,  Blunder,  pillage,  spoil,  ravage. 
PRJSDZ7CO,  ere,  xi.  ctum,  tr.  prae-dt 
aw,  make  or  put  beforo  or  in  front  of. 
PRIEST,  etc.    See  Praesum. 
PlUBFECnrS,  i,  m.,  praeficio,  obo  puf   over 
r  placed  in  command,  a  superintendent,  ovor- 
cr,  director,  preridenf,  commander,  prefect.     ' 
I'K.KKi:';).  l'erre,  tuli,  latum,  irr.  tr.,  pfte-  ! 
ro,  to  bear  i         rry  beforo  or  iu  front,  carry 
or  publicly;  to  show,  indii 

pr<  fer,l 
Ive  the  preference  to,  choose  ratli<  • . 
PRJEFIOIO,  er  •.  fed,  t  stum,  U  .  ■ 

111    in    autln.rity  over,   appoint  tO  J 
umand  of,  place  in  command  of. 
I ' i ; .  1 : 1  . ■ :  »,ero,  ixi.   ixnm,  tr.  pra^-l 

ifli  or  fasten  before,  set  np  beforo;  to  fix 
n  the  end  of.  to  tip,  head. 
]'i:  BFfiCUS,  a,  um,  part.,  pra> 
PB  :  -um. 

IT.  1  M  BT1  t.and  adj.,  , ■■ 

tuo,  fearing  beforehand,  am 
PRiKMKTTJO,  ere,  tr.  and  intr.,  pra«-n"-tu' .. 
- 1  beforehand,  be  anxious. 

-,  a,  um,  part.,  praemltto. 
PR.EMlTTn.  ere,  isi,  issum,  tr.,  prae—  mitto, 
I  for  ward  or   despatch  befon       With  qui 
Ind  thr  tubj.  denoting  a  jmrpotr.  Or.  J 210. 

PRSMTUM,  i,n.,prae,  profit  derive*  from 
booty,  profit,  advantage;  ar< ward,  recompense, 
premium. 
"  PR/EOCCVPO.  sre.  nvi.  atnm.  tr..  pr»' 


•forehand,  surprise,  preoccupy:- 
sto  anticipate,  prctent. 

PR.EOrTO,  nre,avi,  atum,  tr..   prae-opt 
wish,  to  with  rather,  desire  more,  choose  rather, 
prefer. 

PR  .TlPAR.lTl >.  a,  um,  part.,  praeparo 

PR  J'.PAKO.  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  pn 
prepare,  get  or  make  ready,  provide 

PR  EPONO,  ere.   posul,  positum.    tr.'.    | 
pono,  to  put  or  Bet  before,  place  Brat;  to  set 
over,  i  ntru'-t  with  the  charge  or  command  of. 
place  at  the  head  of.  put  in  command  of, 

PR  EPOSlTl  S,  ft,  um.  part.,  prat 

PRjERUMPO,  ere,   ri/pi,  ruptum,   tr.,  pr 
rumpo.  (  '  reak   off  in    fi 

aaundor,  cut  in  1 

PR/FbTTTl  S)  ft,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  | 

rumpo,  broken  off;  broken,  steep,  craggy, 

hard  to  climb,  difficult  of  ascent. 

PB  B8CR/BO,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  tr.,  prae-t 

to  write  before,  prefix  in  writing;  to] 

limit  ,■    >  direct,   com  i 

dictate. 

PR  ESCRIPT1 
I   direction. 

PRESENS,  tis,  .  j  , 

of  Bum,]  present,  at  haifd.    Inpretcntia,  te. 
pnrct.  nt  p  the   present 

loai  ait  lime, 
at  that  time.  . 

PRESENT!  \ 
presence :  presenHa  (•■>iini,  pre 
courage,  resolution. 

PR.ESEXTb  aensom,  tr.,  ] 

•  ntio.  to  feel  cr  perceive   beforehand,   li 
presentiment,  i  \ 
preconceive,  foreknow. 

PRTESEi'Io.  ,i,  tr.,  ptae- 

. 
Dade. 

IT. ^SEPTUS,  a.  am,  i  art.,  praei 

Pfi  ESERTTJ 
chiefly,  principally,  particularly. 

PRESIDIUM,  I,  n..  praeots,  prae-eed 
presiding  oyer : 

pecially  of  $oldiert  acting  as  a  guard,  garrison  : 

a  Station 

security. 

I  um    and    atum.   tr.  and 
intr..  pfM-StO,  to  stand  before;  to  be  am, 
to  or  better  than,   excl,     <irpa-  / 

strip:  to  cause  Pi  sta nd    forward,  to  give,   for 
nish,  over,  afford,    ll 

one's  »•  - 

imp.,  it  i»  better,  i!   il  BOTI 

tlarr  riium  trt.  it  n;  |  I  able 

PRjcn 

bund ;  pnUtO    •  -      - 

Unce.  waif  opon. 


264 


PItiESUM— PRISTIN'US. 


PRJiSUM,  esse,  fui,  irr.  intr.,  piae-snin,  tti 
V'o  before;  to  preside  over,  liavo  tb©  charge  or- 
command  of  be  Bet  over  comnmnd,  rule  fiver, 
superintend,  Migistratui  prseesse,  to  hold  the 
vilice  of  magistrate. 

PR.ETKI!.  prep,  with  ace  with 

demonstrative  suffix  ter,  like   i«/<;r,  swMer,  <£c., 

beyond before,   past  by;  against,  contrary   to, 

tx         ^  Rave,  except,  in  addition  to.     In  compo- 

md,  besides. 


PREHENDO,  w  PRENDO,  ore,  di,  ltUB,tr, 

to  take  bold  of,  catch,  seize,  grasp. 

PREMO,  ere.  pressi,  pressnm,  tr.,  tr>  prees. 
press  upon;  to  burden,  load,  weigh  down:  u. 
press,  olo-e.  squeeze;  to  pursue  closely,  charge, 
bear  down  upon,  press  upon,  harass,  crowd,  op- 
press, incommode,  overwhelm;  to  constrain. 
compel,  force,  straighten,  press,  urge.  He.  fru- 
meiitaria  preihi,  to  suffer  for  want  of  provisions, 
be  reduced  t»  short  rations.     Obsidionc  premi. 


i  praeter-ea.  besides,  more-  ]  to  be  closely  besieged. 


n.  i>n  one  elsA 

.  ii,  itum,  irr.  intr.  and  tr. 
pass  by  or  over,  go  past  or 
;    to   pass  over- in   silence. 

PK  ETEKEUNDUS,  a,  urn,  part,,  practer-eo, 
to  be  past  over  or  omitted. 

PR^TERITUS,  part,  and  adj.,  praetereo, 
past,  pine  by  :  pruterita.  orum,  v.,  things  past; 
the  past. 

PR.ETERM1TT0.  ere,  rm'si,  missum,  tr.,  prae- 
terr-mitto,  to  pass  lover,  let  slip,  omit,  neglect, 
overlook ;  to  pass  over  in  silence,  make  r.o  men- 
lion  of.  «* 

J'RiETERfJUAM  or  rR  /ETER  QUAM,  adv.. 
save,  except,  beyond,  beside. 

PRiETERVElIO,  ere.  xi,  ctum,  fr.,  praeter- 
■veho^to  carry  by:  prat  rvrlmr.  pass.,  to  be  car- 
ried by  «r  past,  be  wafted  by  or  over,  ride  or 
*ail  past. 

PRyl'TOR.  oris  in.,  fur  pAeitor,  from  prae- 
eo,  a  chief,  leader,  head,  president,  commander 
c,r  magistrate,  a  general ;  a  praetor  or  Roman' 
magistrate  charged' with  the  administration  of 
justice  Tke.office  was'injstitutcd  A.  C.  <7.,  3S7, 
and  after  the  first  Punic  war  there  were  two 
prxtors,  praetor  urbauus.  for  Roman  citizens, 
and  praetor  peregrtnusj  for  foreigners. 

PRiETORTUS,  a,  nm,  adj.,  praetor,  of  or  be- 
longing to  a  pretor,  pretorian:  prmtoria  cohors, 
the  pretorian  cohort  or  general's  guard. 

fliJEURO,  ere.  r.ssi,  ustum,  tr.,  prao-wro,  to 
burn  before  or  at  the  end. 

1'KiEUSTUS.  a,  um,  part,,  praeuro,  burnt  be- 
fore, burnt  at  tlie  end  or  point. 

PRjEVERTO.  ere,  ti.  sum.  tr.,  prae-verto,  to 
prefer;  be  before,  outstrip  outrun,  to  despatch 
first,  do  in  preference  to  anything  else,  do  be- 
forehand; anticipate,  prevent;  preoccupy,  pre- 
possess. 

'  PR.4VU3.  a,  rm,  adj ,  crooked,  misshapen, 
deformedJflhtorted,  opposed  to  probus.  Fiy., 
wrong,  m&ffftlird  vicious,  depraved. 

PRECOR,  ari,  atus  3um,  dep.  intr.  and  tr., 
prex,  to  |  ray,  entreat,  supplicate,  beg,  desire, 
request. 

PRECIBUS.    See  Prex. 

PRKCI^NI,  orum,  m..  the  Preciani,  a  people 
of  Gaul  living  in  Aquitauia,  on  the  borders  of 
Spain :  ill.  27. 


* 


PRENDO.    Sie  Prehendo. 

PRET1UM,  i,  n.,  the  price  of  anything  that 
is  to  be  sold,  value,  price,  woi  th ;  a  reward,  pay, 
wages;  rf  wrong  doing,  a  punishment:  parvo 
prctio,  at  a  low  price,  at  a  low  rate. 

PREX,  dat.  preci,  Qr.  §51;  a  prayer,  suppli- 
cation, entreaty;  a  curse,  imprecation. 

PRIDIK,  adv.,  pri,  all.  if  per  or  pris.  and 
die,  on  the  day  before  :  pridie  ejus  diet,  on  th» 
day  before,  on  that  day's  predecessor,  subjective 
genitive. 

PRIMIP7LDS,  i,  m.,  primus-ptlus,  the  first 
company  of  the  triarii;  also,  the  centurion  oi 
the  first  company  of  the  triarii,  the  centurion 
of  the  first  rank. 

PR/MO,  adv.,  abl.  of  primus,  sc.  tempore  or 
loco,  at  first,  in  the  first  place,  in  the  beginning. 

PRIMOP/LUS,  i,  m.,  the  same  as  primipilm, 
which  see. 

PR/MUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  sup.  of  prior,  Gr. 
(S 128.  Rem.  8,  first,  the  first  part,  foremost; 
principal,  chief,  excellent;  in  front,  in  the  van; 
prim.umagme.ncr  acies  prima,  the  van.  In  pri- 
mis  or  imprimis,  abovo  all,  especially,  particu- 
larly, first,  among  the  first,  in  the  first  place: 
p>-( mi,  the  first  men,  tho  principal  or  most  dis- 
tinguished men:  primum,  adv.,  Gr.  §150,  Rem_ 
3  ;  the  first  time,  in  the  first  place,  first  of  all, 
first.  Qitam  primunl,  as  soon  as  possible,  tfum 
or  ubi  primum,  as  soon  aB.  Tain  primum,  thes 
for  the  first  time. 

PRINCEPS,  ipis,  adj.  in.  and  f.,  pn'mus-ca- 
pio,  first  in  order  of  time,  foremost,  most  dis- 
tinguished. Subs.,  an  adviser,  leader,  head, 
chief,  principal,  prince:  princeps  belli  inferc::- 
di,  first  in  commencing  hostilities. 

PRINCIlMi'US,  us,  m.,  princeps,  the  first  or 
chief  place,  pro-eminence,  supremacy ;  tho  im- 
perial power,  dignity  or  government;  the 
highest  power,  sovereignty,  rulo,  dominion. 
Factionix principalum  te.ntre..  to  be  at  the  head 
of  a  faction  or  party. 

PRIOR,  us,  gen.  oris,  adj.,  Gr.  §76,  pris  (•• 
prus  previous,  prior,  former,  in  the  van,  ante- 
cedent, sooner. 

PRISTiNUS,  a.  um,  adj.,  pris,  former,  ear 
pristine,  accustomed,  wonted:  pristini  die\ paj 
fidia,  the  treachery  of  yesterday,  of  tho  'da: 
belore.  , 


m 


I 


PRIUS— 1 

FRIUS,  jj-.Iv.,  prior,  before,  sooner,  earlier) 
:u<im,  conj.,  before. 
.   PR1V.-1TIM.  adv..  priratas,  privately,  in  pri- 
vate;    as  an   individual   or    individuals,  in   a 
private  capacity: 

rRIVJTUS,  a,  urn,  a.lj.  and  part.,  privo,  to 
deprive,  apart  from  the  state,  private,  one's  own, 
belonging  to  an  individual  or  to  individuals, 
personal.    Subs.,  a  private  person,  one 
public  office. 

PRO.  prep,  with  abl.,  per  or  pros,  before,  in 
ftonl  of;  before  for  defense  or  protection,  for,  in 
behalf  of,  in  favor  of;  before  at  taking  theplaa 
.  instead  of;  before  for  lite  purpose  of 
comparison,  in  proportion  to,  according  to,  in 
comparison  With,  considering!  i"r>  on  account 
■f.  Pro  se  quitque,  each  according  to  his  abili- 
ty,' or  for  himself.  Pro  tempore  ct  pro  re,  ac- 
cording to  time  and  circunuTl 

PROBATUS,  a,   um,   part,  and   adj..  probo, 
proved,  tried,  approved. 

PBOBQ,  arc  avi,  Mum,  tr.,  probus, 
Lsfled  with,  approve,  approve  df| 
pi<css  satisfaction  with,  to    , 
«ent  or  agree  to  ;  to  prove,   shew,  demonstrate, 
make   g  satisfy;  to  recommend. 

Pliui  '  '  '  -um   inn.,  pi 

to  pro,-.  me  forth;  go  fonrai 

vance;  to  go  forth  or  out. 

1    ll.Uf.  i.  in.,    a    Roman    family   name. 

.  the  chief  man  in  the  pro- 
vince of  'iiiul  :  1. 19,  47.  and  ■">.".. 

PROCLIXATT?.  a.  um.  pari,  procli'no. 
PB001  ivi,  aini.i.  tr.,   pro-clino,  ft) 

forward,  incline.    Adjmn 

nroclintit'Ott.    U)    increase     the    tcndenC] 

thing,  t  rone, 

PRO  ■•■•..  pro-consul,  a  proconsul. 

■'I,  am/ 
.try  command. 
<consuli:  had  gtntrt 
near  before  they  became  prorontult. 

[■mil  i  i„  a&y  .  pnoeUO)  for, 
from  b  diatan 

ratal,  eubitnm.  In) 
eobo,  i  rd,  faH  forwacd,  l 

wards,  lie  dowu  er  along,  full  down,  pa 
one's  sc  If. 

PROCURATOR,  ..inae/T. 

■dmlnlsfoator,  agi  at,  tnpi  rlntei 

Procurator  regni,  a  vioeroy,  gov- 
ernor, n 

J-TRO,  are,  ari,  otum.   ti 

■   after,   man- 
age, Idmiiiist'-r. 

PROCrRRO.  ere.  . -urri  ami   rn 
intf.,  j  :  run  forward,  run  fortb 

forth. 

rilODKO.  .re.  ii.  Hum.  ,-■ 
or  come  forth,  go  or  come  oat ;  to  go  f 
adv.-mr%ji'rk'c<  1 ;  to  spring  np,  appear. 


tqtUfiio 


2C5 


I  } 


I'KoDiTM.  otiK.  f.  1 1-   Io,  a   1     overing,  bi 
(raving;  treasnefy,  tn 

PROMTOR,    oris,    in.,   prodo, 
traitor. 

PRODITTJS,  a.  am,  part,  prodo. 

I'll  olio.  ,  i,  .  ijj,  [turn,  tr.,  "pro-do,  to  ( 
bring  forth,  t»  to  declare,  disclose, 

manifest,  show,  pronounce,  publish;  to 

•  it,  hand  clown;   to 

betray,  desert,  surrender,  give  up,  abandoi 
ceive.    Prodtturmem  iaudoddov     bj 

tradition,  it    i-   reported.      .  t,, 

D  writing,  describe,  relate.     Tid       pro- 
denda  manor. 
scribed  or  related, 
PBODi       '  ri,  ctuni,  tr.,  pro-.].- 

bring  forth,  to  draw  out  in  lengl 
ontinue,   prolong.     Product*   M&io* 
having reviewed,  the  i 
PRODUCTUS,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj,  pro-da- 

PRQSLIOR,  ari,  :itn-  mm,  di  p.  i Jit r.,  pi  . 
to  fight,  engage,  join  battle. 
PRCELrOM;  i,  n..  , 

a  hat 1 1-  |  ■    , 

.  or  post 
prwUum  factum,  after  the  battle  bad  been 
fonglit. 

PROFRCTIO,  anis,  C,  proflciacor,  a   gi 
setting  out,  departure,  journey,  march. 

TROFECTO.  adv..  pro-mcto,  in  fact,  cortainlj . 
lUrely,  truly,  in  t.utli. 

PR0FECTU8,  a,  um,  part,,profi( 

:  CTUS,  a.  run,  part.,  proficio. 
PEOFERO.  ferre.  tuli, latum,  irr.  tr,  |  I 
to  carry  or  bring  out  or  forth ;  to  utt 

carry  forward,  put  off,  defer,  pretract. 
PROFICIO,  ere,  ted,   feetam,  tr.  and  infi  . 
pro-fa. 

contril 

lapro 

tat  sum,  in; 

,  mak<- 

•  ly ,   I. 

I  ■  r.  '  •  i  ' 

■cm. 

i 

. 
■  • 


2S6 


PROFUI— PHOPULSO. 


to  fleo,  fly,  run   away,   escape ;  to   flee.  from. 
avoid. 
PROFUI,  etc.    See  Prosum. 
PROFUNDO,  ere,  fitdi,  f«sum,  tr.,  pro-fundo, 
to  shed  copiously,   pour  forth  or  out,  cause  to 
«„,.•     tv..<-  s<^  to  sally  forth,  rush  out. 

i  um,  part.,  pro  arnd  uatusor 
or  sprung  from. 
,  essus  sum,  dop.  intr.,  pro- 
line or  g»  forth,  go  on  or  for- 
ced. 

,,  um,  part.,  progredior. 
ui,  itum,  tr.,  pro-habeo,  to 
)re,  to  .keep  or  ward  off,  de- 
,  stop,  prevent,  cut  off,  pro- 
i  away,  keep  in  check ;  to 
1th  an  infinitive,  to  prevent,' 
kinder,  keep  from  doing  a  thing.  Prohibcre 
ingrcdi,  to  prohibit  from  entering. 

PROHIBITUS,  a,  um,  prohibeo,  kept  off,  hin- 
dered, prevented,  protected. 

PROINDE.  adv.,  pro-inde,  therefore,  for  that 
reason,  on  that  account. 

PROJECTUS.  a,  um,  part,  and  adj...  projicio, 
thrown  or  cast  forth,  cast  away. 

PROJICIO,  ere,  jeci,  jectum,  tr.,  pro-jacio,  to 
row  forth  or  before,  to  throw  or  fling  away ; 
to  throw,  cast,  fling;  to  throw  down;  to  give 
T»p.  yield;  resign,  renounce,  reject,  disdain, 
,  *eglect.  Projicerc  p.rma,  to  throw  away,  lay 
down  one's  arms.  Projicerc  sc,  to  cast  one's 
self,  prostrate  one's  self.  Projicerc  se  ex  navi, 
to  leap  from  the  ship. 

PROMINEO.  ere,  ui,  intr.,  pro-mi neo,  to  hang 
titer,  to  project,  hang  over,  to  lean  forward,  be 
prominent. 

PROMISCUE,  ad.,  promiscuus,  mired,  con- 
s' osedly,  promiscuously,  indiscriminately,  with 
•ut  order  or  distinction. 

PROMISSUS,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj.,  promitto, 
suffered  to  grow  long,  growing  long,  hanging 
down,  long.' 

PROMITTO,  ere,  misi,  missum,  tr.,  pro-mitto, 
to  send  forth,  let  go  out,  let  grow;  to  give  out 
orae's  word,  promise. 

PROMO,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  tr.,  pro-em o,  to  bring 
orth,  produce,  bring  to  light,  utter,  disclose, 
Ml. 

PROM0NT0RIUMT  i,  n.,  pro-mons,  n  moun- 
tainous cape,  promontory,  headland. 
PROMOTUS.  a,  .um,  part.,  promoveo. 
PROMOVEO,  ere,  ovi,  otum,  tr.,  pro-moveo, 
to  move  forwards,  canBe  to  advance,  impel,  push 
er  move  onward,  advance. 

PROMPTUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  part  of  promo, 
brought  to  light,  set  forth,  clear,  manifest; 
ready,  prepared,  at  hand :  ready  to  do.  active, 
fcold,  prompt,  ardent. 
PRONUNCI.ATUS,  a,  um,  part.,  prouuncio. 
PRONUNCIO  or  PRONUNTIO,  are,  avi, 
atam,  tr.,  pro-nuncio,  to  make  publicly  known, 


to  pronounce,  speak,  utter,  to  declare,  announc.-. 
proclaim,;  to  say,  tell,  relate,  narrate,  report. 
Pronunciatur,  imp.,  proclamation  is  made. 

PRONUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  pro,  inclined  or-  bend- 
ing forward,  stooping,  benifing  down,  headlong, 
prone,  inclined,  disposed. 

PROPS,  prep,  with  ace.  and  adv.  propius. 
proximo,  (ncut.  of  pr  m.is,  obs.  whence  propior. 
proximus:)  near,  hard  by,  next,  beside;  almost, 
within  a  little,  nearly. 

PROPELLO.  ere,  puli,  pulsum,  tr.,  pro-pello. 
to  drive  before  one's  self,  to  drive  or  push  for- 
wards, push  on,  drive,  hurl,  propel;  to  drive 
out  or  away,  repel,  repulse,  keep  or  ward  off. 

PROPERO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  and  intr.,  pro- 
perus,  quid;  to  quicken,  accelerate,  prepare  or 
do  with  haste,  to  make  haste,  hasten,  make 
■speed. 

PROPINQUITAS.  atis,  f.,  propinquns,  nigh- 
ness,  nearness,  vicinity,  proximity,  neighbor- 
hood; nearness  of  kin,  relationship,  consan- 
guinity. Sx  propinquitctte  jpugnare,  to  fighr 
close  at  hand,  in  the  very  neighborhood.  Con- 
junct!'? pr.opinquitate,  allied  or  united  by 
blood. 

PROPINQWS,  a,  um,  adj.,  propc,  neighbor- 
ing, near  at  hand.  Subs.,  a  kinsman,  relative 
relatiota,  intimate  friend. 

PROPIOR,  sup.  proximus,  adj.,  propis,  obs.. 
nearer.  Propius,  adv.,  comp.  of  propc,,  more 
nearly,  nearer,  nearer  to.  It  is  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  tfie  accusative,  Gr.  g  1-1'2,  Rom.  i-. 

PROPfrNO,  ere,  posui,  pooitmn,tr.,  pro-pouo. 
to  set  out  or  expose  to  view,  set  forth  or  display, 
offer,  present:  to  publish,  make  known;  to  tell, 
show,  declare,  explain,  relate,  report;  to  prom- 
ise; to  purpose,  determine,  appoint,  fix,  pro- 
pose. 

PROPOSITUS,  i,  n..  propono,  a  purpose,  in? 
tention,  resolution,  design. 

PROPOSITUS,  a.  um,  part,  and  adj.,  propono. 
set  before,  placed  in  view,  set  out  or  exposed  to 
view,  shown 'openly,  exposed;  proposed,  pur- 
posed, intended ;  offered. 

PROPRIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  one's  own,  peculiar 
particular,  special,  private.  Proprium,  i,  »;. 
a  property,  peculiar  quality,  peculiarity,  distin 
guishing  feature,  characteristic. 

PROPTER,  adv.  and  prop,  with  ace,  (fo> 
propiter,  from  propc.)  near  by,  close  to;  for,  ot 
account  of,  by  reason  of,  owing  to,  becauso  of. 

PROPTEREA,  adv.,  propter-ea,  therefore 
for  this  or  that  cause  or  reason ;  on  that  ac 
count.    Propterea  quod,  because,  because  that 

PROPUGJSMTOR,  oris,  m.,  propugno,  a  de 
fender,  maintainor,  champion. 

PROPUGNO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  pro-pugno 
to  fight  in  defence  of,  fight  or  contend  for,  do 
fend ;  to  rush  out  to  fight,  sally  forth. 
^  PROPULI,  etc.    Seo  Propello. 

PROPULSO.  are.  avi,  atum,  tr.  feq.,  propello 


PRORA— PUDOR. 


267 


.  i  drive  ftiway  or  back,  repel,  keep  or  wa 
.PROltA,  a?,  f.,  (he  prow  or  fore-part  of  a  ship, 

a  in  puppis. 
PRORIPIO,  ere,  ipui,  eptum,   tr..   pi 
i  drag  or  hurry  forth,  take  away  by   forcej 
hurry  away,  snatob  away.     Proripere  se,  to 
hurry  away,  rush  out.  escape  quickly. 
PROKUO,  en',  ui,  hi  vim.  tr.  and   intr.,  pi"- 

run.  to  rush,  to    pud  'ill    Of  one.  to 

beat  down  violently,  overthrow,  over- 
turn,   throw    down;    ie.    rush    forth,   tumble 
down. 
PRORUTUS,  m  um.part.,  proruo. 
PROSECETUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  prosequer. 
PROSEQUOR,  i.  cmIi  •   sum,  dep.  tr.,  | 
quor,  to  follow  after  in  a  friendly  or  hostile 
r  ;  follow,  iiuil  inpany, 

.  'to  ad- 
Iress,  Bp'i  i  K  to. 

PROSPECTUS,  us,  ui.,  prospicio,  a  looking 
■  rward;  Ifpros]   ct,  view,  sight. 

0  be  in  sight, 

PROSPICIO,  err.  exi,  actum,  intr.  an.;  tr.. 
pro-specia  to  .■■■■  .  in  look  for?  ard  in)  -  I 
tance,  loov  ou  hand,' bo 

on  oiii*.-  guard,  watch;  t.>  oreseo. 

to  piw 
providi  ■  ■,  ply. 

PROSTERNO,  en  um     ir„  pro- 

sterno.  n  front  Of  or 

■vn.   throw  or  dash  (<•  the 
irow,  ovej  turn,  pro 
ruin. 

PRO.^U.U.  i  .;i.  irr.  intr..  i«. 

lir.  §111;  to  d 
PROTKiiO.  .  tr.,  pre-* 

r  in  front  of,   Bholti 
•.nan),  protect, 
PKc:  ui,  [turn,  tr.,prorteweo,to 

a  or  chase  away.   Rcaro,  drive  away  by 
terror,  riff. 

frightened. 

]•;;.'•;  I NUS,  adv.,  (pr*-tenus,  at  faros,)  for- 
ward, rb.1  ou,   conlinu- 
ininterruptodly,   it    Umtly,    forthwith, 
.    in   the   next 

.  are,  avi.  atuin,  tr..  pro-;:; 

1  pulse  drive  1 

.■a,  part.,  pre  i    ' 

vnio,  to  pro 


pear;  to  originate,  arise,  to  take  root,  thrive 
grow,  increase,  be  produced  ;  to  succeed,  tura 
out,  prosper. 

PROYENTUS,  us.  in.,  provenio,  a  coiniug 
forth,  growth,  increase:  an  issue,  event  f  BUC- 
od  fortune. 

PROVTDEO,  ere,  *di,  visum,  intr.  and  tr., 
pro-vidi  . 

i  i int.  1    re.-ee;  to    see    hi,    look    alter:  t» 

provide  for,  take  care  of ;  to  prepare.  ) 

to  perceive,  discern.    Provision  ■  ■•'.   provision 

was  made. 

PR0Y1NCIA.  ae,  £,  pro-vinco,    x 
conquered  country  governed  by  a  strata 

sent  fi. mi  Romi  i  iinciOf 

often  ii.  •  called 

i  ingfrom  ihr  Pyrenees  to  the  Alps, 
and  northwari  t,  c.    /Vo, 

•/pina:  ' 
1.  hi. 

provlncia,  of  or  W- 
longing  t"  a  province,  provincial. 
PROV/SUS,  a,  um,  part.,  provid 

d,  got  ready. 
PROVOLO,  ai'v.  avi,   atum,  intr.,  pro-vo!o,  /• 
rush  forth,  run  for- 
ward, ha  rward. 

PROS  ap.  of  proj   ,  .'i  :.t,  very 

near;  e 
PROXIMl'.S.  a,  um,  adj.,  sup.  a/propior,  £74. 

1.  very  near,  neighboring,  man  I.  n.  ,t.  last. 
lUr  pro.- 

PRUDENT1A,   a-,   f.,   pi  d,  for 

providens,  foresight;  prudence,  sagacity,  dis- 
cretion. 

P17BER  or  P  CUES 

puberty,  adult.    Subs.,  Pub 
of  mature  age.  adults. 

PUBLICS,  adv.,  publicus,  publicly,  in  public, 
by  public  authority,  in  the  name  , if  the  state. 
on  the  public  account,  at  public  expense,  witk 
regard  to  the  public,  to  the  public  at  large  or 

-tale. 

PUBLICO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  publico 

.  confi» 
nribo. 
PUB! 
form  of  pepiii.  ,.  pup. 

.  pub* 

.  .ii  piiii- 


?6S 


PUER-^QUANTUS 


f  p'-i>pri .  i  \ .    gumi    in 
-'-poet:  reputation,  honor:  ;i  sense  ef'honor; 
m  cause  of  shanie,  disgrace.-; 

PUER,  eri,  m.,  a  boy,  lad,  stripling.  A  p"~r- 
is,  irom  boyhood  or  childhood. 

PUER/LIS,  e.  adj.,  puer,  of  or  pertaining  to 

*  boy,  boyish.    Pueriti^dtus,   boyhood,  child. 

\;<.  a  jist.  I  rtginally  a  fist 
quarters;  then  a  fight  Oc 
it,   engagement,  combat, 
i  fight.    Imptdimentum  ad 
in  fighting. 

■t.  and  adj.,  pugno,  fight- 
fights,  a  combatant. 
i,  part.,  pugno. 
turn,  intr.,  pugr(a,  to  fight 
'ugnatur,   pass,  imp.,  the 
ght,  Or.  2114,  5. 
PULCHER,  .......  clirum,   ior,  errimus.  adj., 

fair,  beautiful,  handsome  in  shape  anil  appcar- 
■ii',  :  beautiful  ia  character,  honorable,  glori- 
ous, illustrious. 
PULFIO,  onis,  m.,  T.  Pulfio,  a    centurion : 

r.  u. 

PXmtfSS,  a,  am,  part.,  pello,  struck ;  beaten  , 
routed,  defeated. 

PULSUS,  us,  m.,  pello,  a  driving  forward,  Im- 
pelling', impulse,  striking,  beatiDg,  stroke. 

PULYIS,  oris,  m.,  dust. 

PUXCTUM,  i,  n.,  pungo,  a  small-hole,  pnne- 
ture;  a  point. 
•  PUPPIS,  is,  f.,  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

PURG^iTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  purgo. 

PURGO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,'  purnm-ugo,  to 
make  clean,  cleanse,  purify;  to  excuse,  justify, 
clear,  acquit,  exculpate. 

PUTATUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  put... 

PUTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  putus,  to  cleanse, 
to  prune ;  to  weigh,  consider,  ponder ;  to  think, 

•  ■steem,  judge,  reckon,  imagine,  suppose. 

PYRENiEUS,  a,  uni,  adj.,  Pyreneau.    Pyre- 
mci  monies,   the   Pyrenees,  a    range   of  lnoun- 
:iiis  separating  France  from  Spain. 


Q 


Q,  an  alibreviation  of  the pranomen  Quin- 

QUA,  adv  ,  abl.fem.  o/.qui,  so.  via  or  parte, 
6a  the  Side  of  part  on  which,  where;  in  what 
way. 

QUADRAG.ENI,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  quadragin- 
'  i,  forty  each,  forty  at  a  time. 

QUADRAGINTA,  num.  adj.,  quatuor,  forty. 

QUADR-4TUS,  i,  in.,  the  Robust,  agnomen  of 
0.  Yolusenus.     See  Vclusenus. 

QUaDRAGEXTI,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  quatuor-- 
•ntum,  four  hunched. 

'iliaERO,  ere,  sivi,  st'tuni,  tr.,  to  seek,  Beck 
M'ter,  search  for,  go  in  search  of;  to  ask,  inquire, 


>;;ate;   to  investigate,    search,   examine 

int.i.     Queerere  aliqiiid  ex  or  ah  aliqno,  to  ask 

i  -one  about  anything,  make  inquiries  concerning. 

QUiESTIO,  onis,  f.,  quaero,  a  seeking,  inquir- 
ing, searching;  an  examination,  inquiry,  inves- 
tigation; a  judicial  examination,  trial,  prose- 
cution. Qutestioncm  de  ali-iuo  habere,  \o  exam- 
[  iue,  try,  try  or  question  one; — dc  ctliguo  nego 
'in.  to  investigate  a  thing, 

QUiESTOK.  oris,  m.,  quaero,,  a   Quaestor,  the 
1  title  of  a  class  of  Rornan  magistrates,   some  of 
■  whom  had  the  care  of  the  public   money,  and 
others  conducted  criminal  trials.    The  .. 
urbanuf  or  aerarii,  was   public  treasurer,  and 
remained  in   the   city ;   the   quiegtor  militaris 
combined  the  offices  of  a  modern  quartermas- 
ter and  commissary  general,  and   one   was  ap> 
j  pointed  to  assist  each  consul  or  praetor  in  com- 
mand of  a  province. 

QUiESTUS,  us,  m.,  quaero,  a  gaining,  acquir- 
ing ;"  a  means  of  acquiring  a  trade,  occupation  ; 
what  is  acquired,  gain, profit, advantage.  Quxs- 
tuspecunise,  a  gaining  or  making  of  money, 
acquisition  of  wealth. 

QIULIS,  e,  pron.,  Or.  g  91 ;  of  what  kind  or 
sort,  what ;  as,  just  a3,  such  as. 

QUAM,  conj.,  qui,  g  203,  Rem.-  1,_  how,  how  ■ 
much,  as  much  as,  than.  Tam—quam,  so— as : 
quam  late,  very  widely.  With  superlatives,  as 
;  ;  os,  quam  maximum,  as  great  as  pos- 
sible. Quam  celerrime  potuit,  as  quickly  as  he 
could  or  as  possible.  Quam  diu,  see  Quamdiu, 
Quam,  plures,  see  Quamplurcs. 

QUAMDIU,  conj.,  quam-diu,  as  long  as. 

QUAMOBREM,  conj.,  quam  ob  rem,  why, 
wherefore;  therefore,  for  which  cause  or  reason. 

QUAMPLETRES,  or  QUAM  PLFRES,  adj. 
pi.,  vefy  many. 

QUAMPLURIMUM  or  QUAM  .PLURIMUM, 
as  much  as  possible. 

QUAMPR/MUM.  and  QUAM  PR/MUM,  adr. 
quain— primum,  as  soon  as  possible,  as  quickly 
as  possible. 

QUAMVIS,  adv.  and  cod j.,  quam-vis,  from 
volo,  as  much  as  you  will,  however  much :  al- 
though, though,  albeit ;  however. 

QUAMVIS,  pron.    See  Qut'vis. 

QU^NDO,  conj.  and  adv.,  when,  when?  Afl<  r 
si.  ne,  or  n'um,  ever,  any  time;  as,  si  quamlo,- 
if  ever,  if  at  any  time. 

QUANTOPEBE,     adv.,.  quanto-opero,     how 
greatly,  how  much.     TaQfopere— quantop 
greatly — as,  as  much — as. 

QUAXTUS,  a, -um,  cor.  pron.,  Gr.  §91;  now 
great,  how  much,  how  important,  as  gri 
The  neuter  quantum  is  often  followed  of  t If  • 
partitive.  gmitive,  Gf ■  §134,  Rem.  1.  Qudnlo. 
abl.,  by  how  much.  Quanta  opere,  see  Qkanl- 
iViih  (antus  exprctsid  or  implied,  ai 
gri  at— as  ;  as  much^-as,  as  far— as..    Qui 


adv.,  JlfivT,  Rem.  3;  as  much  ».■ 
as. 

QUANTUSVI.S,  t'avis,   tumvis.    adj..  qua 
•  ml  vis  froij  11  ], lease,  lm^ 

jreat  soever,  ever  so  great,  hi 

(.JUvtRE,  conj.  and  adv.,  abl.  ol 
»r   interrogative,   and  res.    by   which   i 
whereby;  for  which  reason,  on   which  account 
>vhorofore.  why,  ott  account  of  which,  on  what 
account :  as  !-■...  i  five,  g  210,  so 

lhat  on  tin's  account. 

QUARTUg,  a,  tun.  num.  adj.,  the  fourth. 

'<\    \S(.       :ij..  (uam-si,  as  if.  as  it  were,  just 
as  if. 

QUATUQR,  ind.  num.  adj..  tour. 
•tATUOKDi'-OIM.  ind.  num.  adj.,   quatuor- 
decem,  Forfrti 

QUE,  .  rkiitic  conj.,  Gr.  \ 223,  and;  que-et,  it- 
fOi ,  both — b 

QUEMABMOt)!  M;  conj.  and  adv..  qu 

In  ■  ner,  in  what  way,  hnw;  a*. 

in  whatever  waj .  like  as  just  h ■-. 

QTJEROR,  i,  questua  suin,  dep.  tr.  and  infer.' 
i  '  i  omplain  aplain. 

QTJGSTUS,   i.  li'.u.  part.,  quoror. 

QtTESTUS,  us,    i..  raeror,  complain 

•Jlinll 

QUI,  quae,  quod,  pro.reL  (!r.  |87;  who,  which, 
that,   « 

UP;  {168,  )>)  that,  liy  how  much,   the;  quo  mi- 

Rem,  3; 
that,  in  order  that,    n  qui,  as  ohe  wh 
iic,  in;,  much  a  ■  he. 

Q$tCUMQi  id  unique, 

i  '1.  pro.  Ur.  §87;  qui--eumque,  quisquo,  whoso- 
evor,  w!i  i "  i  i-.  wlii:-,  ever,  whatever.  All  who, 
fvery  tug   that,     Ji  vsudlly 

ttands  ■ 

QU1I> 

QU/I).\M.  qiiaedain,  quoddum  and  quiddam, 
neon.,  ,■ 

■ 

Quil/EM,  oonj  ,   indeed,  truly,  in  truth,  e-r- 
iftinly. 
ted  by  the  Itiri 

QDrDQufa) 

'ill  I  ES,  eti  ;.  Cap- 

■ 

QUIA'Tl  H,  a,  um,  iur,  huimus,  adj.,  pari,  of 

>,  qoies,   quieted,   reduced  to  %  stab-  of 

' .  calm,  tian.juil.  |"  arcibl.  . 

etiU,  undisturbed,  mot  i<  i 

i;  ijui, 

'  i  ?     that 

ut  that,  from 


*  269 

hi'  no  del  i>    io . 

n  ipse  situ  irtrit- 

mittcd  suicide.     Quia  cliam 


'    llOIll    plilu 

du    from    tin    m 

■ 

w2 


out,  iA<-  . 


\  \M.     Sec  Quisnam. 
£K<.'ONX.  uncis,  in.,    quinquc  and   uncia, 
t\\  elfths  of  an  as,   the  five  spot's 
[I  em,   after  the  manner  of 
the  five  points  on  dice,  in  quincunx  ;  as,  $  *  *. 
IDEOIM,  ind.  num.adj.,  tjulnque— dcconi 
fifteen. 
(JUINBTIAM.    nc  tjuin. 

(>t  IXUKYI  I.  ac.a.  num.    adj.,  -de- 

cem,  live  hundred. 

QU/NI.  in',  a,  num.  adj.,   quinque,  i  .ch, 

live  apiece,  five  at  a  tine. 

QTJINQUAGINTA,  ind.  num.  adj.,  quinque-- 
ajnta,  tiny. 

QUINQUE,  iud.  num.  adj.,  live. 
(>i  [NTUS,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  qninqve,  tht 
fifth. 
QU1NTUS,  i,  m.,  Quintns,  a  Romau  preeno- 

QTJig  or  (Jul,  quafe,  quod  or  quid,  intcrroga- 
i  indefinite  pro.,  Gr.  g 88  sad  89;  who? 

what?  any  one,  any  thing,  any  ;  some- 
body, something,   some.     Ai  quit,   that  no   one, 
'■     [ui.i.     Quid,  what?   why? 
,.  ,iid  r&iqui  consilii,  what  other 
measures. 

QUISNAM  and  QU/NAM,  quaenam,  quoi»- 
iiiiiii  and  quidnam,  interrogative  prpu  (Jr.  \  88, 
quia  or  qui — nam,  who  pr%y?  which!  what? 
what  then? 

QUISPIA  M,  quaepiam,  quodpiam  and  quid- 
piam,  ii  ine,  any  body 

I  bing,  some. 
;r.V?.i.   quaoquam,  quidquam  or  quis- 
I 
any.    anything    where    ail  0  Aw 

.  tium. 
QUI3QUE,  nsdque   and  quidque. 

[ae,  every   man,  each,  all, 

imum 

1.   tb» 

I  antiquity. 

quldquid  <t  quicquld,   nd.  pro., 
:  ijui-qui.  who:  \.  i,   whatever.    Quid- 

'  I  Bhips,  i.  n.  all  the  ships 

.  -  indef. 

] 

ft  every . 

i  toy   whither, 

i    « 

•'Ulial. 


p: 


r\ 


270 


QUO  MINUS— B£CTE. 


QUO  MINUS  or  QUOMINUS,  a 
l.indtrirtg,  Gr'.  3193,   11  cm.  5;  tlin 
for  not,  with  the  Englfah  gerundive. 
QUO,  abl.  of  Qui.    See  Qui. 
QUOAD,  conj.,  quo-ad,  as  long  as,   whilst,  to 
»ha*  times,  till,  until,  Gr.  2  207. 
QUOD,  conj..  ace.  of  qui,  Gr.  §223,  4.  in  that, 
that,  inasmuch  as;  since,    because,   that. 
•o  nuod,  because,  for  the  rea- 
son.    Quod  si,  Gr.  §223, 
then,  but  if,  if  however. 
.  s,  but  if  not,  unli 
iaret,  as  to  his  threat. 
qui,   what,   that   which ;  to 
as. 
.,  quom/or  quum  and  jam, 
then,  since,  as. 
.  also,  likewise,  tefo. 
,  for  quonquon/rom  quisquit, 
t,  whithersoever.     Qnoquo  ver- 
bis.   See  Quoquovercus. 

QCOQUOVEESUS,  adv.,  quoquo-versus,  eve- 
ry way,  on  every  side,  in  every  direction. 

QUOT,  ind.  cor.  pro.,  Gr.  £91,  how  many,' as 
many    as:    every.    Tot — quot,    as    many — as. 
'Juot  annis  or  quotannis,  every  year,  yearly. 
QUOTANNIS.     See  Quot. 
QUOTIDI.-iNUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  quotidle.  daily; 
bappening  every  day,  ordinary,  -common,  usual. 
QUOTIDIE,  adv.,  quot-dies,  every  day,  daily, 
day  by  day. 
QUOTIES,  adv.,  quot,  how  often ;  as  often  as. 
QUUM  and  CUM,   conj.,    Gr.   §205;   when, 
ile,  since,  as,  because,  seeing  that,   whereas. 
iiough.      Quuni—tum.    not   only — but  &lso, 
h — and.     Quum  primum,  as  soon  as. 


B, 


UJDIX,  icis,  f.,  a  root;  radiator  radiOesmon- 
s,  the  foot  or  base  of  a  mountain. 

K^IDO,  ere,  si,  sum,  tr..  to  scrape,  rub  3mooth, 
shave,  polish. 

EL4MUS,  i,  m.,  akin  to  radix,  a  branch,  bough. 
a  branch  of  a  stag"s  antlers. 

RAPIDITAS,  aris,  f..  rapidus,  swift,  rapio, 
.-.wiftness,  velocity,  rapidity. 

BAP/NA,  ao,  f.,  rapio,  to  carry  oil',  plunder- 
ing, robbery,  rapine,  pillage,  depredation. 

K.4RUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  having  wide  intervals 
I  .etweeu  its  parts,  not  dense,  rare,  thin,  light ; 
,'-w,  uncommon,  unfrequent,  wide  apart,  scat- 
toied  here  and  there,  rare.  liari,  in  small  par- 
ties, here  and  there,  scattered,  single. 

RJlSUS,a,  sum, part., rado,  scraped,  smoothed, 
1 i  dished,  shaved. 

RATIO,  onis.  f.,  rcor,   a  reckoning,  account, 

lation,  computation;  a  matter  of  business,. 

;i  transaction;  icverence,  regard,  consideration, 

concern,  respect ;  a  method,  mode,  system ;  a 

m  heme,  plan;  artifice,  trick,  stratagem;  man- 


tier,  way,  arrangement,  disposition,  cider;  the 
Jpeasoni:ig  faculty,  reason ;  a  reason,  cause,  mo- 
tive. Ratio  belli,  the  science' of  wtr,  military 
tactics.  Habere  ratiotiem  a'icijm  rei,  to  re- 
gard— care  for — be  concerned  about,  i5,;  ru- 
tior.c.  therefore.  Ratio  dt.que  issw  belli,  the  art 
and  practice  of  war. 

RATIS,  is,  f.,  pieces  of  timber  pinned 
er ;  a  float,  ii 

It^tTUS,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj.,  rcor,  thinking, 
deeming,  judging,  believing,  supposing:  pas- 
sively, thought  -over,  hence,  established,  fixed, 
determined. 

RAURACI,  orum,  m.,  the  Rauraci,  a  people 
of  Gaul,  on  the  northern  extremity  of  Mt.  Jura: 
1,5. 

REBELLIO,  onis,  f.,  rcbollnm,  a  renewal  of 
war  by  the  conquered  party,  a  rebellion,  revolt, 
insurrection. 

REBILUS,  i,  m.  (C.  Caninius,)  ouo  of  Ce- 
sar's lieutenants  in  Gaul :  VII,  S3.    ' 

RECEDO,  ere,  cessi,  cessuin,  intr.,  re-cedoj  to 
give  back,  fall  back,  retire;  withdraw,  retreat, 
recede,  depart. 

RECENS,  tis,  adj.,  that  has  not  lung  existed, 
new,  fresh,  newly  done  or  made,  recent;  fresh,J 
not  tired  or  fatigued ;  raw,  inexperienced. 

RECENSEO,  ere,  sui,  sum  and  si'tum,  tr.,  re- 
censeo,  to  count  over  from  the  beginning ;  to 
review,  survey,  muster ;  to  count,  enumerate, 
number,  tell. 

'  KECEPTACULUM,  i,  n.,  recepto,  to  re 
recipio,  a  place  to  receive  or  keep  things  in,   a 
storehouse,  magazine,  receptacle  :  A  place  oi're- 
:  re.it,  shelter. 

RSCEPTUS,  us,  m.,  recii>    .  ng.    , 

treat,  tho  power  of  retreating;  a  refuge,  p.. 
of  refuge.    Habere  receptum  ad  aliC[Uf,jn,  to   li- 
able to  retreat  to  or  fail  back   upon.     Reeeptui 
cunere,  to  give  the  signal  for  a  retreat ;  to  sound 
a  re  treat. 

RECEPTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  resipio,  received. 

RECES.5US,  us.  m.,  roc  edo,  a  going  bad 
.  retiring,  reti'eat. 

RECIDO,  ere.  idi.   casum,  intr.,  re-cadi 
fall  back,  recoil.    With  dd  or   in,   to  come  to, 
fall  upon,  befall. 

RECIPIO,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  tr.,  re-capio,  to 
take  again,  get  back,  retake,  regain,  recover, 
receive'.  Reciperc  or  recipere  se,  to  betake  one'* , 
self,  retreat,  withdraw,  retire,  return,  come  back; 
also,  to  recover  one's  seif,  recover,  recover  one's 
strength.  To  admit  of,  allow,  suffer;  to  take 
!,;>'.  :c's  self,  admit  or  receive  into. 

RECITO,  are,  avi,  aturn,  tr.  and  intr.,  re-cito, 
to  recite,  read  out,  read  aloud. 

RECLIN-1TUS,  a,  um.  part.,  reel; no. 

RECL/NO,  are.  avi,  aturn,  tr.,  re-clino,  to 
bend,  to  lean  or  rest  on,  be::d  back,  red: 

RECTE,  siv.,  rectus,  directly,   in   a  . 


linn;  rightly,  pi    pc  •:  ■     dul 
safety. 

"I-/"' 

(perpi .. 

regit.*' 

g\ 
river  Danube,  .■'.   . 

H !■'.'.  I '!  EKO,jxri .  :ivi.  ntum,   tr.,   re 

11  Br. 
UECrso,  ;uc.  .wi,  atum.    intr.   and    tt\.   ro- 
nusa,  to  mal  ;k<<:,  de- 

Sony,  reject,  object .  innka  oppo  ition  to, 
be  uuwilling  or  reluctant;  to  make  a  defence 
in-  excuse.   Wits  eti  refuse 

Hi 
REDACT!  S,  a,  in 
brought. 

REDDITUS,  a.  um.part.,  r.-.lilo.  resto 
dored. 

i:i:i)l>o.  are,  tr.,  ro-do, 

back, restore,  return  .  togivo  up,  hm, 
deliver;  to  make,  i 

tmpense.    .'  administer  ju 

.  .  .  m, i.  part.,   i  odimo 

REDEO,  ire,  ii,  itum,  iuti  return, 

to    1"' 

I     i  I  .    .11, 

compel ;  to  bring, 

REDIMi y  • '  •:    ,  in 

pttTcha  ,  farm. 

iptegro, 

:   to  re- 
.  ..-.  begin,  i  •  ■  fill  up, 

iempl 

turn. 
B  KuffCO,  i  •  bring 

.  to  draw 

..fi',  K  111, ill  ;i\.  . 

'  irlit  vr 

W  n. 

I 

wed. 

ii.  latum,  \:  i 

.  retui 

i 


271 

id 

:',  rruil,..-  :i;i;i'  ■ 
■ 

RKFRlNtJO,  p:v.  x%  \  to 

l<  i:i. 
"  ill  QIO,  cro,f 
k  w  away,  ru 
ape. 
I    NUS.  i,  in .   (C.  Anti 
i  -  lioutenant.i  in  Gaul :  VI, 
a  straight  1 
d    action;  a    ri  laud 

country,  district.     8  regirme,  over  agaii       op- 
p  ; 

EBS&IUS^a,  um,  adj.,  rex,  of  or  like  a  king, 
kingly,  rival,  princely,  n 

RfiON  i.  ere,  av;, 
num.  t,'  reign,  i  ) 

'  '.  .M.  i.  nv.  i -."  al  power,  I 
or  government,  ompii 

r,  kingdom. 
i,  ere,  xi,  stum,   tr.,  t  i  keep  straight, 
direct;    iway, 
control,  g  ivi'ii.  rule. 
REG11EDU        ' 

.i  cturu. 

iTUS,  a.  inn,  port'.,  i 

tr., 
Mag  back,   throtv   in   return ;  t  ■ 

back,  1 

ject  wil 

;:i.i..ri  i'.v  a,  am,  part!,  n 

REL£00,  are,  avi.  atliw 

RELK 
hind,  U-rt. 

RELIGIO, 
1\ .  tin'  careful  | 

or  reUfo,  to  bind  back,  m  iral   obligati  m\)  t!if 
fear  of  G 


- 

IlELIQUI/E— REQUIRO. 


cum,  V.,-  faints,  wwoans.     Relin  juilur, 
ith  ut,  it  remains,  the  result  is. 
RELIQUIiE,  arum,  f.,     reliquus,   the,   l.-iv- 
■lics;  the  remainder, 

relinquo,  Gr.  $128, 

■st ;  the  residue,  the 

er  flight.    Reliquus. 

•■.     Reliquum,  i.  n., 

.    Reliqui,  the  rest. 

It,  nothing  is  left, 

Facere  reliquum, 

In  reliquum  tem- 

e  future.     .Vi>»7  ad  celerilatem  sibi 

Iieir  utmost  speed, 

-  r  iwer. 

minsum,  intr..   ro- 

remain,  continue, 

ldure,  remain. 

or,  remedy,  cure. 

remus-ago,  a  rower.     Re- 

migis  instituere,  to  collect  rowers. 

REMIGO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  remix,  to  row, 
be  a  rower. 

REM1GRO,  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.,  re-migro,  to 
remove,  to  go  hack.  romoTO  back,  return. 

REMINISCOR,  i,  dep.  intr.  sChd'tr.,  {root 
sten,  whence'  mens,  inemini,)  to  remember,  call 
to  mind,  recollect. 

REMISSUS,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj.,  sent  hack 
'like,  a  bow  when  unstrung;)  let  loose;  relax- 
ed, languid;  careless,  remiss.  Frigora  remis- 
siora,  the  cold  is  less, intense,  the  winters  are 
less  severe. 

REMITTO,  ere.  m?'si,  missum,  tr.,  re-niitto, 
to  send  back,  let  go  back,  return;  to  throw  or 
oast  back  ;  to  slacken,  let  loose,  relax;  to  remit, 
abate,  make  an  abatement,  dispense  with  ;  fo 
■jive  back,  restore  ;  to  leave  off,  intermit,  cease, 
giv£  oveu  omit.  Rcmittcrc  de  aliqua  re.,  to  les- 
sen, slacl  en,  abate  any  thing. 

REMOLLESCO,  ere,  intr.,  rc-raollesco,  to 
■jrvu  soft,  mollis ;  to  grow  or  become  soft,  bo 
mollified;  to  become  effeminate,  become  feeble 
»r  enervated. 

REMOTUS,  a,  urn.  part,  and  adj.,  removeo, 
removed,  withdrawn ,  remote,  distant,  afar  off, 
retired. 

REMOVEO,  ere,  movi,  motum,  tr.,  ro-movco, 
to  move  back,  draw-back,  take  away,  set  aside  ; 
to  remove,  withdraw,  draw  off,  drive  away. 

REMUNEROR,  ari,  atus  sum,   dep.   tr.,  .re- 
muueror,  munus,   to   remunerate,   reward.,  re- 
quite, recompense,  return  a  kindness. 
R.EMUS,  i.  m.,  an  oar. 

R.EMUS.  i,,m.,  a  Remian,  one/of  the  Remi: 
il,  6.  Remi,  orum,m.,  the  Remi,  a  peoplo  of 
BelgicGaul:  II,  3. 

_  RENOVO,  arc  avi,  stum,  tr.,  re-nuvo,  novus, 
'»  remake,  r*mew,  restore. 
'     RENUNTIATUS,  a,  un\.  part.,  renuncio. 


11EXUNTIO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  re-nuntio, 
to  bring  or  carry  word  back ;  to  report,  declare; 
announce,  give  notice;  to  proclaim,  publish  offi- 
cially. Itenuntiatur,  it  is  reported,  word  il 
brought. 

REl'ELLO,  ere,  puli,  pulsuin,  tr.,  re-pello,  to 
drivo  or  beat  back,  repel,  repulse,  drive  or  turn, 
away,  keep  off. 

REPENTE,  adv.,  ropens,  sudden,  repo.  to 
crap,  suddenly,  on  a  sudden,  unawares. 

REPENT/NU8,  a,  lira,  adj.,  repens,  sudden, 
unlooked  for,  unexpected,. sudden. 

REPEUIO,  ire,  peri,  perfum,  tr.,  r^-par.io.  to 
find,  meet  with,  find  out,  discover  (either  by 
searching  or  accident;)  to  perceive,  observe,  as- 
-certain,  learn,  see  ;  to  inVcnt,  contrive,  Revise ; 
to  find,  .gain,  acquire,  procure. 

REPERTUS,  a,  urn,  part ,  reperio,  found, 
found  out,  discovered. 

REPETO,  ere,  ?'vi,  t'tum,  tr.,  re-peto,  to  ask  or 
apply  for  again  ;  to  demand  again  ;  to  demand 
back,' claim  the  payment  of  a  debt.  Repctere 
poenas  ab  aliquo,  to  exact  satisfaction  from  one, 
inflict  punishment  on  one,  punish  one. 

REPLEO,  ere.  evi.  ctum,  tr.,  re-pleo,  obs.,  to 
refill,  replenish,  fill  up;  to  restore,  refresh  ;  to 
furnish,  supply,  make  up  for. 

REPLiJTUS,  a,  um,  part?  and  adj.,  repleo, 
filled,  filled  up,  replenished,  full,  provided,  fur- 
nished, abundantly  supplied. 

REPORTO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  re-porto.  t<> 
bring  or  carry  back. 

jREPOSCO,  ore,  tr.,  re-posco,  to  demand 
back,  claim;  to  demand,  ask,  exact,  require. 
Rationem  a!>      '  ,  poscere,  to' demand    a 

reckoning  of  one,  call  one  to  an  account. 

REPR-iESENTO,  are,  avi,  atiym,  tr.,  ro-prie- 
sento,  to  present,  prsesens,  to  represent,  lay  be- 
fore one;  to  jay  on  the  spot ;  to  do  before  the 
time;  to  do  immediately  ,.do  or  execute  with- 
out delary 

REPREHENDO,  ere.  di,  sum.  tr.,  re-prehen- 
do,  to  hold  back,  hold  fast ;  to  ca;cli  again,  lay 
hold  of,  seize ;  to  reprove,  blame',  censure,  it- 
buke,  find  fault  with. 
REPRESSUS,  a,  11:11,  part.,  reprimoj 
REPRIMO,  ere.  pressi,  prossuni,  tr.  ie-prenio, 
to  press  back,  keep  back,  repress,  check,  re- 
strain, curb,  confine,  stop,  hinder,  prevent. 

REPUDIO,  are,  avi,  alum,  tr.,  repudium,  « 
divorce,  pudet,  to  cast  off,  put  away,  divorce  \ 
to  reject,  refuse,  cast  off,  disown,  scorn,  disdain. 
repudiate, 

REPUGNO,  are,  avi.  atum,   intr.,   re-pugno, 
to  fight'back,  fight  against,  make   a  resistant-*-, 
resist,  oppose,  contend  against. 
REPULI,  etc.     See  Repello. 
REPULSUS,  a,  um,  part.,  ropello,  dri , 
beaten  back,   repelled,  driven   away.  .  Ab  spt 
repulsus,  deprived  of  a  hope,  disappointed. 
REliUiRO.'ere,  siivj-and  sii,  situm,   tr..   i-v- 


RES— HOB  UR. 


jucero,  to  Beek  agai  r,  search 

■  to  sock  to  know,  ask  or  inquire  after,  to 
nd,  1'1,-nirr,   Deed.  t'>  niifi.-*.   look   in   Tain 

RES,  fei,  i'..  roor.  what  1st!  ■  thing, 

mat  ter,   conci  rn  ;    Riot,   reality,  truth, 
(«ed,  e  ico,  circumstance,  net, meas- 

ure, BUbject,  pnrpoe  ;   .  condi- 

tion, situation;  interest*  ind,  rea- 

innn  ilitv.    Rtx  mili- 

■'is  rib  us,  in  the  ci  ti.  a]  con- 

iix  i     'a  r  .<  i  •/,  my  ( i  •>  :oi  n  is  w  iili  tho 

'I  \  ::i ',  ere,  idi,  issum.  ti     i      ■  :iniio,   to 
rut  Off,  out  lo  ISO,  cut  07  bri 

i  >  annul,  di 

i   ii,   Itiun,  tr.  inc., 

■ 

•  i  ;..  Bl 

IK/BO,  .  iv.  , -,.  ptiim,  tr.,  rc-scr 
back  or  in  return,  reply  by  writing,  write 
word  back,  write  again ;  to  oni  ill  anew,  t>  re- 
eulisf.    Rescriben  insfer  Boldion 

.inch   of  sen  ■  lior.    fie> 

fuum,  to  trai  •  valry. 

rUS,  a,  urn,  i 

i  strain; 

- 
naiu  Bit  tin,;:   i 

RE! 

down,  -  i 
iim,  bi 
;:r>i-.     j 
ping 

I  ding. 

■ 
ktand,  resist,  hold  out,  ti  Id  oo1    .■_      ist,   make 

tr.   apd    intr.. 
book  nnon ;  I 
RESPOND] 

RKSIM   I'.l  I     ' 

r 


republic,  government :  politics,    public 

RESPFO,  etc,  ui,  tr.,  re-spno,  to   pit,  to   *pit 
out,  reject,  repel,  refuse,  disapprovi .  spurn. 

RESTINCTCS,  a,um,par1  quench 

od,  extinguished.  Ik 

RE3TINGUO,  ere,nxi,  nctr.m,  tr.,  n-stfn^io. 

aguish,  quench,  put 
RE3TITI,  itato. 

■  oro,  in.  u\  ir  i 
-it  up  again,  to  replace  a  thing   in   it-    I 

n.  restore  to   ' 
pair,  rebuild,  renew ;  to  reinstate,  u;       -,  »i\e 

PracKum  or  pwjnam 
restore  tho  fight. 

i  iTTTi:.-.  a, 
co  1.  repaired;  reston  d,  renewed. 

RETENTUS,  ■•>.  uin,  part.,  rctim 
retained,  detained. 

Kl'.'i  IN'.:  '.  i  ■•  oin,  tr.,  re--.' 

•ii  ild  or  keep  back,  not  1( ;  go,  stop,  detatn,  hin- 
der :  tu  retain,  keop, 

in  check,   repress.     .'.         ri  quin  epi\jiccrtnt, 
to  be  restrained  Grom  throwing. 

KETT.MI  i,  (tun),   tr.,  re-traho,  to 

draw  nr  jiull  back,  with  Ii  btfck  by 

fftce.  drag  bark. 
RETUIil 

KK\  KI.l.O,  ere,  velli.  vul.-um,  t;..  re-Vcllo,  (c 
,:\\  iv.  pull  or  tear  ofT,  pull 
Up,  tear  Up. 

ii... 
.    tr.    nil    intr.,    aud 
.  -u-  sum,  dep.  intr.,  re-vet  to,  to 
turn  back;  to  come  back,  return. 
REV!  NCIO,  ire,  vlnxi,  vinctum,  tr.,ri 

fast,  fasten. 
RKVINCT1  - 
REVOCiTtTS,  ;  .   ui  i,   pari  .    i    ■ 

RETl  ■ 

ill :  tu  withd 

,  iroign,  mon- 

l;ll  fc'Di  in  lag'-  with 

fonr  wh<      .  . 

K1IKI>''N !'..-.  urn.  ;-.i  .  i 

i  i  ne  ric  tribes 

i  ■ 

'.  1. 

' 
',  1. 

i.;  i ■  • 
i:/\  i  .- 


ROGATUS— SATIS. 


heart  of  oak.   'Fig.  strength  of  body,   robust- 
ness, vigor,  haMibood. 
ROGATUS.  a,  um,  part.,'  rogo. 
ROGO,  are  avi,  atum,  ti\.  to  ask.  interrogate 
*Qp;re.  request,  demand,  inquire.   Edgar:  mili- 
s-k  soldiers  whether  tkey  will 
atk,  to  administer    t,.  .them 
.  to  enlist  eoldiPts. 
..me. 

u,  adj.,  (Roma,)  o'.'..r  belong- 
n.    Romanits.  i",   mJ  u  Bo- 
■  m,  ra.pl.,  the  Romans. 
L.)  Roscius.    >n    of  I ' 

.  tlic  snout  or 

.  the  beak  rr  b:!i  of  a  bird ; 

I  he  prow  of  an 

acta!  for  the 

ito  an  enemj ' 

el. 

bramble    or  blackberry 

■ 

RCTFUS,  i,  m.  Rufus  or  the  Red,  a  very  com- 
mon surname  among  the  Romans.  See  Sulpicius. 

RrMOR,  oris,  ra  ,  r.umo, 
"oer  again,  a  repeated  saying  or  Idling  :  hence, 
*  rumor,  popular  report ;  fame,  common  report. 

■RrrES,  is.  f.,  a  rock.  crag,  cliff. 

BUBStTS,  adv.,  re-versas,  backward;  again 
on  the  other  hand,  on  the  contrary  :  in  mrn: 
again,  a  second  time,  afresh, 

RUTi'NI,  orum.  m,,  the  Ruteni,  a  peoplo  of 
Celtic  Gaul,  a  part  of  whom   were   included   i:i 
ike  Roman  province,  and   were   thence 
"  ialcs :  I,  4o. 

HUTILUS,  i,  m..  the  Red  jnomen, 

Rulilus,  (m.    Semproniiis.)  an  offl 
VII.  00. 


S 


S.   T.   R.  and  S.  P.  Q.  R..   abbreviati 

man  people,  and  oi  Senatus  p-pulu.- 
■ :.  the  Senate  and  Roman  people. 
SABltCOS,  i.  m.  irius 

•  SABL-.  i-  m.    Gr,  §33,  Rem.  1, 
a  river  of  Gallia  Belgica  :  II,  16. 
-  . 

pile;  I 

SACRAMESTUM,  i.  n.,  s'acro,   to  consecrate. 

crated  tbing  ;  the  engagement  made  by 

1  troops,  followed  by  the  military 

oath,  jutjurandum;  then  the  military  oath  itself. 

SACRIFIC1UM,  i,  n.,   sacrificii  , 
ncer-facio,  a  :>acriiice. 

S.X;'  !ten;  ire- 

quently,  man  parotide  s.ncpius 

for  ike  positive.     Minimi 
atly.  very  rarely. 


S.EPENUMERO,  adv..  saepe-numero,  often, 
frequently,  oftentimes. 

S.KVIO.  ire,  ii,  itum.  hitr..  s.tvus,  to  rage,  [>e 
fierce  or  cruel,  be  violent. 

SAGITTA,  ae.  f.',  an  arrow. 

SAGITTARIUS,  i.  m..  sa^ltta,  an  archer, bow- 
man. ,    • 

SAGULUM,  ;.  ri.  dim.,  sagum,  a  soldier!* 
cloak,  a  soldier's  cloak  or  blanket. 

SAIiTUS,  us.  m..  salio,  a  leaping,  leap,  jump. 

SALTUS,  us.  m.,  a  wood,  thicket. 

SALUM,  i,  n.,  sal,  salt,  the  sea;  the  deep.. 

SALUS,  wtis,  f..  salvus,  safe,  safety,  pr< 
tion.  health,  welfare. 

SAMAROBR/YA,  ae,  f.  Samarobriva,  a  city 
of  the  Ambiani  in  Belgic  Gaul :  V,  2i. 

SANCIG,  ire,  <vi,  or  xi,  cttum  and  etum,  tr., 
(root  sac  o/saeer.)  to  decree,  ordain,  establish, 
make  sacred  or  inviolable  ;  to  approve,  confirm, 
ratify,  enforce. 

SANCTUS,  a.  um.  part,  and  adj.,  sancio,  de- 
creed, established ;  held  sacred  or  inviolable, 
holy,  divine,  sacred.  Sanclitm  habere,  to  have 
appointed  as  sacred  or  inviolable,  to  have  de- 
creed, fixed,  established,  ordained. 

SANGUIS,  inis,  m.,  blood. 

SANITAS,  otis,  f.,  ssnus,  soundness  of  body. 
health;  soundness  of  niind,  one's  right  mind, 
sound  judgment,  good  sense,  reason,  sanity. 

SAXO,  are.  avi,  atum.tr..  samis,  to  heal,  core, 
restore  to  health.  Fig.  to  heal,  cure,  repair, 
correct,  make  up  for. 

SANTO\ES,Jim,  and  SANTONI,  orum,    the 
pi :<plo  of  Gallia  Celtica  :  1,  11. 

S4NU8,  a,  um,  adj.,  sound  in  booy,  in  health, 
healthy,  i  I  in  mind,  saw 

.discreet.    Prt  sano  fycere  uliquiJ,  to 
act  like  a  sober  or  sane  man,  wisely,  discreetly. 

SANXI.    See  Sancio. 

SAPfO,  ere,  t'vi,  n.,  fa  have  a  taste  or  relish: 
1  >  have  good  taste;  to  have  sense  or  discern- 
ment, to  understand,  s,ju  Igc  rightly;  to 
know,  .find  out. 

[NA,  ae,  f.,  sarcio,   a  bundle,  burden, 
load,   pack ;  baggage   carried   on   the   back,    a 

k.    Legionen 
attack  a  legion  with  their  knapsacks  on. 

SARCIO,  i're,  .-;a.,i.  sai turn,  tr.,  to  meed,  re- 
pair: to  make  good*  make,  amends  for,  com- 
peusate.  repair,  make  up  for,  retrieve1. 

SARMENTUM,  i,  n.,  (Jar  sarpimen  turn  from 
surj ■■>.  '■-  prune.)  a  twig,  cutting  of  a  vine; 
brushwood,  fascines. 

SATIS,  indecl.  adj..  3*dbs.  and  adv.,   enough, 
sufficient;  sufficiently,   enough,   well   enough:  " 
tolerably,   moderately.     Satii  -pportune,  quite 
i  its,   pretty    large 
,  better,  more  useful  or  advantage 
.ous.    Satiui  est,  it 'fit  1  ''ere,  to  be  . 

contented  or  satisfied ;  also,  to  Aeom    sufficient.. 
en  nigh,  sufficient  reo- 


S  vTISFACIO— SEMEN'fl! 


SATISFACIO,  ere,  feci,  iaHunvt...  satis-faoio, 

give  satisfaction,  satisfy,  to  make  amends, 
nake  reparation";  t .  > .- 1  ik  having 

ivon  offenco,  uiiiki'  an  apology,  excuse  one's 
elf. 

SATISFACTIO.  onis,  i'.,  satisfaoi ...  n  satlsfao 
ion ;  amends,  reparation;  an  excuse;  plea, 
ipology. 

BAUOnJS,  a,  imi,  adj.,  wottnded,  hurt. 

SAXTJM,  i,  n.,  a  rock,  a  large  stone,  a  ■' 
id  fragment  of  rock. 

SC.iE.E.  arum,  f.,  aid  ladder,  stair,  a 
waling  ladder,  ladders. 

SCALDIS,  is.  in.,  tlio  Scln  Idt.  a  rivci 
la  Bolg  ca:  TI. 

SCAPHA, ;;  .  f.,  a  -!.in. 

SCKl.i'i;.:'!  rs.  a,  um,  i 
lollntcd,  wicked,  bad,  imj  i 

..i] :-  aci  ursed. 

8CELUS,  oris,  n  .  . 

crime,  enormity. 

80]  K"  VIA. 

skill,  exportn. 

SClSDI  1,  ere,  scid 
■end,  break  asunder,  soparate  by  fori  e    split, 
livid.-;  t.>  overthrow,  d      roy, 

BCIO,  ire,  ivi  and  ii.  (turn,  tr..  t'i  know,   nn- 

.  ;  know  '■■"'•   *  ■ 

•    ;  .    b«    snr- 
irised, 

i   i.'.S.  i.  in.,  a  ,'iv.;. 
V.  crag. 
R.PIO,  onis,  in 

S(  'i'  !  "  •  I,  ptnm,  i. ..    to  mark;  to 

write.  .  to  make,  draw  np 

■ 
oerb  writt,)  to  write  t  >,  intimate  tn    ■■  iihmand 
by  letter. 

SCUOBIS  and  SCRQBS,  bis,  m.l 
pit)  trench 

BO0TUM,  i,  n..  ■•  sbJi  Id 

■v.i  i  1  with  leather. 

SE,  etc.    SceSui. 

8JPBUM  or  S£VTJM,1,  n.,  tftUov 

BECIU8.    SeeSccns. 

SECliCDO,  ere,  si.  sum,  tr., s^claud...  I 
Apart,  shut  out,   eclud. .  i 
der. 

BECLOTBXty,  a,  um.  part  .  Inded, 

thai  oat,  separated)  rw 

SI'.CO,  are,  eui,  ctnm,  rarely  secatum,  tr.,  to 
out,  cat  off  or  asunder. 

SECR/JTO,  adv.,  seer'tus.   nparate, 
rnt.ly,  apart ;  Feeretly,  privily,  in 
I  i   TI.  i.  ..ii is.  {..  wf>co,  a  cutting,  divil 
goodf  retailing;  tana  booty  to  bo  divided,  booty 
^•longing  t. .  the  state.  Hpoiln. 
AaSECTOK.  »ri.  atu.s  Hum.   1  ■.  |  nor,  to 


f..l!..v,'  eagerly,  foil  i\i  after,  atten  I, 
to  i  base,  pursue,  strive  after. 

SECT  OH  A,  a...  f.,  s,  eo,  a  cutting,  th  ■ 
cutting:  a  place  where  anyth  ^..i.to 

uEraria  ^** 

SEC1". 

I.  <f  secundum,   so.    | 

1    lillK  . 
DU2 

QUOr,)  I  (llqv  Ji,  neawjliw 

to,  next :  ah  ng  by  :  bH.'Va. 

the  river. 


'•- 


SEC!  (gerundive 

quor,) 

■ 
.  down  the  river. 

'  I 

' .  i '  i    -  \ 
with  tin 

ingfnev.  ,.||  th   t,  still. 

SEC   VI  ,S    a.  in  i,  ;•;. 

ll 

SKDJ  l,  uu.n.adj.  . 

■ 
..ii ;  a  Boat,     ' 
spttlem  ■ .  . 

I 
Bension 
or  insurrection;  .!■  • 

BKDITlOSUS,  a.  um,  adj,  sedK 
ti-.:i.  turbnlc  ■ 

able.  ' 

BEDULIUS,  i.  m.    fc'edulin  al   and 

L 
SEH'  M.  oram,  . 
- 
bank  of  the  Rhone:  III.  1. 

SBDDSII,  .Mini.  ii.v.  the  ledusi 
Germany  :   1 

BJiOES,  etis.   1,  a    rorn-fleld;  standing  corn, 
growing  OOrn  :  a  en  p. 

lia  Belgica  :  \  f.  82, 

Kent  :  V.  28, 

SEQONTIaC:  uaci.   .1 

]ic.>lil«.  of  liiitain:    V.  21. 

dlla  Celtics: 
SEME  I 

rmrl,  wlieu  01 
soon  as. 

tarrf,  »ero,  a  a 


SEMITA— SI. 


tes  quam  maxima.*  facer&&o  sow  as  mucft 
us  possible. 
"  ] ' " !  1 T  A .  ao.  f..  se-eo  or  semi-iter,   a  narrow 
ith. 
v -,  forever,  continually. 
lempronius,  a  Roman 
is. 
icx.  a  senator,  mem- 

•x,  a  senate;,  the   sen- 

M,  i,  n.  orsenatoaxon- 
or  decree  of  the  senate. 

Id,   aged,  advanced  in 

n  or  woman. 

.,  sex,  sis  each,  six. 
he  Senonesl,  a  people  of 

town  was   Agendicurn, 
Denes,  or  after  the  OreeJc 

SENTENTIA,  at-,  ;.,  sentio,  opinion,  judg- 
tnent,  resolution,  mind,  purpose,  intention,  will; 
an  expression  of  opinion,  a  vote,  sentence,  judg- 
ment ,  purport  or  substance  of  what  is  said. 
'7  ,  ntentiam,  to  give  one's  opinion.  In 
itia  permanere,  to  remain  in,  persist  in,  a- 
Hide  by  one's  opinion.  Dicere  in  earn  sententiam, 
to  speak  to  this  purport  or  effect. 

SENTIO,  ire,  sensi,  s'ensum,  tr.,  to  discern  by 
the  .-'uses,  be  sensible  of,  perceive,  feel ;  to  un- 
derstand, perceive,  find  out,  know,  be  sensible 
oraWre;  to  experience, prove;  to  think,  judge, 
imagine',  suppose,  entertain  an  opinion  or  senti- 
ment.   Idem  sentire,  to  be  of  the  same  opinion. 

SENTIS,  is,  m.,  a  brier,  bramble,  thorn. 

SEPARvlTIM,  adv.,  separo,  separately,  apart, 
severally. 

SEPAJMTUS,  a,  um,  adj.  and  part,,  separo, 
separate,  distinct,  particular. 

SEPARO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  so,  apart  and 
paro,  to  sever,  separate,  part,  disjoin,  divide. 

SEPES,  is,  f.,  a  hedge. 

SEPTEM,  ind.  num.  adj.,  seven. 

SEPTEMTRT  ONES,um,pl.  m.  septem-triones, 
the  seven  plough-oxen,  the  seven  stars  which 
form  the  constellation  called  Arctos,  the  Bear, 
Charles's  Wain  ;  also,  the  North  Pole,  the  North. 
Sub  ieptemtrionibus.  in  tho  northern  regions,  in 
a  high  northern  latitude.  A  septemtrionibus 
on  the  north.       .  , 

SEPTIMUS,  a.  um,  num.  adj.,  6cptem,  the 
seventh. 

SEPTINGENTI,  ac,  a,  num.  adj.  septem-een- 
tum,  seven  hundred. 

SEPTAGINTA,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  seventy. 

SEPULTJ7RA,  ae,  f.,  sepelio,  to  bury,  the  act 
of  burying;  burial,  interment,  sepulture;  a 
funeral ;  funeral  rites,  obsequies. 

SEQUANA,  ae,  in.,  the  Seine,  a  river  of 
France :  I,  1. 

SEQUANUS,  a.  nm,  adj.,  of  the  Sequani.   Se- 


quauian.    Subs..,  a  Sequanian.    Sequani, 
m,,  thp.  Sequani,  a  people  of  Gaul   living   along 
the  Seine  and  sejn rated  from   tile   Hclvetii   I 
Mr.  Jura :  I,  1. 

SEQTJOR,  i,  ctttus  sum,  dep.  tr.,  to  gynr  con- 
after,  follow,  attend,  wait  upon :  to  :>eek  for. 
rfeek  in  attain,  pursue,  court;  to  appreve,  agre. 
with;  to  happen,  fall  out,  occur. 

SERMO,  onis,  m.,  eero,  to  connect,  common 
discourse,  talk,  speech,  conversation. 

SERO,  serin-  scrissime,  adv.,  scrus,  late',  U«> 
late. 

SKI!  \  ate,  si ",  i,  satum,  tr.,  to  sow,  plant. 

SERTOIUUS.  i.  m.    (Q.)  a   Roman   general 
/III,  20. 

SERV/LIS,  i-.  adj.,servu3,  of  or  pertaining  to 
a  slave,  servile.     .'■'  ri'ilis  tumultus,  the    servil 
war,  au  insurrection  of  slaves,  under  Sparticun. 
In  madum  servil  cm,  after  the  manner  of  or  lik* 
slaves. 

SERVIO,  fro  ivi,  'mm.  intr..  servus,  to  be 
slave,  serve,  obey,  be  subservient   to,   have   r  - 
gard  to,  pay  attention  to,  devote  one's  self  to. 

S !•'!'. Y 1TUS.  utis,£,  servus.  slavery,  servil  ud 
e   subjection. 

SERflTlUS,  i,  m.  Sorvius,  a  Roman  pr»f 
riomen.     See  Gallia. 

SERVO, are.  avi,  atum,  tr..    to  save   deliver, 
keep  unharmed,  protect,  preserve;  to   obsorv  i, 
keep,  maintain,   uind,  hoed  :  to   guard,   watc 
observe.    Survmfi  fidem,,  to  perform  one's  proi 
ise,  keep  die's  word. 

SERVUS,  i   hi.,  a  slave,  b  mdman,  servant. 

SESE.    See  Sui. 

SESQUIPED^lIS,  c    adj..    sesqui,   half  . 
v.n/i.'.'i,  .and  pedalis,  pes,   of  a    foot   and   a   halt 
Lij/nrt  sesquyspejdalia,  piles  or  posts  a  foot  and  - 
half  thick  or  Bquare. 

SESUTII,  orum,  ra.,  the  Sesuvii,  a  people  pi 
Gallia  Celtica :  II,  34. 

SEC,  couj.,  sive,  whether      Seu — seu  or,   Si1 
whether — or;  implying do«W,  either — or:  I.;' 

SEVERITAS,  atis,  f.,  sevcrus,  severe*  gravitr. 
sternness,  seriousness,  severity,  harshness,  rigi  I  - 
strictness. 

S.EYUM,  i,  n.    See  Sebum. 

SEYOCO,  are,  avi,  atum,   tr.,   t%   apart    a 
voco,  to  call  apart  or  aside,  take  or  draw  aaid*. 
take  to  one  side. 

SEX,  ind.  num.  adj  ,  six. 
SEXACrlNTA,  ind.  num.  adj'  sex,  sixty. 

SEXCENTI,  ae,  a,  num.  adj., sex-centum,  s  - 
hundred. 

SEXDECIM  or  SEDECIM.  ind.  num.  adj.. 
sex-decem,  sixteen. 

SEXTIUS, i,  m.  Sextius.  SeeBaculus;  «£.-■ 
T.  Sextius,  one  of  Ca;sar's  lieutenants  :  VI,  1.  • 

SI,  conj.,  if,  whether,  il  perchance. #  Si   quo 
if  an  jr,  if  any  one,  whoever.    Siinodo,   if  onl. 
provided.     Si  quo,  if  any  whither,  if  any  plate, 
Si  quanda,  if  at  any  time.    Before  si,  whethc 


tllBI-SIVE. 


after  tiopestfl,  cstpiriori  4c,  wo  must  in  English 
supply  to  MS,     '  i;. ■•'■i.rtuiii,  nr  the  like. 

SIBI.    Sue  Sui. 

SIBUZ^TES,  inn  aiid'inm,  in., the  Sibuzati  , 
.;  people  of  A^ujtnuiH  :   til,  27. 

y iC,-  adv.,  ipi'uuociial  root  i,)  so,  thus,  iii  such 
a  manner,  to  such  b  degree  > ■"■;  ui.  ^o  that, 
so  as. 

SiCAMBKI,  oruiu,  m.,  the  Sicambri,  a  pow- 
erful German  people)  livir:  ;  near  the  l.'bij:  !Y, 
16. 

SICC1TAS,  utis,  f.,  siccus  dry,  dryntsa,  want 
of  moieture;  drought,  dry  weather,  want  of rain. 

SICl'T,  '•■■!,;..  fir-iit. just  as,  as,  as  it  were, 
like. 

SICUXI,  coin;.,  sic  -iiti.      See  Sicut. 

S./DUS,  eris,  d  ,  a  constellation;  star. 

8IGAMMU,  or  SUGA&tfiRI,  or  SICAMBKI, 
.•mm.  ta,    Bee  Si  :imi>ri. 

SItJXIFliH,  era,  erum,  adj.,  slgnum-fero, 
boaring  a  sign  .  /•  image.  Subs,  a  standard- 
bearer,  ousign. 

SlGNltflCATIS,  onis,  i..  aignifico,  a  pointing 
out,  indication,  signification,  intimation,  declar- 
ation, expression,  inaik,  sign,  token.  Xymji- 
oalione  Jtti-ti,  notice  being  given. 

SlliXltjC.  >.  ai  6,  avi.atum,  tciignum- facio, 
to  make  sign.-;  to  give  notice,  signiiy,  indicate, 

mtiniate,  show,  declare,  express ;  to  gi»e  prool 
or  evidence,     b/ignificulur,  imp.,  pro  .1  i 

an  intimation  is  afforded. 

blij.M  M,  i,  n..  a  mm  k,  token,  sign;  a  statue, 
image;  a  signal;  a  watch-word,  Htgnurn  miii- 
signum,  a  standard,  banner,  Sag; 
by  uiUiiiyioy.  troops,  lore-.-.  C.nj'ri.  .;  yiia  in 
WittM  locum,  to  Unite  the  standard.-.,  concentrate 
the  forces,      i'-rri:  ttym <.  t  ■  bear  <,r  advance  the 

slaudaids,  to  march.  Oare  su/mbm,  to  give  a 
■dguai,  to  give  the  signal  fol  battle. 

biL  <N't  S,  i.  in.  IM.J  Silanus,  one  ofCmsar's 
lieutenants :  VI,  1. 

.-  .  i.....  l  1 1  M,  i.  ii.,  sileo,  to  be  siluit,  a  being 
silent;  silence,  quietneae.     ijUentity  ubl.,    in   si- 

lllice.  BlieiltiV. 

BXlalUS,  i,  in.  (T.)  Silins.  r\  man  i  nt  by  Cas- 
par to  the  Vein  ti  to  obtain  supplies:  111,  7. 

BJ  i/VA,  au,  t,  a  wood,  toiest. 

SfLVEST^H  and  MM  r.MulS,  e,  adj.,  silva, 
in  a  «ooi!  ui  :■■:  •-.,  woody,  wooded. 

8IMII.1X  •  .   i        iike.  iirii milling,  similar. 

SIMI  i.l  i  i.  DO,  mis,  I.,  mollis,  Ilk  Hum,  re- 
semblance,  suuilaiity. 

M  Mt.L,  adv.,  similis,  together,  ut  once;  at 
the  sau.o  lime ;  as  soon  as,  as  soon  as  ever. — 
.fimul—  nmul,  not— only,  hut— also,  both— and. 
•S«mttl  uc  or  cbjur,  as  soon  as. 

BlMtLAChl  M,  i,  n.  aiiuulo,  a  likeness,  form, 
image,  picture,  flguic ;  an  <  tog),  statue. 

8iJ4ULATQLE.    See  Wft 

SI  Ml  I.A'l  lo,  onis,  f.,  siuiulo,  a  pre  t">ndnifc  to 
h«  a  bat  one  is  Dot;  ton:  I  teeming, 


guise 


feigning,  a  pretence,  feint,  disguise,  deceit; 
imitation,  false  or  assumed  appearance,  insin- 
cerity, hypocrisy.  &'ni«iu(to  Uineris,  pre- 
tence  of  pursuing  a  journey.  %l 

S1MUI..ITU.S,  ii,  ii m,  part.,  simAh^jji^lcnd. 
ed,  feigned.  SimulaUi  euniaUui,  nnde 
Of  friendship. 

SIMULA*,  ore,  avi,  atnm,  tr.,  atmilis,  to  make 
like,  to  imitate;  to  pretend  a  thing  to  be  whai 
it  is  not  :  I  p  foign,  pretend,  coiiutanfcit.  assume 
falsely,  simulate  .  '  ^\ 

S1MULTAS,  utis.  1..  simul,  UI         aev\< 
the  same  tiling  by  two  part  es  a        i  -am 
/'cmv,  rivalry,  contention,  jculoiw* 
malice  nr  enmity.         ret  gi  udge,  dfUPHJNKha- 
tied,  enmity,  hatred,  aiiiinoMly. 

BIN,  coio;.,  si-nc,  but  if,  if  however,  .si,, 
autrtn,  but  if. 

SIXCA'KE,  adV.,  sinccrus,  sincere,  siti-cera — 
as  of  honey  without  wttx;  uprightly,  honestly, 
sincerely,  plainly,  frankly,  iiigci,uoii»,y. 

S1.\E.  prep  with  aid.,  without. 

BIXG1LLATIM.     See  Singulatim. 

SIX  JUL.  IK  IS,  o,  adj.,  siagulus,  one  at  a  time 
lone,  solitary,  only,  a  nglo,  Beparato;  singular. 
excellent,  matciiiev-..  remarkable,  extraordinc 
ry.  Ubi  tinyplaret  cgredunte*  cvuipcxcmnt, 
disembarking  one  ai  a  time,  single  individuals 
disembarking. 

8IMJLL.1T1M,  adv.,  Biugulnsj  one  by  one, 
singly,  iudiv, dually,  severally 

SliSGOLUS,  a.  urn,  num.  adj.,  (ir.  gG^ ;  {used, 
by  Cx.;ur  only  in  pi.  )  .-ingle   separate,  I 
ore  se,  arate  From  another;  onebyone,eai 
ery,  one  at  a  time,  individual ;  unedistubuure- 
ly,  one  to  each,     in  u)i?i«»  tiliffuios,  yearly,  an- 
nually.   SinyuUctiut 

sinyuli  siiiyuUit  Uejfiytrani,  whom  they  had  se- 
lected Individually,  every  man  "MleoUugj  on.-. 
l-.T  cjp.ii-..,  /  pita  .inyutu  Uutnb- 

uit,  one  to  each  soldier  through  the  wnole  army. 
ISTaH,  tra,  tru  yy  uncertain,) 

■    the    iult.     F,y.  siuiM-  i,    unlucky,  ad- 
itrary,  hurnul,  poi  u 

:■,-.   the   Irii 
Ira,  at  the  left,  on  I 

MX  l  -  -versus,    to- 

the  left  hand,  to  .ho  left. 

BINO,  ere,  sivi,  sit  urn  tr.,  to  pot  or  set  down; 
to  permit,  suffer,  aU<  w,  give  mm  i 

.ki    (jUA.xi^i,  il  <  m  i  .  H  »;  MJ   tune. 

Siyb'li  and  S1({U1,  skjux,  i  njuwd  and  siquio, 

wwiy  n  gnu,  (si  sun  mde/intU  <i"".) 

Or.  4  Si»;  il  u,,\  oue,  il  any  ,  m  Ins  ■ 

.Si  </ou  tc.  lalfiiir  ..r  pal  '■•  II   in  any  way  or  bj 

any    mean*)    11    perhaps,    if  perchance,   if  anj 

M  duo,  it  «".»•  whltber,  il  i  •  auy  place. 
BITUi  •  •  j.1  po 

til  1011. 

!-l  \T.  ion  .    ,i      '  .  K.ibT 


278 


give — sive  or  .»ii,  whether — or,  I 
doubt  t'.<  implied. 


SOCER— STABIL1TAS. 


ler — or  uhtn' 


80CER. 


m.,  a  father-in-law. 


nersbip,  as- 
followship ; 
alliance. 
ted,  associa- 
e;    an  ally. 


If.,)  comfort, 

Gallic   re- 
vice  of  some 


-  accustomed 


ited  to  the 

,  loneliness, 
•:o;  a  desert, 
wilder 

SOLLERTIA,  ae.  f.,  (sollers,  sollus-totus,  and 
ars.)  ingenuity,  sagacity,  quickness,  shrewdness, 
skill,  dexterity. 

SOLLICITATIO,  onis,  f.,  sollicito,  an  exciting, 
instigating ;  a  soliciting,  tempting,  importun- 
ing ;    instigation.    Sollicitationibus  periclihiru 

ifind  by  trial. 

SOLLlClTylTUS,  a,  «m,  part.,  sollicito, 
moved,  tempted,  instigated. 

SOLLICITO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  sollns,  the 
voluile,  and  cito,  to  move  violently,  stir,  shake, 
agitate  ;  to  allure,  eatice,  invite,  to  tempt,  in- 
stigate, stir  up,  urge  on. 

SOLLICITUDO,  inis,  f.,  (sollicitus,  anxious, 
sollers-totuB,  and  citus,) solicitude,  fcnxiety,  dis- 
quiet, trouble. 

SOLUM,  i,  n.,  tho  basis,  foundation  or  lowest 
part  of  any  thing;  a  bottom,  floor;  the  soil, 
ground. 

SOLUM,  ndv.,  6olus,  only,  alone,  merely. 

SOLUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  Gr.  §56;  alone,  only,  un- 
accompanied ;  by  one's  self,  all  alone,  solitary, 
unfrequented,  deserted. 

SOLVO,  ere,  6olvi,  solutum,  tr.,  to  loose,  un- 
tie, unbind.  Solvere  navem  or  simply  solvere, 
to  loose,  a  ship,  to  put  to  sea,  set  sail. 

SOMNUS,  i,  m.,  sleep,  slumber,  repose,  rest. 

SON  IT  US,  us,  ex.,  sono,  a  sound,  noise,  din  : 
from 

SONO,  are.  tri,  itum,  intr.  and  tr.,  eonus,  to 
make  a  noise,  sound,  resound. 

SONUS,  i,  in.,  a  sound,  noise. ' 

80KOU,  oris,  f.,  a  sister.  Ee  matre  soror,  a. 
*  kail-sister,  sister  barn  of  the  same  mother. 

SOUS,  tis,  f.,  aero,  lot,  chance,  fortune;  a 
casting  of  lots. 

SOTMTES,  ium,  m.,  tke.  Sotiates,  a  people  of 
Aquitania:  III.  20. 

SPATIUM,  i,  n.,  pateo,  room,  open  ground, 
•■pace,  extent,  duration,  length,  interval,  Spa- 
ium  loci,  distance.    SpaUmm  diet,  the  space  of 


a  day,  a  day,  an  interval  or  space  of  time.  T^an, 
tarn  multitudiriem.  inUrfecerunt,  quantam  din 
spatium, — as  the  length  of  tho  day  allowed;  ai» 
there  was  daylight  remaining. 

SPECIES,  ei,  f.,  specie.  In  *&>,  a  form,  Jlgure, 
fashion,  shape,  appearance;  a  pretext,  show 
semblance,  colon?  pretence.  Ad  speciem,  to 
appearance.  Ii&ipeciem,  in  appearance.  Sun- 
ma  species,  the  general  appearance.  Specie,  un- 
der the  appearance  of. 

SPECT0,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.  freq..  specie  tu 
t,v/-e  intently  at;  to  look  nr  gaze  upon;  to 
view;  to  lie  «  spectator  of;  to  look  to  or  to- 
wards; io  be  turned  or  lie  towards;  to  point, 
tend  or  incline  towards  ;  to  face;  toste.  observe, 
mark,  regard,  consider,  hotice.  heed,  care  for; 
to  seek,  look  for.  expect,  wait  for.  Nnn  hoatem 
(esse)  ai'ciorcm,  se.d  rent  tpect&K,  that  the  enemy 
was  not  an  adviser  but  merely -an  observer  of 
fact". 

SPECULATOR,  oris,  jn..  sjieculor,  a  spy,  scout, 
explorer. 

SPECU1.ATORIUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  speculator, 
^belonging  to  spies  or  scouts.  Spe.culutoria  nu- 
vigia,  spy-boats,  vessels  ol  observation. 

SPECULOR,  ari,  atus  sum,  dep.  tr.  and  intr- 
(specula,  a  watch  lower,  specio,)to  view,  recon- 
noitre, observe,  spy  out,  examine,  look  around, 
explore.  Speculandi  causa  venire,  to  come  as 
a  spy. 

SPEKvlTUS,  a,  did,  part.,  spero,  hopod  for. 
expected,  longed  for. 

SP£ltO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  to  hope,  trust, 
expect,  look  for,  hope  for. 

SPES.  ei,  f.,  a  loskiug  for,  uwaiting  (either 
with  desire  or  dread ;)  hope,  expectation  ;  con- 
fidence ;  expectations,  prospects.  In  spem  veni- 
re, to  entertain  or  conceive  the  hope. 

SPIRITUS,  us,  m.,  spiro,  tn  breathe,  a  breath- 
ing nr  blowing ;  a  breath,  a  breath  of  air ;  the 
spirit  or  soul ;  spirit,  elevation  of  mind,  energy, 
courage;  haughtiness,  pride,  arrogance,  haugb- 
ty  demeanor.     Tantns  spiritas,  such  lofty  *irs. . 

SP0LI.4TUS,  a,  um,  part.,  spolio,  plundered, 
despoiled. 

SPOLIO,  are,  avi,  atum,  tr.,  spoliuci,  spoil. 
to  strip,  bereave,  deprive  of,  rob,  plunder,  pil- 
lage. 

SPOL1UM,  i,  n.,  the  skin  stripped  ofT  a  beast : 
spoil  taken  from  an  enemy,  plunder,  pillage, 
booty,  prey. 

SPONS,  tis,  f.,  Gr.  §61;  spoudeo,  a  pledging 
of  one's  self  freely,  free  will.  Sponte  tua  or 
Bimply  tponte,  of  bis  own  free  will,  of  one's  own 
accord,  voluntarily,  freely ;  by  oue's  self  alone, 
without  anyone's  aid. 

STABILIO,  ire.  ivi,  t'tum,  tr.,  stabiliser*, 
sto,  to  make  steadlast,  firm,  stable  or  sure  ;  to 
prop,  support ;  settlej  fix. 

STABILITAS,  atis,  f.,  stabilis,./Sr«,  sto,  nrm- 
ness,  stability,  steadiness. 


%. 


8TATIM-SUBLICA. 


ETATTM,  adv.,  sic,  firmly,  constantly.  steadK 
ly ;  on  the  cpot.  immediately,  toithwith, 
ftraif.htw.iy. 

STATIO,  onis.  f„  sto,  the  net  of  standing;  a 
■day,  journey;  i>.  station,  post,  outpost,  sentry, 
pic'; it.  guard.    In  stations,  on  guard. 

aTATiVDS.  a,  uni,  adj.,  sto,  standing,  stand- 
lug  still.  SUttiva  entire,  a  sanding  camp,  sta- 
tion, quarters, 

6T.ATU0,  ere,  ui,  utum,   tr.,  sto,  to  rauee  to 
•  stand,  to  set  up,  raise,  erect ;  to  put,  place,  es- 

tablish.; to  maintain,  judge,  think,  coin  lode. 
be  of  opinion';  to  resolve,  determine)  ordain^ 
decree  :  to  give  tentence.  p»-.«  sentence  or  judg- 
ment on  any  one. 

ST  \Tri5  A.  <•••  r.  sto,  stature,  height  of  body. 

ST.nTf'-.  08,  in.,  sto.  a  standing;  ifhta'.e,  sta- 
tion,  condition,  situation. 

STIMULUS,  i,  m..  (root  BTIO  of  is-slign,  Eng- 
lish .'tick.}  any  sharp  pointed  thing;  a  goad  ;  a 
•  harp  pointed  instrument  concealed  beneath  the 
Stirface  of  the  ground  to  annoy  an  enemy's  cav- 
alry. Fig.,  .in  incitement,  instigation,  induce- 
ment, incentive,  motive,  a  spur. 

BTIPENDIAIUU8.  a,  urn.  a<ij.,  stlpendlum, 
tributary,  paying  tax.  stipendiary.  Stiptndia- 
Hi.  tubs.,  tributaries. 

STTI'KNDHJM.  i,  D.,  (sli|w,  a  orr.tri'nitiim. 
and  pernio.)  the  pay  of  soldiers;  a  tribute,  tax. 

BTIl'KS.  it  is.  m.,  a  stake  fixed  in  the  ground, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree;  a  stake,  post,  lop;,  stock. 

STIRI'S.  pis.  m.  and  f..  the  root  of*  tree;  the 
trunk  or  body  of  a  true  Fig.,  the  origin  <>r 
foundation  of  a  thine.;  a  stock,  family,  race, 
lineage. 

STO.  stare,  stcti^stntun,  intr.,  to  stand,  stand 
rtrm.  Btand  still,  remain  standing;  to  remain, 
abide,  tie;  to  make  a  stand,  hold  out;  maintain 
ono"s  ground,  persevere,  persist ;  agreoto,  abide 
by.  stand  to. 

BTRAMENTUM.  i.  n.,  sterno.  In  tpmut.  that 
which  serves  fcr  spreading,  straw, Utter,  thatch; 
*         a  horse-ei,>th,  pannier,  pack-saddle. 

8TREPITUS,  us,  m„  gtrepo,  a  wild  and  con- 
futed noise,  a  rattling,  clattering,  clashing,  din; 
clamor,  shouting,  uproac 

STRINGO,  ere  insi,  ictum,  tr.,  todrawtight, 
other,  constrain,  hold   fast,    Stringrrr 
gtadium,  to  draw  nr  umheath  theeword. 

■    ere,  s  .  cturo,  tr..    to  pile   up,  join 
together,    build     erect, 
-triiet. 

BTUDKO.  ere,  ul,  studi'vi  once,  Intr., 
t'>.  api  nltivatc, 

!>»y  particular  attention   to;  take   delight    in 
Jfia       pursue,  l>"  bent  un  aiding;  to  desire,  aim,  wish, 
!>e  anxious;  tistpdy.     .Y..n>  r-<nu    tlwln  ,  to 
deliglll  lutiom;   I,, 

change  of  government;  to  plot  ararolutioc  in 

imprrii;  itudtl 
%■       ftbange  in  the  j.  iverument 


216 


STTJDIOSE,  miv.,  Studlusu*.  utrtfjonx  stndi- 
um,  carefully,  attentively,  studiously,  earnestly, 
zealously.  — • 

STUD1UM,  I,  n„  care,  atterMon,  djfcrcnce  ; 
eagerness,  zoal,  fondness,  desire,  inclination; 
attachment,  devotion,  regard,  affection}  love: 
pursuit,  employment;  study. 

S*ULT1TIA,  m,  f.  stultus.  fnjf\Uh,  f  .lly.fool- 
ishifpss,  imprudence. 

SUB,  prep,  with  ace  or.-L  Dr.  J \n\  3  un- 
der; beneath.  Sub  montr  or  r'*m,  at  th.^'oot 
of.  At,  during;  toward',  i..ar  by,  ah  'U'  on 
S.ih  ipta  prqfectionr,  at  the  Moie  i  r  'inf. 
away.     Sub  nculis,  under   the   even.  e  th« 

eyes,     Sub  lurrm,  about  sun-rise. 

"SUBACTUS,  a,  urn.  part.,  siibign. 

PUBDOLUS,  a,  um,  adj.,  sub-doluH,  cunning. 
ftrafty,  deceitful,  subtle. 

SURD/CO.  ere,  xi,  ctnm,  tr.,  sib-duco,  to 
draw  from  beneath,  to  draw  np.  to  draw  off, 
take  away,  lead  off,  remove,  withdraw.  SulxJn- 
tert  iwiw,  to  draw  ships  ashore. 

SUBDUCTIO.  onis,  f.,  subitum,  the  act  of 
drawing  np.  Ad  suMucti-mcs,  for  drawing  np 
on  land. 

SUBDUCTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  subduco,  drawa 
up;  withdrawn,  removed,  rescued. 

SUBEO,  ire,  ii,  itum.  irr.  intr.  and  tr.,sub-e<s 
Or.  §2:13;  to  go  nr  come  under,  enter;  to  go  to 
or  into,  approach,  advance,  draw  near,  come  up 
to;  to  encounter,  undergo,  sustain,  endure, 
suffer. 

SUBESSE.  etc.    See  Subsum. 

SUBF08SUS,  a,  um,  part.,  subfodio  or  ouffe- 
dio,  undermined. 

SUBIQO,  ere,  fgi,  actnm,  tr.,  sub-ago,  to 
bring  under,  to  force,  compel,  constrain, oblige: 
to  drive;  to  reduce,  subjugate,  subilit". 

SUBITO,  adv.,  all.  <\f  snbitus,  suddenly,  un 
sxpectedly,  on  a  sudden,  hastily. 

SUBITUS,  a.  um,  adj.,  subeo.  sudden,  unei- 
p  rted. 

SUB.TECTUS.  a,  am,  part.,  sul.jicio. 

SUBJIOIO,  ere.  jeei.  jectum.  tr.. sub-jncio,  to 
throw  uinler  or  below,  put.  lay  nr  set  under;  to 
drive  under;  to  expose,  subject,  make  liable,  to 
throw  from  under.  Intrr  cttrros  mUit'/ur  muta- 
nt* nr  trOffuUll  Utbjicitbant,  discharged  their 
javelin*  and  darts  from  the  opening  between 
the  w.iK,ms  ami  wheels. 

FUilLslTUS,  a.  um,  part,  and  adj..  sustollo. 
lifted  up,  raiwd  ;  elevated,  proud,  haoghty,  el»- 
n  1    puffed  op;  taken  away,  i emu ved. 

BUBLBTATU3,  a,  um,  pari     inblevo 

SUBLEVO,  urr.  nvi.  atum.   ii  .   sab  leva,   t«> 
lilt  [ram  beneath,  ra,-,-  or  hold  up,  suppui  t ;  to 
list,  aid;  to  eai  ,  lighteu.  lessen,  dimin- 
ish.    .SabU-rvi"    ■  s'l   sell  uj       to  rise, 

SUULICA,  SB,  f..  a  »tnk«"i  ww<leapHa«irtii<n 


280 


SUBLUO— SUM. 


into  the  grmnd.  for  building  on;  a  pile  of  a 


bridge. 


-luo,  to  wash,  to 
;  or  base  of. 
par1.,  subminis- 
■  :  ni 

i  .im,  tr.,  sub-min- 

L,i:  ,.  tr      in  to  furnish,  afford, 

im.  tr..  sub-mittq. 
to  scud  after,  to 

- 

ubmoveo.  removed 
lodged,  sontaway, 

•turn,  tr., sub-mov- 
n  ive  out  of  the  way, 

r.,sub-ruo,  to  throw 

■  „._.., s  .       lino;  to  pulldown, 

overthrow,  overturn,  demolish,  destroy. 
SUBSECtfTUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  from 
SUBSEQUOR,  i,««tus«um,  dcp.  tr.,  .sub-se- 
quor,  to  follow  forthwith,  soon   or  near  after, 
pursue  closely,  conio  after,  follow. 

SUESIDIUM.  i.  a.,  subsideo,  to  sit  below,  the 
third  line  of  battle  stationed  in  resertfc  in  rear 
of  the  principes ;  a  body  of  troops  in  reserve  ; 
a  reinforcement,  aid,  help,  succor,  assistance,  re 
tief,  defence ;  a  remedy.  Ad  omncs  casus  mib- 
.tidia  comparare,  to 'prepare  resources,  make 
provision  tor  every  emergency. 

SUBS/DO,  ere.  S'di,  ses>nm,  intr.,  sub-si'do, 
to  tightj  to  sit  down,  crouch  down :  to  sink  down. 
settle,  subside;  to  remain,  stay,  stay  behind. 

SUBSISTO,  ere,  stiti,  tr.  and  intr.,  sub-sisto, 
to  stand,  to  stop,  stay;  to  remain,  abide;  to 
stand  still,  halt;  to  resist,  withstand,  hold  out 
against. 

SUBSUM,  esse,  fui,  irr.  intr.,  sub-sum,  to  be 
under,  among  or  behind,  to  lurk  underneath, 
be  within ;  to  be  near,  imminent  or  at  hand. 
Subesse  mille  pasuum,  to  bo  a  mile  off. 

SUBTRAHO.  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  sub-traho,  to 
take  away  from  beneath  or  secretly,  take  away 
below,  remove,  withdraw,  carry  off. 

SUBYECTIO,  onis.  f.,  subveho,  a  carrying, 
conveying  transporting. 

SUBYEHO,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  tr.,  sub-veho,  to 
carry  or  bring  up,  convey  in  a  ship ;  to  carry, 
convey. 

SUBVENIO,  t'ro,  Teni,  venture,  intr.,  sub- 
venio,  to  come  to  oueV  assistance,  assist,  aid, 
heljk  succor,  relieve. 

SUCCEDO,  ere,  cessi,  cessuni,  intr.,  sub-crdo, 
to  go  or  come  unto  or  into,  to  come  up  from 
below,  to  mount,  ascend ;  to  go  or  come  up.  ap- 
proach, advance ;  to  follow  close  upon  ;  take  or 
come  into  the  place  of,  reliove ;  to  border  upon  ; 
to  succeed,  turn  out  well,  be  successful.  In  ttu- 
ii/mem  succedere,  to  mount  guard  iu  one's  place 


SUOCENDO.  ere  di.  sum.  tr„  snb-canrto,  obs„ 
to  set  fire  to,  set  on  fire,  kindle,  burn. 

SUCCENSUS,  a,  urn,  part.,  succendo,  sot  <.;» 
fire,  lighted,  burnt. 

SUCCESSUS,  us.  m  ,  Ruecdci,  a  coming  tip  to  : 
an  approach;  a  prosperous  event;  prosperity, 
success. 

SUCC/DO.  ere,  cYdi,  cr'stim," tr.,  sub-credo,  t 
cut  off  below :  cut  down,  fell. 

SUCC/SUS,  a,  urn,  part,,  snecido,  felled,  cut 
down. 

SUCCUMBO,  <?rc,  cubni.  cubitnm,  intr..  sub 
cubo,  to  fall  or  sink  under,  lie  under,  fail,  faint. 
yield;  to  lose  courage,  submit,   succumb,  sur- 
render. 

SUCCURRO,  ere,  curri,  eursum,  intr..  sub- 
curro,  to  run  under;  to  run  or  hasten  to;  to 
run  to  ono's  assistance,  succor,  aid,  help. 

SUDES,  is.  f.,  a  stake ;  a  pilo  driven  into  the 
ground. 

SUDOR,  oris,  hi.,  sweat.  Fig.,  pains,  exertion, 
toil,  labor,  fatigue. 

SUESSI ONES,  um,  the.  Suessiones,  a  peopli 
of  Gallia  Belgica:  II.  3. 

SDjBVUS,  a,  urn,  adj.,  of  or  belonging  to  the 
Suovi;  Suevian.  Suevus.  i,  »i.,  a  Sueviau.  Sue.- 
vi,  orum,  in.,  the  Suovi,  a  nation  of  Oermany: 

i.  y-. 

SUFF1CIO.  ere,  f<ci,  fectum,  tr.  and  intr  .  suh- 
facio,  to  put  under  or  among,  imbue,  tinge;  -to 
substitute,  put  iu  the  placo  of  another!  to  sup- 
ply, fjitrnish  ;  to  suffice,  bo  sufficient  or  euough, 
be  able. 

Sl'FFODIO,  ere,  fodi,  fossuni,  tr..  sub-fodio,  to 
dig  under,  undermine ;  to  stab  below.  Equox 
auffodere,  to  stab  under  the  belly.    ' 

SUFFOSSUS.  a,  urn,  part.,  suffodio. 

SUFFRAGIUM,  i,  n.,  sub-frango,  a  vote  or 
suffrage  anciently  given  on  brolen  pieces  of  stone 
or  earthenware.  _ 

SUGGESTUS,  us.  m.,  Mggero,  to  pitt.  under, 
any  elevated  place  made  of  earth  or  other  ma- 
terials heaped  up;  a  tribunal;  a  stage  or  scaf- 
fold, pulpit,  elevated  seat.  Pro  sugjetv,  on  the 
stage  or.  tribune 

SUI,  pro.,  Gr.  gTS;  of  himself,  herself,  itsolt 
or  themselves. 

SULLA,  ts,  m.,  Sulla  or  Sylla,  a  Roman  fami- 
ly name  L.  Cornelius  Sulla,  a  distinguished 
Roman  general,  the  rival  and  conqueror  of_Ma- 
rius  :  I.  21. 

SULVICIUS,  i,  m.,  6.  Rufus  Sulpieius,  one  of 
Ctesar*s  lieutenants i  IV.  22. 

SUM,  esse,  fui,  irr.  intr.,  Gr.  glOO;  to  be;  to 
exist,  live;  to  6tay,  remain,  continue,  abide. 
With  two  datives,  Gr.  g  Ul,  to  be,  serve,  afford. 
Est  mild,  I  have,  Gr.  g  143.  Xiki  est  in  anviw, 
I  purpose,  intend  or  design,  it  is  my  intention. 
With  a  genitive.  Gr.  gl33,  to  be  the  part,  prop- 
erty, etc.;  to  be  consistent   with,   become,  be- 


281 


■ 

>art.  pi  in  ;i] 

itmd  in 

■  ■  - 

' 

r  war.     '     '  admin? 

;  i 

Hie  war.     5  ho   whole 

amy.  the  in  i 

hull,  G  ml  tali 

up.  r.f  t  upei  u 
.   ■  ■    ii  t,  chief, 

mi  i     ii  .   most  ira- 

: 

aicnt ;  tl 

;  wild  ■  ■      .  :,i.   i',  «..  the 

m 

I     under- 

iflict   punish- 
Olo n,  . 

j  .  expd'.l- 

endid. 
mo,  i 
sumptu,  at   i 

upon. 

v  1110. 

uly. 

me;'  ! 

atum,  tr.  anil  kiti 

;    .  xci  1.   surmount, 
me  ;   In  i  .p.i  jui  r.  ranquisn,  huhduo;  to  be 
go  .,■  climb  over,  i  i 

niiive.  liv«    i 

Sliri.i;.-..!  sosstnn,  tr.  mi 

iipi-i-M-.H- ■.  to  all  ii i» >d  ;  to  be  superior  to,  tor-' 

nprt  .ii  from  ..r  duclino  battle. 

8UfK  ..iii'..  coper-sum,   to 

■  ; 
tus  or  i 


re,  »'vi,  itura,  intr.,  Rib 
be  near  or  at  hand,  bo  in  store  dx  be  Mipplicd. 

might 
ity  of  cm  ii. 

l.i'MKNTIJM.  i,  n.,  suppleo? /:  i . 
a  rupply.   Biting   up;  supplies,    ; 
recruits. 

■i..    BUb-Vl|^ 
.i.r.r. 
,    'LICATIO.  r,nis,  f.,  ^  ,ppU- 

ub-plico,  a  gupplicalife.   soli  nm    I 

i:«r,e'r 
ui'  a  suppliant,   humbly,   huluni.-i 
autly.  "«'' 

8UPPMCIUM,  i.  n.,  supplico, 
the  knees,  cither  in  prayi  /■  or  in  r«  mum  punitK 
■  i:  ,,  ...v.  ;i  supplication,   entreaty;  ii  Sup- 
plicatory sacrifice ;  a  punishment,  torture,  tor- 
ment. 

!  UPPORTO,  are.  avi.  atum,  tr..  BOli-porto,  to 
carry,  couvey,  import,  bring  up  foi 
SUPRA,  adv.  and  prep,  with  oci 
ie.  above,  overj  upou  ;  be  I'm 

'  i  i     .  in.  tak<  ii  up, 

......   .  upon. 

SUSCIPIO,  are,  ccpi, ceptum,  tr.,  Biib-capio, 
r  lift  up,  receive,  catth   up;  to  under- 
take, take  in  hand,  enti  r  upon;  eug  igo  In.  .S'<'M 
.  ;.'  take  upon  one's  self,  undertake. 
ECTUS,  a,  uni.  part,  and  adj.,  i 
suspicious,  tli  picion,  suspc 

•in.  part.,  BUspicor. 

i:n,   intr.  and  tr. 

Up    (.,'    upv.  . 
• 
[CIO,  onis,    ;..     . 
truil  :  ground  nf  suspicion,  i 
i 

.illi  of 

. 

ari,  atuB  suiri p.  ;r..   s.u 

5UST1  .  up- 

,  to  lustain,  uphold     i.  ■; ■■  .  i.   ni 

■ 

to  endure,  hi  Id  nut.  i 

.' 
(I  i  14,  i>.    JBjjr*  ii a"  < 
■• 

INK  '    'ii  .    t  tun.    t<  ntnni,    tr.,    tnh    or 

1-UlMJIII    .. 

...  Mlli-tnllO, 

-  r  lilt  up,    I  i 

irr>.  I 

-.  a.  um,   poM.   and  i 

■  i  .  Jit«.Uf,s 


XL' 


*82 


T— TEMPESTAS. 


(U,  theirs.  Sui,  p!.,  one's  part }.  people,  coun- 
trymen, friends,  soldiers,  etc.  Sua.,  n.pl.,  one's 
property,  effects,  p'  ssessions. 

w      T 

m  of  the  prxnom&t  Titus. 
' ■■:,  i,  n.,   taberna,  a  hut,  a 

I'ot  tab,  whence  taberda,  a 

picture;  a  table't  covered 

on  ;  a  writing  book. 

f.,  tabulo,   covering   with 

.  planking,  boarding,   floor- 

n.,  tabulo,  to  cover  "joitlt 
ry  in  o  buildings  a  board- 

ini,  tr.  and  intr  ,  to  bo  ai- 
••:  b,  say  nothing;  to  be  silent 
iiir  ;,  keep  secret. 

T  a,  um    adj.,   taceo,   silent,  saying 

.„i..i.iS    noiseless. 

TALliA,  as,  f.,  a  slender  rod,  staff,  stick,  bar ; 
a  stake.  Tulea  fr.rrea,  pieces  of  iron  used  by 
the  ancient  Britons  for  money..  A  stake  of  a 
■out  in  length  buried  in  the  ground,  and  armed 
Willi  iron  hooks  to  obstruct  the  progress  of 
cavalry  ;  a  kind  ot  caltrop. 

T.tLIS,  e,  adj.,  such,  of  this  or  that  kind. 
such  like. 

TAM,  iidv.,  so,  so  much,  so  very. 

TAMEN,  conj.,  notwithstanding,  nevertheless, 
yet,  however ;  at  least.  It  introduces  the  com- 
plement if  a  concessive  sentence.       , 

TAMESIS,  is,  m.,  th»  Thames  :  V.  11. 

TA.YUTSI  or  TAMEN  ETSI,  conj.,  though, 
although  albeit  • 

TANDEM,  adv..  turn  and  demonstrative  suf- 
fix dem.  it  length,  at  last,  finally.  Quid  tan 
dem  f   what  then  ?     what  pray  ? 

TANGO,  ere,  tetigi,  tactuui,  tr.,  to  touch  ;  to 
be  contiguous,  border  upon. 

TANTjl'ERE.  adv.,  tanto-opere,  so  much,  so 
greatly,  to  such  a  degree. 

TANTULUS  a.  um,  adj.  dim.,  tantus,  so  little. 
rto  s.uall,  so  trifliu  j;. 

TANTUM,  adv.,  tantus,  Gr.  §150,  Rem.  3,  so 
much,  to  such  an  extent,  so  far  :  only,  alone. 
merely. 

TANTUMMODO,  adv.,  tautum-modo,  only,  if 
only,  provided  only. 

TANfU.xD^M,  adv.,  tintus-dem,  Gr.  §  15C. 
dem.  o,  just  so, much,  just  so  far.  ,, 

TANTUS.  a,  um,  adj..  Gr.  §91;  tam,  so  great, 
so  much,  such  ;  so  little,  so  small.  Its  comple- 
ment is  ut  or  quantus.  Tunti  esse,  Gr.  £137,  to 
be  of  so  great  value,  bo  prized  so  highly,  be  so 
highly  esteemed.  'Panto  optre,  see  TauUipere. 
Tantus — quantus,  as  great — as;  as  much— as; 
».s  far — as.  Tantu.ui  p.Uebat — juantuin.  loci  aaes 


occupirc  patemt,  extended  as  far  as  the-  space 
which  a  Hue  of  battle  could  occupy.  Ta.ntu.in, 
n..  is'oftsn  follmved  by  the  r/em't.ix,  Gr.  J 134, 
Rem.  l.-i 

TARBELLI,  oruni,  m.,  tho  Tarbelli,  a  people 
of  Aquitania:  III.  27. 

TARDvlTUS,  a,  um,  part.,  tardo,  retarded, 
hindered,  stopped,  delayed,  checked. 

TARDE,  ius,  issime,  adv.,  tardu",  slowly,  tar- 
dily. 

TARDO.  are,  avi,  atum,  intr.  and  tr.,  tardus, 
to  be  slow,  to  loiter  ;  to  make  slow,  retard, 
stop,  delay,  impede,  hinder. 

TARDUS,  a,  um,  a'lj.,slow,  tardy,  sluggish, 
slack. 

TARUS.tTES.  ium,  m..  the  Tarusates,  a  peo- 
ple of  Aquitania:  III.  23. 

TASGETIUS,  i,  m.,  Tasgetius,  a  king  of  tho 
Carnutes:  V.  25. 

TAURUS,  i,  pi.,  a  bull. 

TAXIMAGDLUS,  i,  m.,  Taximagulus,  a  king 
of  Kent:  V.  22. 

TAXI'S,  i,  f.,  the  yew  tree.  A  poisonous  de- 
coction was  made  from  the  berries. 

TE.    See  Tu. 

TECTOSAGES,  um,  m. :  VI.  24."    See  tolas, 

TECTUM,  i,  n.,  tego.  the  covering  or  roof  of 
a  house ;  a  house,  dwelliug. 

TECTUS,  a,  um.  adj.  and  part.,  tego,  covered; 
protected,  defended,  safe. 

TEGIMENTUM  or  TEGUMENTUM,  i,  n., 
tego,  a  covering.  Settlor  um  by/imeiila,  the 
leathern  covers  or  cases  of  shields,  protecting 
them  from  dust  and  injury. 

TEG 3,  ere,  texi,  tectum,  tr..  to  cover ;  to  hv'  ■ . 
conceal,  disguise  ;   to  defend,  protect. 

T&'L/UM,  i.  n  ,  a  missile  weapon  ;  a  dart,  j  i 
el  in,  spear.     Opposed  foarma  defensive  weopotiA 

TEMERAR1US,  a.  um,  adj.,  imprudent,  in- 
considerate, rash,  indiscreet,  headstrong. 

TEMERE,  advt,  happening  by  chance,  acci- 
dental; by  chance,  at  random,  rashly,  thought- 
lessly, fi  olisldy;  easily,  readily. 

TEM.:UITAS,atis,  f„  temere,  rashness,  in- 
considerateuess.  temerity,  imprudence. 

TEMO,  "iiis.  nj.j  the  beam  of  a  plough  or 
wagon,  to  the  end  of  which  the  yoke  was  tied; 
the  pole  or  tongue  of  a  chariot. 

TEMi'ERASTIA,  se,  f.,  tenipcro,  mode.sty, 
moderation,  temperance,  discreetness,  sobriety, 
abstinence,  Self  control;'  self-government. 

TEMl'UR.-lTUS.  a.  um.  part,  and  adj.,  tempe- 
r  ■.  coin-p*  tempe.ratior,  tempered,  moderated; 
moilerate,  temperate,  sober,  mild. 

TWMi'ER.  >,  are.  avi.  atum,  tr.  and  intr.,  tem- 
pus,  a  pio-e  cut  "if,  a  pin-lion,  to  temper,  mingle  ' 
various  things  in  due* proportion  ;  to  mitigate, 
soften,  modify  :  to  Itioder  ito,  restrain  ;  to  ab- 
stain, lel'rain  fuibcar.  jfj^j^rum  silii,  to  gov- 
ern one's  sell',  moderate:iSr  restrain  one's  self. 

TEMt'EnTA.-s,  utisj  f.  tempus,  time  ;  a  season 


CMPUS— TOLLO. 


2?S 


time  with  reference   to    tin-,   weather;  stormy,!      Ti 


imigh  "/•  boisterous  weather;  a  r-toiiu  or  tem- 
pest, hurricane,  tornado. 

TESll'U;v.  oris,  ii..  rout  te*  in  cut,  a  portion 
or  period  ;»i  time,  tame,  space  of  time ;  a  season. 
Omni  t.iir.pnir.  always,  ever.    An  occasion,  op-    ten  or  much    affright    alarm.    If- in  tiMnture, 


earthy. 

TKllllKO,  ,iv.  nl,  itntii.  tr.,  to  affrighl.  alarm 
frighten,  terrify ;  to  scare  away,  to  detwhi     w 

TKItKlT,).  are,  tr.  freq  .  tern  o,  to  u-riifty  of-' 


porfunity.     Ad  L  mpus,  in  time,  at  the  appoint- 
ed time,  promptly,  in  good  season,  seasonally. 
Cnu    tempore.,  aX   once.     teiupvre  exdust 
want  of  time. 

TKNCH .  il/::u.  arum,  m.,  the  Tcnulnh-n:,  a 
people  of  Germany:  IV.  1,4. 

TIOM)  >,  ere,  teiciidi.  leusum  :•  ltd  ton  turn,  tr. 
and  intr..  to  stretchout. extend;  to  go,  advance. 
Utadere  tabemaculuiit,  or  simply  temUre,  to 
spread  or  pitch  a  tent,  encamp. 

TKNKliU.i;.  arum,  f.,  darkness,  Obscurity, 
(loom. 

TENKO,  ere,  ui.  tentum,  tr.  ana  intr.,  tend", 
o  hold,  hold  fast,  keep ;  to  possess-,  hold,  have, 
occupy,  gain  possession  of,  gain;  to  guard*  de- 
fend,. maintain  ■.  t , •  continue,  extend;  I"  I;..; 
possession  of,  to  retain,  preserve;  to  detain,  re- 
*train.  check'.  2»:ner<  st  eastris,  to  remain  shut 
up;  to  continue  in.  i  liquo,  to  be  in 

one's   |iOsseS8ion.     Ciic-uuiventum    teneri,  to  be 
snrrouuded.     Locum  Imnc.  to  beep  on 
remain  at  one's  p  ist,  hold  one's  position,  main 
tain  one's  ground. 

TiCX  ,.K.  era,  eru  n,  ».  !j . . 
young. 

'1  i..\T.n  1  ,S,  ii,  urn,  part.,  tried,  proved. 

TK.NTO.  are,  avi,  atuui,  tendo,  tr.,  to  I 
amine,     luj.,  to  try.  attempt;  to  prove,  put  to 
the  test,    tempt,  sound;    to  attack,  assail;  to 
prove,  ce  ,i,i  ,  i  i.u  ler.        Ii,     U  ce  to  revolt. 

T...N  l; .  -.         ii     .  simus,  adj  ,  i . 
•Jo,  drawn  out    line,  linn,  slender,  fine;  little, 
small,  poor,  scanty,  moon,  .  •«,  deli- 

cate. 

TKNUITAS.  litis,  f.,  tennis,  thin 
tenuitj  |  poverty . .-:  means.' 

Tri.NLili'j idv.,    te   ins,  thinly,    sU 

ri 1 1 1 ■ , y  .     Atai  worked  down 

thin. 

'J  i. it  adv..  tros,  three  times,  thri  id 
1..U...-,   *- l » --   adj.,   t'io,    to  Tv.li,  tap 
smooio.  louudi 

Tf.li.li . Ill,  i.  n.,  the  bai  k  of  a  M&fl  or  beast. 

Verba.     I'ott  lergum,   bchinu 

hind,  in  tko  reef.     Ab  Urgv,  (turn 

behind. 

'i  ii,  •■ :    a.  .  a,   adj.,  ter,  ties,  throe,  three  by; 

iiu.  i 

'l  i.i.     \..o.  I      iLe   earth   in   opposea 
TkguvvMi i  land  U> muter, -a  cuoatry, 

region    territory,    laud.     'Jtriu:   or  or  bus  terra- 


to  alarm  greatly,  to  nil  with  liar. 

TURKOK.  oris,  in.,  terreo,  i  :  it  rear,  tenor, 
fright,  dread.  ,"\ 

TKUTIO,  adv.,  tertius,  lor    he  thrVd  time. 

ThltTfUS,  a.  urn.  bird, 

tin- third. 

TKSTAM l'.XTUM.  i.  n..  •  ^ 

tis,  a  testament  or  last  will. 

TESTIMONIUM,   i.    D.,    testis,    a    .  Ay 

y 
evidence,  proof.    But  testimonui,  to  be       roof: 

Gr.  1 144.  , 

IK8T1S,  is.  m_  and  f..  a  witness,  eye  Witness. 
spectator. 

TfrTMiO.  inis,  f.,  teste,  a  fheU,  a  tortoise; 
itirs,  a  U'tu'lo  i  coverhig 

by  the  shields  of  soldiers  lie!  I  oyer  their  heads 

to  protect  t  In- 1 ii -t i .  -m  falling  darts,  ete. ;  alto,  a 

ing  orehcdfoi   the   protection  of 

'-rs. 

TEUTOMATOS,  i.  ia..-'i'i  in. -in, it  us.  a  m  of  01- 
lovico  king  of  the  NitobrigM  :  VI] 

'l'Ki;  i'o\  i  orum,  or  TKUTpN  fciS,  um,  ni.,the 
:  TetitotH's.  a  German  nation  who  in  habit  i  I  Kt  < 
land  and  Kinieu.  islands  at  the  entrance  ui  tin 
Baltic:  J.  3S. 

TtX  S        lego. 

TI..I       Sec  Tu. 

'I'l  ;.\U.\l.  i,  n.,  tego,  building  material,  tim 
ber  tor  building;  a  st.ck  of  timber,  a   beaut, 

TldUK/.M.  oiurn.  :n.,  the  Tigurini  the  in- 
llllbltliuts,  ..      /'.;/  li'mui  ;    1.    1 -. 

Tll.U      /  \  I   8,   :(     um.    a  l|        7    JU      ">n- 

foni    cantons   into  n  liich   Helvetia 
l     1U. 

TIMi.'i-   n.    ni.    tr.  and   ii     ..  to   [ear,   be 

afraid  oi.  appi  eln  ad,  < tu 

•  •(y   of  any  person  or   thing,    be 
i  or  alarmed  lor  or  about. 

TI.MIIi;..  adv..  tiinidii..  I 

<.  um,  adj..  nun  i,  .    i ful,  t  dnt 

timid,  afraid,  cowardly. 

I1M0U,  oris,   in.,   [um..  eusibn, 

dread,  alarm,  anxiety,   ali'iight,  pauie.     Amor 

dly    fear,    « hiiu     .    ...   gi  i  ei  dlr 

i  apprehension,  such  as  hravu  uiou  ma; 

lee|. 

I'l  rUIUUd,  i.  iii.    Titurius  (lj   .- 

I  I  I'l.S.  i,  in.     TltUS,  a  ii  >.n  1. 1  ,• 


rum,  the  emu.  the  world,     ftrra  UaUia,  the  tuli,  I  itly,  - 

count i ..  •■.  n.iiil.  ii  ib1 

Tu.hH  f,  m..  T.  Torra'idius,  n  man  ind  out,  hold  <>ui.     ^ 

lo  the  Uuelli  tor  sjapplle*:  ILf.  i  IMI.I.  i.  are,   u.  [ruut  tol  tficuct 

■ 


2S4 


TOLO \      IRaNSVJSRWUS 


iif'i     •  tiike  up ; 


id   u[,:  t^j      TRANSDOj   ere;   did 
to  take  away,     See  Trado. 

:     iriwtii  toHerc,  ]      'KAN:;,ii'V:.(.  ...   .  xi,  cttlin,  tr.{    trail- 
■:,-  tollere,   to  :  Ur.  gl62,  Rein. :>;  to  bring  or  carry  over",  Ii  td« 

I  costey  over  or  through,  trail  port,  trim 
town  of  tlu:  i  load,  carry. 
o  Carumua:  J      TRANS  DUCTUS,  si,  u  n 

i      TRAXSKO,  ire,  ii,  itu.n.  ii  I  ti'.*  (h 

t  of  Toulouse:    §111;  trans-eo.  to  ■.    or    ;  i  -  o\iHt  or  beyond 

|  pass, cross.    Truhsilvr  viU<>  is  fcrdable 

a   }s,  inhftbi-  i  to  desert,  go  or  pasj.ow  I  i  pas 

J  away,  pass: 

'..a  war- j      TRANrir^RO,   ferre.  bull,  i  t.r.. 

larts,  etc.;  the     trans-itero,  to  carry  or  c     .        ovorjcj    trail*- 

•  a  /  ■  pe,  con!;     fer,  tin  p. .; 

TRANSIT  GO,  ere.  : 

■  :..,  to   parch,     to  fix;  to  i-nn  or  drive  i    .   ..      .    ;      t.-jlix,    stab 
1  jiiei  i'   . 

TRANSFIXTJ8,  a,  um,  pa*  .  tra;is-f;'gi  ,  pier 
-demote  many,    ced,  transfixed. 

IJKANSF.ODld  er  ti\,  traira- 

50,  all     fodio,  to  pierce  thrptagh  ..  i  isfii,thrusl  ii: 

us        TftANSiKRSDIOR  .,  sum,  dep- 

lind  intr.,  trans-gra  ■  .  , 

■;.  ....     ,    ■:  08  -. 

TRANSGRSSSUS,  rredior 

\  •<-"  PUS,  us,  It '.,-  [ran 

■     i 

DUS.'us.  ui      .....     ■.    ■  .■  .i.u. 


i.«.ltor,  rafter 
dm 


TKABS,  trains,  l 
TRACTiJS.   iv.    mi). 
rawiHj  drawn  away. 
TRA!  TUS.     ui,     m.,    traho.     a    !'r  v 

.  <■:   !:.  .  ,.   extent;  a  tract. 

region*,  country,  distrii  t.  territory. 
TRADITIJS  a,  um, 

■•   :  .. .  ■  I  ;    own,.'  c. 

T\   '  00.  ere.  didi,  diti  .  to  give 

d  aver,  consigs 
e 
■ 

..... 
down, 
i 

. 
'  TKA 

.>.  aorl     I'javclii 
,   TR.V.i 

TKAJ1U10,  ere,  jeei,  jectuin,  t:<, 
to»throw  or  cast  over,  fling   beyond;  lu  pierce, 
penetrate,  transfix,  run  or  thrust    through;  to 
trans  on .  carry  over. 

TUA..QU1LL1TAS,  «tis,  f..  tra.quillus,  traw- 
.fail,  quietness,  ttillness,  calmness,  tranquillity; 
-«lm,..-.s  of  l  he  »o;i ,  a  calm. 

Tli  \NS,  prep,  with  aec  ,  on  the  farther  side 
.f;  LeA uud,  over,  it  U  often  opposed  to  ct's. 
T.  arts  Uhrnum,  on  the  oihei  ;  ide  of  the  Rhine. 
f.  e.  in  the  Mile  farthest  from  the  writer,  on  the 
easjtei  n  t,ide. 

Stl^AN'SALPiNUS,  a,  um,  adj.  trans-Aipi'nus, 
Uj.H.  beyond  the  Alus,  Transalpine. 

T.  ANSUENDV,  ere,  di,  sum,  tr.,  trans-scan- 
do,  U>  climb;  .to  climb  or  go  over,  pass,  cioss. 


1 


!'  ■:...!... 

part.,  trjf 
TRANSJ1CI0  iocturn', 

j  icio.     Sei    I 

'        :     i  , .  . 


,    - 

;  .  I. 

i 
... 

: 

■    ■    . 

'    AWSNMTO,   are  I  eq 

I   :",!:>  »Wi  m,  ii  ■ ;   1     svv  im  ove: 
aingi 
TRANSl'ORTMTU.S.  a,  um,   trausj  car 

ried  over,  transpoi  le  '■. 

TRANSPORTO,  are,  avi.  ar;:  i  tr.  ti  . '-por 
to,  to  carry  from  one  place  t.i  another,  trans- 
port, carry  or  convey  over. 

TRANSRUENjINUS,  a.  um,  adjj  trans-Rhc 
wnunus, of  the  Rhine,  on  the    other   si>te   of  th«- 
Rliin...    Trantrhettani,  <■, ..  ,  ise  living 

beyond  the  Rhine.  > 

TRANSTRUM.  i,  u..  a  1  ■   ■  fu    rok 

ers  in  >i  ship. 

TRANSVRIIO,  ere,  vexi.  .  ti  afld 

veho,  to  carry,  convey  trr  brilig  over,  tiai 
MiANSYfiRSuS,  a,  um,   a'Jj.,  traiuveiio,  Ij 


TKKBlUS— UBl. 


Atrn.tnraed  aoroea,  athwart,   crostt St .Jr.   tnins-  ;      TIlfSTi.H  wrrnw'ul,  <1ej 

_».,* rnmOTViTT  i      _..      *■  ■    ■    •    -t_  - 


»erpo.  td)Hqufl 

XRBBIC8  i.  m.    (M.)  Trabtaa  Galta 
lent  by  Ofaaar  1    the  CuriotoUtea  for  n 

ni.  v. 
TRSRi  Nil  l    iC.)   Trcti 

knight  :  VI, 

'  .  •,  ■       s  ■  .    ■     ■ 

three  )>' 


TRISTltTIA,  *e,  f.     I 

TKUNCUS,  i,  tn.,  »ho  tru 
a  tree. 

■ 

ac,  f.  u  tn.  . 

rt>,  tultweand  r»tiw  «uni    ik-p.,   to 
'     "..  louk  at,  l> 


TKI  >t,   ntiim,    ii  I 

•'fir/i  '.  for  fear,  hui 


irn  in   .1   sti 

to   tremble   for 
fear,  In  afraid  or  rAiuciI.     Trepidatut 

f  trepidation, 
•  i  Hlnni)  or  fear. 

aairi.  adj„Oi 

Ailj 
a, belonging  u>  the  Tio 

I    ;v    ti  iti..rr  of  Galliu    Hel- 


'  NGI,  orum,  ■  •      be  T>.'?i.. 

TULLUS,  i,  in.  (C.  VoIcatiiiR.)  Tullu* 

■ 
tin  bridge  which  he  I 

vi,  2a. 

TUM, 
in  tin   place  next;  then,  at  I 

xim,.    ami  <  fttm   <l<- 


TKU  I 

:ii-»r  |       TL'.M'.'i.TIJOIt.  :  :  tUKUlltUB, 


proper- 
"ribuni 

tttUtllr<  !  01    rii:l',l:.     Hili. 

td unity  increased   with   the 

I      ! 
TKii 

DUUM,  i.  !>..  i 
TUU.NNII 

. 


:;:'(.  be  in  nu  uproar 

TUMI  >..  ttimnljtn«8n9,tumu2ttta, 

tumult«i 

TIM. 

umtuotion,  fA-.lit i  hi,   iuhur- 
■■  -i . 
T0MULU8,  i.  in.  tam 
hill  ich,  n 
TUN<\  adv.,  then,  at  thai 
TUK.M  A,  »<•.  f.,  a  ti  ningat 

first  thirty,  and  afterwarde  thirty  two  men. 

SI,  orum,   n 
Turonea,  h  !«•  >ple  ■ 

•   ■•.    .1 -1  »i  mod. 
an«cemly;    shiiuefu 

!  l'i:il;i  Iv.   tu 

' 

TUKi 


I  parts 


. 


< 


ITMI— VACATtO. 


where,  in  what  or  which  plnce  ;  whin 
■ 
i     UBlt,  or  am,  m.,  the  Dbii,  'a   people  of  Ger- 
•  tho  bank?  of  the  Rhino :  1.5^. 
OUB,  ;tdv.,  ubi,   wherever,  ever) 
■■  re. 

I  um,  (top,  tr.,  to  chastise, 
,  •  on,  roTo:;.' 
VIA.  y,  any  one. 

i  i .T  Ij.,  corap.,  Ur.  #74, 1. 

lit  a,  ulti-u"  farther,  on  tho 

,   fttMber  Gaul   beyond   tho  A! 
■ 

.,  -a'5j.,  (xup.  of  ulterior,  far- 
:.    most   remote,   wont  distant;  bind- 
in  'If.,-  reaT. 
Ul.TRA,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  (ail.  o/ul- 
t,  farther. 

I  '  .!■:<-.,    to 

to  the  farther  sidu.     Uilri 
que,  back  and  forth,  to  in  1  I 
Other  aid  ,*'.«.  with  >ut  i'  Bi 
from  this  Hide,  hence,  voluntaiilj 
*coord.     Ultrn  .;y  run- 

nitrg  togel  , 

ULL .  .'i>wling 

>.-r  yulo 

gethor- 
all  at  on  '-lie  linio,   along  with,    tu- 

jpther  h  il  h. 
UNDj  uoutial  root  n, 

■  what  place 
which  place,  fi  Pom  which. 

I  .\  DEC1M,   "'■' 
<de>e  i. 

UNDKCIM1  ii.   adj.,    m  I 

the  eli  4 

ONDEQUADRAC  i   to    ■  .i.i.,   Or. 

ji*.  4  :  i  ty-nihe. 

UND1QU  ;•;..  adv.,  u 
• 

.    of  the 
Auoric  tribes  inhabiting  the    wi 
11,34. 
D-SI1  ni,  adj.  una;   I 

I;  j)Z.,  all. 
■ 

i 
ifNUS,  a,  uui,  uuiii.   udj 

I; 
■ 
to  a  man  all  rithuui  •   lucum, 

only,  a- 

urbi,  of  or  pertaining  to 


URBS,  urMa,  f.,  (akin  to  .:•>';»,)  a  city,  the 
city,  f.  e.  R  me. 

URliEO,  <re,  ursi,  <r.,  to  press  upon,  press 
hard  or  close  upon,  urge,  drive,  impel  ;  to  prow 
hard,  bear  down,  op: 

URU:?.  i,  m.,  a  kin.)  of  wild  ox,  probably  the 
buffalo. 

l.'SH'KT-ES,  uin,  m.,  the  Usipotcs,  a  pa 

y  :  IV,  1,  4. 
USl'f^lTUS,  a,  urn.  adj.,   usitor,  Una,   uiuaV 
accustomed,  ordinary,  common,  customary. 

USQUE,  adv.,  all  the  way,  without  stop,  even, 
as  far  as.     Vkpte  en,  so  fur,  to  such  ,i  '.egroe. 
UoVS,  a,  um,  part.,  utor. 
CSVS,  us,  m.°,  tttor,   ufe;  exercise,   practice; 
Hkill,   experience;   advantage,    ,  lofit,   benefit; 
need,  necessity,  occasion  .     /  su  we»ii«,    • 
pen,   fall    out,  occur, 

veniut.  if  occasion  oil  -    ir  »ji 

Bsefnl,  advantageous,   profitable. 

:  ..if  one; 

UT1,  conj..  (pfonqfhial  root  9,}  as.  like 

if;  in  order   that,    t  iat,  ap   that) 

Yi'on, 

(though.     With  verbs  <</  / 

that  not,  li,.  £193,  Rem.  2,  b.     Ut  qui. 

UTER,  utra,  mm.:  K.niial 

root  u  w  be  •.-■'.quis,)  whetbi  ol   .he 

theolbi 
ever  ol 

que,  uoth  the 

. 
lit  uti ■:  these.     Uterqt 

.  .  •'.  ii     ight 
Ul'l.     See  Ut. 
Utor! 

'  ij.  ut  t,  useful,  profitable,  ad- 
vantageous. 

UT1L1TAS,  atis,  f.,  utilis,  usefulness,  prolit. 
ad  van'  ■ 

:.  i.  nsus  sun.  9,  Rem. 

C  ;  to  employ  one's  self  with  a  thil 
use,  in-  .         ploy,  exeicidc.  manage;  to 

.  aii,  to  ad*pt  a  plan 
ditiou. 
UTI!:.         i  : 

■  . 
UTR1M,  adv.  and   conj..   utor, 

Ds  it  is  omit  ed  in  translation,  in 
qn  si  oi  • 

,  id  is  followed  in  the 
lumber  of  tho  quest 

nsurt. 


V 


.    YACATIO,  onis,  i'. 

ity. 


VACO— VENItJ. 


:;- 


VACO,  arc,  iiv!,  nfnm.  Intr.,  to  he  empty,  be 
f^ee  froib  want,  he  without;  to  be  cv 
lie  waste,  lie  Uocutti rated.  b(  nijoccupiedwuit- 
inh.i1 

V  401  pt  y,    va- 

cant i  without  a  pos- 

•     • 
YADUM.  i    l 
go;  hence  a  s!i.i!K iw  place  in  a  i 
a  ford,  Hliial. 
VAU.trtis,  a.  an  part, 
YAG/.VA.  <- sheath  of  a 

• 
VAGOR,  ari,  atus  mm,  dcp.,   vapns,   -min-ifr- 
troll,   ramble, 

YAH 
rvftf.  l0. 

YALKO.  <rr.  ul,  inl 

Willi)  ;  to 
to  have 
• 

:  ■ 
imp.;  it 

VAI  n:irs  Kv-ntil*. 

'■    of  the 
.  >CO  JYv- 
■  rux. 

-hief  of 
:. 
VALX1  i   hody, 

healii; 
▼ALUS  a  id  VALLKS  is,  t,  a  valley, 

VALLUJ: 

■it.   bi.l- 

1 

Rhine     I 

(L.)    Yarenua,  a  Roman 
■v  in  Gaul .    I 

VA&IU8  a,  am,  i  ij  pim,    liffi  ront.  di- 

vorso,  changeable,  manifold;  ol 

n,  on.,,  part ,  vaato.   laid   «a«ie, 
ted. 
VAftTO,  arr,  a>i,  atnoi,    tr.     v*  to      to   lay 

»,  raTage,  dtTastate,  dost 
VASTUS,  a.  uin,  adj.,  (ak  tmpty, 

t,  «-ji.'.te, 

oU,  f.,  vatidn*r.  to  prcphtty 


I  frnn  ■ 
ing;  adivinai 
VE,  ontliti.-  coti.i.,   Gr.  $l£i.  2 

paid  foi  freight;  duty  on  got>da  i;i>,>urt. 
!  ry   -u  ■  . 

I     : 
■ 
oualy. 

.11,  7. 
VKLA  yNl,  oi-uin  i,i  .  th< 

• 
a  town  11,11. 

\  .  i     ■  Vol... 

I 

II,  I. 

VKI. 

iptd. 

.  lum  from  ■ 
sail. 

.is  if. 

■ 

'..Hi. 

V&MDO,  ere,  didi,  iJitum,  tr.,   rsnani 
sell,  vend,  let  or  exj 
Y£NKXI,  orum,  ni..  tu« 

tnbca  in   th<-   weatarn   | 

VliNKIiA,  ao,  i.,  K.dm,  Veuetia,  tit 
tej  of  thai  .    f  Celtic  Gaul 

taiuiu*  ti 

from  veoio.  | 
indulgence; 
givencM;  t  favor,  kindness. 

a,   ar 

tet'  pi. 

o,  so 
pUtiiatm 


TITO— VICIES. 


:    .■.  er  of  a  person :  to  Hur- 

■     frequently. 

wind. 
i..  the  Spriuj 

urn,  in.,  th<    1    ragti,  a  people 

'  '    ' .    - 

. 
.  etia  :  I,  27. 

•i. >.-  1 ;   pi.,    v.   >i'(]  i,    r.xprea- 
I  cak,  discourse. 
.   ,  igis,   in. 

:  VII,  4. 
, .  in  troth, 
ri,  itua  sum,  dep.tr.  and  intr.,  to 

revon  afraid  of,  apprehen 

bat  not 

vr  le-v  not ;  v  ■     With 

(m-   or 
Concern    !  about. 

\  LUNCJS,  ...       illuunux, 

trverni:  VII, 

t*.  to   ben 

,.     !'    ! 

■  of  thy 

\Ei  .lili.i,  like   the 

ikely,  probable. 

>  ...    !  '  •   ,;    ■'.    IU  ■ . 

:   i.  adv.  and   <-oi>j..    wri.  . 

rover. 
iin,  in.,  the  Yeromaudui, 
Ilia  llclgic-a:  II,  4. 

ir.   freq,,   vorto,    to 
i  .  change  ;  toe: 

•  baoge, 
ite.  disturb,  i 

.  each  in,tur; 

aent;  forema 

v.upieri. 
sugageil.  I. 'j  lied,  ex.  . 

VEKSIWl  and  VERSUS,  . 
aoc..  vejto,  toward?  or  towa 

■>ri'n;  as,  a/'  0  -fei   lowuidw 

n.    As  »  prep,  it  uainilty  .-^uti'di  aiturita  t 
«ue. 

50S,us,  m.,  vtito. aturnfagof  I). 
;i  iiue,  row  ;  >>  line 
V tiltS US,  a,  uu»,  part.,  v.-nd 

f    tU«  j 

whu  seat   iaformat 

on  l^esiegc-d 


m 


V'E;:  TO,  *re,  ti,  sum,  tr.   trad  Intr.,   to  turn, 

turnaround;  to  cluing*,  alter,  taint  form.    Vcr- 

h  back,  ran  uway. 

VEKUPOCTlUf.  .  m.    Verndoctioa,  a  chicr 

uf  the  II  or   to  Cajwar : 

1,7. 

V.ERUS.  a,  true,  rea       ".'nuiiiD: 

right,  filling,  pj      •  .•       ;t  ii  jn»t,  iii., 

pioper.     fOtrum,  i,  n.,.tbe  truth,  truth. 
VEIir/TOM,  i,  n.,  veru,  i 
lin. 

-NTIO,     ouia,     :.      Vosontio,   the   chief 
town  of  the  i 
VESP1 

dug 
VEj-TEK.  tra,    trut 
yours;  of  you. 

VESTI  UUM.  i.  n.,  a  foo: 
• 

JSwi- 

| 
I 

\  I.I 

■ 

VETO 

i  it»  old  stati    ■ 

■'.',!  .  t . 

VETi  ri  ler;  ol 

I   | 

en.  liar..  , 

VlvVll.l.UM,  i   n, 
andard;  the  . 
general  n  teul 

VEX  . .:  ue;  to 

trouble,  molest,  vex.   i 

postage,  path ;  the  street  in  a 

Via    i-,Uui,' * 
i 

to  jouraey  or    mi 
.  •    lays  march  or  ji 
Vi.l'I'OK,  oris,  ui.,  via,  a  traveller. 

■  :,  a,  num.  adj..    viginti,  twenty  61 

I     ■  B,  a,  uui.  nu 

V  X  ■■.  I,  etc    iit-e  Vinco. 

hr.,  viginti,  twtiitj    .  i  ; ..  ■ 
two  tliouaaud. 


viciNr:  vs— voLrxiA'- 


YICINITlS,  «Us,  f..  fio/nm.    ntar- 
ior«. 

v  turn*, 
vcnw.v,  *e,  r.,  vMioo.  .1  ■»,.  ,'!i,  vi.-iij^ 

tWT. 

FOb- 

.inn 


u<A  rf», 


iiUhM. 


. 
maid,  damsel,  .eirl. 

virgula,  v 
V]  11/  C 


■ 


l|jfRvi;>ki'.   n 
'/&■'■  I 

- 

s— bound— . 

i.  atnni.  tr.  an 

. 

■ 
iu  ii>h.  inllict  punishment,  i 

Yo  I!  Tf  I 

VINEA.  a«,  f..  bc    porti  as,   » 

'    Witll    TMl.- 

he  walls  of  towns  wereaas 

*    VTO I 

Tiri,  m.,  ft  ;u  , 

.  a   iiimi  of 


*  .')'i?!J    /■■ 


'  "'.lalitie'J 

v/sus 

I 

V'/\  i  Hum,  iatr.,  f.>  1  i \ 

. 
VIS   adv, 
difficult 

so  that  hardlj 

■i^m  of 

i,. 

VadAu,;,.   T»:. 

.m,  rn.,    tlif 


I 


.  ] 

I  1 

inturily. 


ru. 

i.   m,  Vosegus,  acl 
.Jans  i 

return,  (r.«i. 
rtorl 


is;  to  tai 

■ 


■ 


